Journal of Technology Management & Innovation
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Capturando Valor en las Universidades y Centros Tecnológicos. Hacia la Definición de Estrategias, Políticas y Procedimientos de Apropiabilidad, Protección Legal, Explotación y Transferencia Tecnológica de Resultados de Proyectos de I+D+I en Chile.
Get PDFArticle in Spanish
The universitary institutions and the national technology centres, have principally public economic support, and invest a significant amount of these resources in research and development projects, creating significant results with a potential industrial applicability.
Until now, the public policy has followed the US model established from 1980 Bayh-Dole Act. Although the use of this scheme suppose an analysis that is not included in this article, if it is followed in the correct way, this entities must set suitable policies of intellectual property and use of the results raised from that research, using the institutions of intellectual and industrial property.
In this article it is reviewed supperficially, comparing with the American experience, the elements that support the present Chilean public policy in research and development matter, as well as the contract responsibilities of the institutions with the economic support agencies, elements that make mandatory the establishment of intellectual property policy development for each University, with the main objective to kept properly the benefits of the results obtained from the execution of these projects.Las instituciones universitarias y los centros tecnológicos nacionales, con financiamiento mayoritariamente público, están invirtiendo un monto significativo de recursos en proyectos de investigación y desarrollo, generando resultados significativos y con eventual aplicación industrial.
Hasta ahora, la política pública nacional ha seguido de cerca el modelo norteamericano establecido a partir de la Bayh-Dole Act de 1980. Aunque la utilización de ese esquema supone un análisis que escapa a este articulo, si ha de seguirse bien, estas entidades deben establecer adecuadas políticas de apropiabilidad y explotación de los resultados de esa investigación, usando a tal efecto los institutos de la propiedad intelectual e industrial.
En este artículo se revisan someramente a la luz de la experiencia norteamericana, los elementos que fundan la actual política pública chilena en materia de investigación y desarrollo, así como las obligaciones contractuales de las instituciones con las agencias de fomento, elementos que hacen imperativo para las universidades establecer su propia política de apropiabilidad, a fin de que capturen debidamente los beneficios de los resultados derivados de la ejecución de esos proyectos.Article in Spanish
The universitary institutions and the national technology centres, have principally public economic support, and invest a significant amount of these resources in research and development projects, creating significant results with a potential industrial applicability.
Until now, the public policy has followed the US model established from 1980 Bayh-Dole Act. Although the use of this scheme suppose an analysis that is not included in this article, if it is followed in the correct way, this entities must set suitable policies of intellectual property and use of the results raised from that research, using the institutions of intellectual and industrial property.
In this article it is reviewed supperficially, comparing with the American experience, the elements that support the present Chilean public policy in research and development matter, as well as the contract responsibilities of the institutions with the economic support agencies, elements that make mandatory the establishment of intellectual property policy development for each University, with the main objective to kept properly the benefits of the results obtained from the execution of these projects
The Brazilian System of Innovation in Biotechnology: a Preliminary Study
Get PDFIn order to prepare a preliminary analysis of the Brazilian National Innovation System in Biotechnology (NISB), we conducted several interviews and used e-mail questionnaires with different kinds of actors in the system, i.e. university teachers, financing agents, businessmen, etc.
The study suggests that Brazil has a few important strong points, like the scientific tradition in biotechnology, the financing to basic research and the strength of the agricultural sector in the last decade. But there is still a long way to go; sector regulation, the start up companies financing and the cultural aspect of business aversion by researchers seem to be the main obstacles for the country to become a significant player in this sectorCon el objetivo de preparar un análisis preliminar del Sistema Nacional de Innovación en Biotecnología de Brasil (NISB), se llevaron a cabo numerosas entrevistas y se emplearon cuestionarios enviados por correo electrónico a los diferentes actores en el sistema, por ejemplo profesores universitarios, agentes financieros, ejecutivos, etc. El estudio sugiere que Brasil tiene unos pocos puntos fuertes importantes, tales como la tradición científica en Biotecnología, el financiamiento existente para el desarrollo de investigación básica y la fuerza del sector agrícola en la última década. Pero aún hay mucho por hacer; regulación del sector, el financiamiento de las compañías Start upIn order to prepare a preliminary analysis of the Brazilian National Innovation System in Biotechnology (NISB), we conducted several interviews and used e-mail questionnaires with different kinds of actors in the system, i.e. university teachers, financing agents, businessmen, etc.
