Journal of Technology Management & Innovation
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La Gestión del Proyecto de Bioprótesis Cardiacas del Instituto Nacional de Cardiología-CCADET/ UNAM
Get PDFEn este trabajo se presenta el caso de la gestión del proyecto “Innovación en Bioprótesis Cardiacas 2002” desarrollado por el Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico, CCADET de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, para el Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, INC, del Sector Salud Mexicano con financiamiento del Fondo Sectorial Salud –CONACYT. A través del desarrollo del caso quedan de manifiesto las complicaciones generadas al no quedar explicitas las especificaciones y los alcanzables de los dispositivos tecnológicos que se requería desarrollar en el proyecto, Littler (2006, pp. 116). Se concluye que uno de los aspectos más importantes en la gestión tecnológica de proyectos es la definición de especificaciones de la fase de gestación del modelo de Gestión de Proyectos de Desarrollo Tecnológico que se lleva a cabo en el CCADET.En este trabajo se presenta el caso de la gestión del proyecto “Innovación en Bioprótesis Cardiacas 2002” desarrollado por el Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico, CCADET de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, para el Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, INC, del Sector Salud Mexicano con financiamiento del Fondo Sectorial Salud –CONACYT. A través del desarrollo del caso quedan de manifiesto las complicaciones generadas al no quedar explicitas las especificaciones y los alcanzables de los dispositivos tecnológicos que se requería desarrollar en el proyecto, Littler (2006, pp. 116). Se concluye que uno de los aspectos más importantes en la gestión tecnológica de proyectos es la definición de especificaciones de la fase de gestación del modelo de Gestión de Proyectos de Desarrollo Tecnológico que se lleva a cabo en el CCADET.En este trabajo se presenta el caso de la gestión del proyecto “Innovación en Bioprótesis Cardiacas 2002” desarrollado por el Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico, CCADET de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, para el Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, INC, del Sector Salud Mexicano con financiamiento del Fondo Sectorial Salud –CONACYT. A través del desarrollo del caso quedan de manifiesto las complicaciones generadas al no quedar explicitas las especificaciones y los alcanzables de los dispositivos tecnológicos que se requería desarrollar en el proyecto, Littler (2006, pp. 116). Se concluye que uno de los aspectos más importantes en la gestión tecnológica de proyectos es la definición de especificaciones de la fase de gestación del modelo de Gestión de Proyectos de Desarrollo Tecnológico que se lleva a cabo en el CCADET
Third-party Provision of Conversion Technologies in Network Markets
Get PDFIn network markets, the provision of third-party converters is an important dimension of standards wars. In this paper, we develop a mathematical model to analyze the effects of third-party converter introduction on the adoption process of incumbents’ base technologies and discuss managerial insights based on our model. We determine converter introduction strategies of third parties by establishing under what circumstances third parties may maximize their profit. We find that there exists an optimal introduction time for converters, which depends on a trade-off between conversion option and consumers’ memory effect. The preferred conversion option is mostly two-way conversion. As a result of converter provision, converter introduction affects the de facto standardization process of the incumbents’ base technologies by accelerating the lock-in process of the dominant technology. We then discuss how incumbents can anticipate and react to third-party converter introduction in order to reduce the third parties’ incentive to introduce converters. Throughout the paper, we illustrate our analytical results with numerical examples.In network markets, the provision of third-party converters is an important dimension of standards wars. In this paper, we develop a mathematical model to analyze the effects of third-party converter introduction on the adoption process of incumbents’ base technologies and discuss managerial insights based on our model. We determine converter introduction strategies of third parties by establishing under what circumstances third parties may maximize their profit. We find that there exists an optimal introduction time for converters, which depends on a trade-off between conversion option and consumers’ memory effect. The preferred conversion option is mostly two-way conversion. As a result of converter provision, converter introduction affects the de facto standardization process of the incumbents’ base technologies by accelerating the lock-in process of the dominant technology. We then discuss how incumbents can anticipate and react to third-party converter introduction in order to reduce the third parties’ incentive to introduce converters. Throughout the paper, we illustrate our analytical results with numerical examples.In network markets, the provision of third-party converters is an important dimension of standards wars. In this paper, we develop a mathematical model to analyze the effects of third-party converter introduction on the adoption process of incumbents’ base technologies and discuss managerial insights based on our model. We determine converter introduction strategies of third parties by establishing under what circumstances third parties may maximize their profit. We find that there exists an optimal introduction time for converters, which depends on a trade-off between conversion option and consumers’ memory effect. The preferred conversion option is mostly two-way conversion. As a result of converter provision, converter introduction affects the de facto standardization process of the incumbents’ base technologies by accelerating the lock-in process of the dominant technology. We then discuss how incumbents can anticipate and react to third-party converter introduction in order to reduce the third parties’ incentive to introduce converters. Throughout the paper, we illustrate our analytical results with numerical examples