The study suggests that Brazil has a few important strong points, like the scientific tradition in biotechnology, the financing to basic research and the strength of the agricultural sector in the last decade. But there is still a long way to go; sector regulation, the start up companies financing and the cultural aspect of business aversion by researchers seem to be the main obstacles for the country to become a significant player in this secto
A Science, Technology & Innovation Proposal for the State of Bahia: A Transversal Approach.
Get PDFThis case study has the following objectives: to provide theoretical fundaments and describe the proposed conceptual model for the formulation of the ST&I policy for the state of Bahia-Brazil, and to describe the methodological procedures adopted and the partial results of its application. Four concepts support this conceptual model: Sustainable Development, Local Productive Arrangements (LPA’s), Local Systems of Innovation (LSI’s) and Networks. These concepts orientate one’s view in the innovative process as a result of interactive actions between social actors, besides underlying its evolutionary path. In spite of the advances, four principal challenges remain: the definition of impact indicators; the effective incorporation of the “priority principle”; the continuation of specific research and setting up of data bases on priority APL’s; and improving the governance structure to deal with different stakeholders.Este estudio de casos tiene por objetivo: proveer fundamentos teóricos y describir el modelo conceptual propuesto para la formulación de políticas en Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para el estado de Bahía en Brasil, además de describir los procedimientos metodológicos adoptados y los resultados parciales de su aplicación. Cuatro conceptos apoyan dicho modelo conceptual: Desarrollo Sustentable, Acuerdos de Productividad Local, Sistemas Locales de Innovación y las Redes. Estos conceptos orientan una visión propia en el proceso innovativo como resultado de interacciones entre los actores sociales, además de la evolución de éstos mismos. En desmedro de los avances, cuatro principales desafíos quedan aun por sortear; la incorporación efectiva del “principio de prioridad”; la continuación de la investigación específica, la puesta en marcha de bases de datos de prioridad; además de las mejoras de las estructuras gubernamentales que benefician a los inversionistas.This case study has the following objectives: to provide theoretical fundaments and describe the proposed conceptual model for the formulation of the ST&I policy for the state of Bahia-Brazil, and to describe the methodological procedures adopted and the partial results of its application. Four concepts support this conceptual model: Sustainable Development, Local Productive Arrangements (LPA’s), Local Systems of Innovation (LSI’s) and Networks. These concepts orientate one’s view in the innovative process as a result of interactive actions between social actors, besides underlying its evolutionary path. In spite of the advances, four principal challenges remain: the definition of impact indicators; the effective incorporation of the “priority principle”; the continuation of specific research and setting up of data bases on priority APL’s; and improving the governance structure to deal with different stakeholders
Development of Suppliers Within the Chilean Salmon Industry
Get PDFThe development of linkages among resource-based industries and local technology-intensive suppliers plays an important role in economic development. The objective of this article is to determine those factors that have been involved in the successful development of manufacture suppliers within the Chilean salmon industry. It analyses the industry-level and firm-level factors based on a theoretic-explorative and an empirical research. The results emphasise on the opportunities offered by high demand in atomised industries and on the role of the entrepreneur, the use of qualified labour and cooperation in the competitiveness of local suppliers at the firm-level.La generación de encadenamientos entre industrias basadas en recursos naturales y proveedores locales intensivos en tecnología juega un papel fundamental en el desarrollo económico. Este artículo determina, en base a un trabajo empírico, los factores presentes en el desarrollo exitoso de proveedores locales de manufacturas en la industria salmonicultora chilena. Dentro de los factores que han favorecido este desarrollo destacan el tamaño, el crecimiento y la atomización de la demanda de la industria salmonicultora; y el empresario, la cooperación y la calidad de la mano de obra dentro de las empresas proveedoras.The development of linkages among resource-based industries and local technology-intensive suppliers plays an important role in economic development. The objective of this article is to determine those factors that have been involved in the successful development of manufacture suppliers within the Chilean salmon industry. It analyses the industry-level and firm-level factors based on a theoretic-explorative and an empirical research. The results emphasise on the opportunities offered by high demand in atomised industries and on the role of the entrepreneur, the use of qualified labour and cooperation in the competitiveness of local suppliers at the firm-level
An Inside Look at RFID Technology
Get PDFRFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is considered one of the “hottest” technologies due to its particular capabilities to track and trace in real-time objects across the extended supply chain. This article gives an inside look at the RFID world in order to improve the level of understanding of this technology and the EPC Network. An introduction to RFID’s systems, RFID’s potential to improve the efficiency of operations, different areas of application, as well as a roadmap approach to undertake an RFID implementation will be discussed in this article.La Identificación por Rediofrecuencias (RFID) es considerada hoy en día una de las tecnologías “de punta” debido a su capacidad especializada de identificar y trazar objetos a lo largo de una cadena de provisión en tiempo real. El siguiente artículo hace una revisión de RFID en el mundo con el objetivo de entender ésta tecnología y la red EPC. Una introducción a los sistemas de RFID, y el potencial de éste sistema para mejorar la eficiencia de sus operaciones, las diferentes áreas de su aplicación, y una aproximación de un mapa de implementación de RFID es discutida a continuación.RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is considered one of the “hottest” technologies due to its particular capabilities to track and trace in real-time objects across the extended supply chain. This article gives an inside look at the RFID world in order to improve the level of understanding of this technology and the EPC Network. An introduction to RFID’s systems, RFID’s potential to improve the efficiency of operations, different areas of application, as well as a roadmap approach to undertake an RFID implementation will be discussed in this article
Collaborating to Compete: A Search into Capabilities and Strategic Alliances in the Pharmaceutical Industry
Get PDFAthough there is a profusion of studies related to strategic alliances and technological capacities which evaluate the issues individually, there is a scarcity of studies with empirical evidence relative to the implications of strategic alliances at the technological capacity configuration. Drawing on a scrutiny of specialised databases (Galé, Dialog, and Business & Industry) covering the 1993-2003 period, this article examines the entry and exit composition of innovative capabilities of 25 pharmaceutical companies’ capabilities involved in such alliances. They are organised in three groups: (i) large pharmaceutical companies (‘big-pharma’); (ii) large bio-pharmaceutical companies (‘bio-pharma’); and (iii) small and research-intensive companies. In terms of strategic alliance implications, a change was observed on the technological capacities’ configuration. The evidence suggests that the criteria for partner choice and technological capacity depend on the objectives and needs of each different group of company. Such type of evidence is important to provide researchers, corporate managers, and policy-makers with a concrete notion of the extent to which such division of innovative labour occurs and the actual changes going on the structure and organisation of innovative activities in the pharmaceutical industry.Titulo: Colaborando para Competir: Búsqueda Dentro de las Capacidades y Alianzas Estratégicas en la Industria Farmacéutica