Expecatativas, Potencial e Ações de Inovação das Firmas: Impressões a partir do setor de consoles de videogames no Japão
No full textUnder the theoretical developments proposed by the Theory of the Firm, it is possible to understand the firm as the primary site for innovation. Innovation effort is justified by the need to generate solutions which should be validated in the market. This market validation process enables one to identify the life cycle of the solution, represented by the “S-curve”. Whether due to its sales volume, market share and even technological improvements, there is a sequence of events that are, invariably, repeated in all technologies: onset, growth, maturing and decay. This paper presents, based on a model for innovation expectation and potential, an analysis of the firms’ actions along different S-curves. To do this, sales volume historical data of videogame consoles in Japan were used. The most interesting finding is that the firms terminate the life cycle of each technology keeping, simultaneously, two or more different versions of the consoles.Under the theoretical developments proposed by the Theory of the Firm, it is possible to understand the firm as the primary site for innovation. Innovation effort is justified by the need to generate solutions which should be validated in the market. This market validation process enables one to identify the life cycle of the solution, represented by the “S-curve”. Whether due to its sales volume, market share and even technological improvements, there is a sequence of events that are, invariably, repeated in all technologies: onset, growth, maturing and decay. This paper presents, based on a model for innovation expectation and potential, an analysis of the firms’ actions along different S-curves. To do this, sales volume historical data of videogame consoles in Japan were used. The most interesting finding is that the firms terminate the life cycle of each technology keeping, simultaneously, two or more different versions of the consoles.Under the theoretical developments proposed by the Theory of the Firm, it is possible to understand the firm as the primary site for innovation. Innovation effort is justified by the need to generate solutions which should be validated in the market. This market validation process enables one to identify the life cycle of the solution, represented by the “S-curve”. Whether due to its sales volume, market share and even technological improvements, there is a sequence of events that are, invariably, repeated in all technologies: onset, growth, maturing and decay. This paper presents, based on a model for innovation expectation and potential, an analysis of the firms’ actions along different S-curves. To do this, sales volume historical data of videogame consoles in Japan were used. The most interesting finding is that the firms terminate the life cycle of each technology keeping, simultaneously, two or more different versions of the consoles
The Technological Product Development Process between Universities and Mexican MIPYMES: an Obstacles Run
No full textToday firm’s competitiveness depends on the development of proprietary technology and its integration to commercial technological products. Experiences and case studies show that the micro, small and medium firms (MIPYMES, in Spanish) develop technological products collaborating with public universities. In this work it is presented the colaborative technological product development process phases focusing in the identification of the diverse obstacles occurring along the process. Diverse technical, organizational and communication aspects that affects the project development are discussed. The resistances or barriers to the development make it difficult and could cause project abandon sometimes. This empirical and exploratory research is conducted under the reference of the technological project management model developed and used at the Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico (CCADET) of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM).Hoy en día se sabe que la competitividad de las empresas depende del desarrollo de tecnologías propietarias y de su integración a productos tecnológicos comercializables. Muchas experiencias y estudios de caso demuestran que las MIPYMES desarrollan productos tecnológicos colaborando con las universidades públicas. En este trabajo se presenta una revisión de las fases del proceso de desarrollo de productos tecnológicos colaborativo poniendo énfasis en la identificación de los diversos obstáculos que se presentan a lo largo del mismo. Se discuten diversos aspectos técnicos, organizacionales y de comunicación que afectan al proceso convirtiéndose en resistencias o barreras que lo obstaculizan y que pueden llegar inclusive a provocar su abandono. Esta investigación empírica y exploratoria se enfoca desde la perspectiva del modelo de Gestión Tecnológica de Proyectos (GTP) que se lleva a cabo en el Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo tecnológico, CCADET de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM.Today firm’s competitiveness depends on the development of proprietary technology and its integration to commercial technological products. Experiences and case studies show that the micro, small and medium firms (MIPYMES, in Spanish) develop technological products collaborating with public universities. In this work it is presented the colaborative technological product development process phases focusing in the identification of the diverse obstacles occurring along the process. Diverse technical, organizational and communication aspects that affects the project development are discussed. The resistances or barriers to the development make it difficult and could cause project abandon sometimes. This empirical and exploratory research is conducted under the reference of the technological project management model developed and used at the Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico (CCADET) of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)
Product Networks, Component Modularity and Sourcing