Pese a la existencia de muchos estudios relacionados a las evaluaciones individuales de las alianzas estratégicas y las capacidades tecnológicas, hay escasez de estudios con evidencia empírica relacionados con las implicaciones de las alianzas estratégicas en la configuración de las capacidades tecnológicas. Este artículo organiza un escrutinio de bases de datos (Galé, Dialog, and Business & Industry) entre los años del período 1993-2003, examinando la composición de entrada y salida de las capacidades innovativas de 25 compañías farmacéuticas involucradas en dichas alianzas. Las cuales se organizan en tres grupos (i)¨grandes compañías (grandes farmacéuticas); (ii)grandes compañías bio-farmacéuticas (bio-farma); y (iii) pequeñas compañías y compañías de investigación intensiva. En términos de las implicaciones de las alianzas estratégicas, se observa un cambio en la configuración de las capacidades tecnológicas. La evidencia sugiere que el criterio de para la elección de socios y de las capacidades tecnológicas depende de los objetivos y necesidades de los diversos grupos de compañías. Cada tipo de evidencia es de importancia para proveer a los investigadores, a los gerentes corporativos y los gestores con una noción concreta del grado de de importancia de cada división en las labores innovativas desarrolladas y en los cambio reales que se llevan a cabo en la estructura y la organización de las actividades innovativas en la industria farmacéutica .Athough there is a profusion of studies related to strategic alliances and technological capacities which evaluate the issues individually, there is a scarcity of studies with empirical evidence relative to the implications of strategic alliances at the technological capacity configuration. Drawing on a scrutiny of specialised databases (Galé, Dialog, and Business & Industry) covering the 1993-2003 period, this article examines the entry and exit composition of innovative capabilities of 25 pharmaceutical companies’ capabilities involved in such alliances. They are organised in three groups: (i) large pharmaceutical companies (‘big-pharma’); (ii) large bio-pharmaceutical companies (‘bio-pharma’); and (iii) small and research-intensive companies. In terms of strategic alliance implications, a change was observed on the technological capacities’ configuration. The evidence suggests that the criteria for partner choice and technological capacity depend on the objectives and needs of each different group of company. Such type of evidence is important to provide researchers, corporate managers, and policy-makers with a concrete notion of the extent to which such division of innovative labour occurs and the actual changes going on the structure and organisation of innovative activities in the pharmaceutical industry
O Crescimento na Indústria de Plásticos
Get PDFTitle: Growth in the Plastics Industry
The plastics processors in Brazil are considered to be a “weak link” of the productive chains in which they are inserted. Plastic processors are a “supplier dominated” industry according to Pavitt’s typology. Nevertheless, some firms in this industry seem to be able to explore the increasing use of plastics in different applications as an opportunity for growth. A question that has not yet been explored is: How do firms surpass the limitations of the industry, evolving in successful growth trajectories? This article analyses the growth dynamics of small companies of low to medium technology in order to explore the factors that stimulate the growth of firms in this industry, focusing on organizational profile and technological learning. A case study is presented in order to illustrate the growth trajectory of a Brazilian plastic processor.Title: Growth in the Plastics Industry
The plastics processors in Brazil are considered to be a “weak link” of the productive chains in which they are inserted. Plastic processors are a “supplier dominated” industry according to Pavitt’s typology. Nevertheless, some firms in this industry seem to be able to explore the increasing use of plastics in different applications as an opportunity for growth. A question that has not yet been explored is: How do firms surpass the limitations of the industry, evolving in successful growth trajectories? This article analyses the growth dynamics of small companies of low to medium technology in order to explore the factors that stimulate the growth of firms in this industry, focusing on organizational profile and technological learning. A case study is presented in order to illustrate the growth trajectory of a Brazilian plastic processor.A Indústria de Transformação de Plásticos é vista no Brasil como um elo vulnerável das cadeias produtivas na qual se insere. Por outro lado, a crescente utilização dos plásticos em diferentes aplicações representa uma oportunidade para o crescimento dessa indústria. Uma questão ainda não explorada é: Como empresas de transformação de plásticos superam as limitações da indústria, evoluindo em trajetórias de crescimento bem sucedidas?
Com o foco na dinâmica do crescimento de pequenas empresas de média-baixa tecnologia, esse artigo busca aprofundar o conhecimento dos mecanismos que estimulam o crescimento de empresas nessa indústria com enfoque em dois aspectos: perfil organizacional e aprendizagem tecnológica
Scenarios for the Strategic Planning of Technologies
Get PDFManufacturing based corporations often find themselves confronted with complexities of increased pressures to innovate in order to ensure their comparative market positions. In order to react to various exogenous changes corporations need to develop strategies that match their manufacturing resources as well as products with the markets requirements. Technology scenarios represent a holistic approach for managing innovation processes and technologies efficiently. A multidimensional requirement catalogue for specific product- market- combinations represents the fundamental building block for the ranking of particular material- components and technologies. The following analysis through evolutionary algorithms for compatibility between and amongst them provides the necessary information about their suitability. The resulting scenarios and roadmap and a regular monitoring process are prerequisite for the managerial decision making process and the implementation technology strategies.Manufacturing based corporations often find themselves confronted with complexities of increased pressures to innovate in order to ensure their comparative market positions. In order to react to various exogenous changes corporations need to develop strategies that match their manufacturing resources as well as products with the markets requirements. Technology scenarios represent a holistic approach for managing innovation processes and technologies efficiently. A multidimensional requirement catalogue for specific product- market- combinations represents the fundamental building block for the ranking of particular material- components and technologies. The following analysis through evolutionary algorithms for compatibility between and amongst them provides the necessary information about their suitability. The resulting scenarios and roadmap and a regular monitoring process are prerequisite for the managerial decision making process and the implementation technology strategies.Manufacturing based corporations often find themselves confronted with complexities of increased pressures to innovate in order to ensure their comparative market positions. In order to react to various exogenous changes corporations need to develop strategies that match their manufacturing resources as well as products with the markets requirements. Technology scenarios represent a holistic approach for managing innovation processes and technologies efficiently. A multidimensional requirement catalogue for specific product- market- combinations represents the fundamental building block for the ranking of particular material- components and technologies. The following analysis through evolutionary algorithms for compatibility between and amongst them provides the necessary information about their suitability. The resulting scenarios and roadmap and a regular monitoring process are prerequisite for the managerial decision making process and the implementation technology strategies
Um Estudo Exploratório sobre a Utilização das Informações de Custos em Indústrias de Confecções na Cidade de Ponta Grossa
Get PDFTitle: An Exploratory Study on the Use of the Information of Costs in Clothes Industries in Ponta Grossa City.
The objective of this article is to identify whether the companies use or not information of costs to manage their costs of production. The study analyzed the costs administration practices developed by the segment of clothes industries in Ponta Grossa city in the state of Paraná - Brazil, through the application of questionnaires. It has been observed that, in its majority, the researched companies are small companies, managed by their owners. The evidences show that there is a lack of computer systems making it difficult to manage the level of supplies and thus the use of cost information of the researched industries. According to most companies, the information of costs they possess are basically used with the purpose of pricing their products, and some of them use it to control and to reduce their level of costs.Title: An Exploratory Study on the Use of the Information of Costs in Clothes Industries in Ponta Grossa City.