Get PDFThis paper develops product representations as component networks that evolve from sharing of interfaces with other components in a product and links them to the external world of sourcing. The paper formally defines and develops two measures of component modularity by linking Graph Theory and Product Architecture principles. The first measure, degree modularity, is related to the strength of design dependencies with adjacent components. The second measure, bridge modularity, is related to the criticality of components. These two component modularity measures are calculated and interpreted by studying the actual product architecture of two products - a small machinery product and an automobile subsystem. A sourcing framework is suggested, treating product obsolescence as a moderating variable in the effect of modularity on sourcing. The paper concludes with a discussion of how component modularity measures can help managers to take better decisions in the arena of sourcing – both at an operational level and at the strategic level. Directions for future work are discussed.This paper develops product representations as component networks that evolve from sharing of interfaces with other components in a product and links them to the external world of sourcing. The paper formally defines and develops two measures of component modularity by linking Graph Theory and Product Architecture principles. The first measure, degree modularity, is related to the strength of design dependencies with adjacent components. The second measure, bridge modularity, is related to the criticality of components. These two component modularity measures are calculated and interpreted by studying the actual product architecture of two products - a small machinery product and an automobile subsystem. A sourcing framework is suggested, treating product obsolescence as a moderating variable in the effect of modularity on sourcing. The paper concludes with a discussion of how component modularity measures can help managers to take better decisions in the arena of sourcing – both at an operational level and at the strategic level. Directions for future work are discussed.This paper develops product representations as component networks that evolve from sharing of interfaces with other components in a product and links them to the external world of sourcing. The paper formally defines and develops two measures of component modularity by linking Graph Theory and Product Architecture principles. The first measure, degree modularity, is related to the strength of design dependencies with adjacent components. The second measure, bridge modularity, is related to the criticality of components. These two component modularity measures are calculated and interpreted by studying the actual product architecture of two products - a small machinery product and an automobile subsystem. A sourcing framework is suggested, treating product obsolescence as a moderating variable in the effect of modularity on sourcing. The paper concludes with a discussion of how component modularity measures can help managers to take better decisions in the arena of sourcing – both at an operational level and at the strategic level. Directions for future work are discussed
Trends and Volatilities in Heterogeneous Patent Quality in Taiwan
Get PDFThis study analyzes patent trends and volatilities for three heterogeneous quality patents in the Taiwan patent system from January 1973 to June 2006. The estimated models are symmetric GARCH and asymmetric EGARCH, providing full sample, rolling sample, and out-of-sample evidence. Three different patent types exhibit increasing trends, using monthly time series data from our samples. ”New design” patents also show time-varying volatility but other types of patents fail to reject the ARCH LM test. Findings show the asymmetric EGARCH model suitable for “new design” patent type through out of sample forecasts.This study analyzes patent trends and volatilities for three heterogeneous quality patents in the Taiwan patent system from January 1973 to June 2006. The estimated models are symmetric GARCH and asymmetric EGARCH, providing full sample, rolling sample, and out-of-sample evidence. Three different patent types exhibit increasing trends, using monthly time series data from our samples. ”New design” patents also show time-varying volatility but other types of patents fail to reject the ARCH LM test. Findings show the asymmetric EGARCH model suitable for “new design” patent type through out of sample forecasts.This study analyzes patent trends and volatilities for three heterogeneous quality patents in the Taiwan patent system from January 1973 to June 2006. The estimated models are symmetric GARCH and asymmetric EGARCH, providing full sample, rolling sample, and out-of-sample evidence. Three different patent types exhibit increasing trends, using monthly time series data from our samples. ”New design” patents also show time-varying volatility but other types of patents fail to reject the ARCH LM test. Findings show the asymmetric EGARCH model suitable for “new design” patent type through out of sample forecasts
Impacts of New Technologies on Free-To-Air Tv Industry: Lessons from Selected Country Cases
Get PDFThis paper aims to examine the impacts of new technologies, especially of the digital TV, on the industry of terrestrial TV in selected countries. Taking the evolution of information and communication technologies (ICTs) as a background scenario, the transformations provoked by digitization of TV on the following aspects are analyzed: (i) the market structure of terrestrial TV (or free-to-air TV broadcasting), (ii) the plurality and diversity of TV programming. Based on secondary data and on recent studies on the technological trajectory of terrestrial TV in selected countries, one concludes that digital TV may provide great opportunities for development in such industry, but the magnitude of its benefits is strongly conditioned by socioeconomic factors and by how the service was regulated. Such findings may contribute to Brazilian debate on development opportunities opened by technological change to the television sector.This paper aims to examine the impacts of new technologies, especially of the digital TV, on the industry of terrestrial TV in selected countries. Taking the evolution of information and communication technologies (ICTs) as a background scenario, the transformations provoked