The objective of this article is to identify whether the companies use or not information of costs to manage their costs of production. The study analyzed the costs administration practices developed by the segment of clothes industries in Ponta Grossa city in the state of Paraná - Brazil, through the application of questionnaires. It has been observed that, in its majority, the researched companies are small companies, managed by their owners. The evidences show that there is a lack of computer systems making it difficult to manage the level of supplies and thus the use of cost information of the researched industries. According to most companies, the information of costs they possess are basically used with the purpose of pricing their products, and some of them use it to control and to reduce their level of costs.O objetivo deste artigo é identificar se as empresas utilizam ou não, informações de custos para administrar seus custos de produção. O estudo analisou as práticas de administração de custos desenvolvidas pelo segmento das indústrias de vestuário da cidade de Ponta Grossa no estado do Paraná, através da aplicação de questionários. Observou-se que, em sua maioria, as empresas pesquisadas são microempresas, administradas por seus proprietários. As evidências mostram que ocorre falta de informatização, dificultando a administração do nível de estoques e conseqüentemente o uso das informações de custos das indústrias pesquisadas. De acordo com a maioria das empresas, as informações de custos que possuem são utilizadas basicamente com a finalidade de formação de preço de venda de seus produtos, e algumas as utilizam para controlar e reduzir seu nível de custos
Linking Science and Technology with Industry
Get PDFIn recent years, as the development of science and technology rapidly accelerated, science- and technology-based industries have emerged. Representative examples are the Information and Telecommunications (IT) industry in the late 20th century and more recently the BioTechnology (BT) and NanoTechnology (NT) industries. However, despite the emergence of science- and technology- based industries, industrial policy-makers have suffered difficulties in grasping exactly what kinds of science and technology they should manage. Therefore, in this research, I propose a method of linking science and technology with industry, by adopting the media wherethrough they are delivered. As the media for conveying science and technology, I make use of the scientific articles administered by the Institute of Scientific Information (ISI) and the patents registered in the US Patent Office (USPTO). In this way, I identified 750 journals and 84 US patent classes corresponding to the IT industry, 1779 journals and 7 patent classes corresponding to the BT industry and 483 journals and 16 patent classes corresponding to the NT industry. This research is meaningful in that it emphasized the importance and convenience of scientific articles and patents in formulating today’s industrial policies and showed how to link science and technology with industry, by using the subject categories of the ISI and the patent classes of the USPTO.En años recientes, como el desarrollo científico y tecnológico ha sido rápidamente acelerado, han emergido industrias basadas en ciencia y tecnología. Ejemplos representativos son la de la Información y Telecomunicación (IT) industria del final del siglo XX y más recientemente las industrias de Biotecnología (BT) y Nanotecnología (NT). Sin embargo, en desmedro de la emergencia de las industrias basadas en ciencia y tecnología, los encargados de hacer políticas industriales han sufrido dificultades en llegar a tiempo con que tipo de ciencia y tecnología deben gestionar. De ésta manera, en ésta investigación, se propone un método de vinculación de ciencia-tecnología con la industria, por la adopción de un medio común. Como medio de convección de ciencia y tecnología, se realizó un estudio de artículos científicos administrados por el Instituto de Información Científica (ISI) y patentes registradas en la Oficina de Patentes de Estados Unidos (USPTO). De ésta manera se identificaron 750 revistas y 84 clases de patentes correspondientes a la industria IT, 1779 revistas y 7 tipos de patentes correspondientes a BT y 483 revistas y 16 clases de patentes de NT. Esta investigación es significativa en el sentido del énfasis de la importancia y la política de conveniencia con respecto a los artículos científicos y las patentes formuladas hoy en día formuladas, y muestra como es el vínculo ciencia-tecnología con la industria, mediante el empleo de categorías de temas ISI y clases de patentes de USPTOIn recent years, as the development of science and technology rapidly accelerated, science- and technology-based industries have emerged. Representative examples are the Information and Telecommunications (IT) industry in the late 20th century and more recently the BioTechnology (BT) and NanoTechnology (NT) industries. However, despite the emergence of science- and technology- based industries, industrial policy-makers have suffered difficulties in grasping exactly what kinds of science and technology they should manage. Therefore, in this research, I propose a method of linking science and technology with industry, by adopting the media wherethrough they are delivered. As the media for conveying science and technology, I make use of the scientific articles administered by the Institute of Scientific Information (ISI) and the patents registered in the US Patent Office (USPTO). In this way, I identified 750 journals and 84 US patent classes corresponding to the IT industry, 1779 journals and 7 patent classes corresponding to the BT industry and 483 journals and 16 patent classes corresponding to the NT industry. This research is meaningful in that it emphasized the importance and convenience of scientific articles and patents in formulating today’s industrial policies and showed how to link science and technology with industry, by using the subject categories of the ISI and the patent classes of the USPTO