by digitization of TV on the following aspects are analyzed: (i) the market structure of terrestrial TV (or free-to-air TV broadcasting), (ii) the plurality and diversity of TV programming. Based on secondary data and on recent studies on the technological trajectory of terrestrial TV in selected countries, one concludes that digital TV may provide great opportunities for development in such industry, but the magnitude of its benefits is strongly conditioned by socioeconomic factors and by how the service was regulated. Such findings may contribute to Brazilian debate on development opportunities opened by technological change to the television sector.This paper aims to examine the impacts of new technologies, especially of the digital TV, on the industry of terrestrial TV in selected countries. Taking the evolution of information and communication technologies (ICTs) as a background scenario, the transformations provoked by digitization of TV on the following aspects are analyzed: (i) the market structure of terrestrial TV (or free-to-air TV broadcasting), (ii) the plurality and diversity of TV programming. Based on secondary data and on recent studies on the technological trajectory of terrestrial TV in selected countries, one concludes that digital TV may provide great opportunities for development in such industry, but the magnitude of its benefits is strongly conditioned by socioeconomic factors and by how the service was regulated. Such findings may contribute to Brazilian debate on development opportunities opened by technological change to the television sector
Diferenças Intrafirma Das Competências Organizacionais: Um Estudo de Caso
Get PDFThis work shows the development degree of the organizational capabilities to innovate in an immunobiologicals Brazilian producer, according the perception of the people who work in distinct areas of the Institute. It indicates that the production and quality areas have the same perception on the acquisition of individual knowledge processes and its conversion in organizational knowledge. It was verified that the management and technological development areas visions are similar, however more negative than the one shown by the production and quality areas. The capabilities related to the knowledge are not homogeneously distributed within the Institute according to the people who act in its distinct areas. It was not found significant difference among the different areas perception for the others capabilities that articulate the innovation.Este trabajo demuestra el grado del desarrollo de las capacidades organizacionales para innovar en un productor brasileño de immunobiologicos, de acordo con la opinión de la gente que trabaja en las distintas áreas del instituto. Indica que las áreas de la producción y de la calidad tienen la misma opinión en los procesos de la adquisición del conocimiento individuales y de su conversión en conocimiento de la organización. Fue verificado que las visiones de las áreas de la gerencia y de desarrollo tecnológico son similares, al menos más negativas que la que está demostrada por las áreas de la producción y de la calidad. Las capacidades relacionadas con el conocimiento no se distribuyen homogéneo dentro del instituto según la gente que actúa en sus áreas distintas. No hay diferencia significativa encontrada entre la opinión de las áreas para las otras las capacidades que articulan la innovación.Este trabalho mostra o grau de desenvolvimento das competências organizacionais para inovar em um produtor brasileiro de imunobiológicos, conforme a percepção das pessoas que trabalham em distintas áreas do Instituto. Indica que as áreas de produção e qualidade têm a mesma percepção sobre os processos de aquisição de conhecimento individual e a conversão desse em conhecimento organizacional. Verificou-se que as visões das áreas de gestão e desenvolvimento tecnológico são similares, porém mais negativa do que àquela demonstrada pelas finalísticas. As competências relacionadas ao conhecimento não são homogêneas, conforme as pessoas atuantes em distintas áreas. Para as demais competências que articulam a inovação, não há diferença significativa entre as visões das pessoas
A Social Audit Model for Agro-biotechnology Initiatives in Developing Countries: Accounting for Ethical, Social, Cultural, and Commercialization Issues
Get PDFThere is skepticism and resistance to innovations associated with agro-biotechnology projects, leading to the possibility of failure. The source of the skepticism is complex, but partly traceable to how local communities view genetically engineered crops, public perception on the technology’s implications, and views on the role of the private sector in public health and agriculture, especially in the developing world. We posit that a governance and management model in which ethical, social, cultural, and commercialization issues are accounted for and addressed is important in mitigating risk of project failure and improving the appropriate adoption of agro-biotechnology in sub-Saharan Africa. We introduce a social audit model, which we term Ethical, Social, Cultural and Commercialization (ESC2) auditing and which we developed based on feedback from a number of stakeholders. We lay the foundation for its importance in agro-biotechnology development projects and show how the model can be applied to projects run by Public Private Partnerships. We argue that the implementation of the audit model can help to build public trust through facilitating project accountability and transparency. The model also provides evidence on how ESC2 issues are perceived by various stakeholders, which enables project managers to effectively monitor and improve project performance. Although this model was specifically designed for agro-biotechnology initiatives, we show how it can also be applied to other development projects.There is skepticism and resistance to innovations associated with agro-biotechnology projects, leading to the possibility of failure. The source of the skepticism is complex, but partly traceable to how local communities view genetically engineered crops, public perception on the technology’s implications, and views on the role of the private sector in public health and agriculture, especially in the developing world. We posit that a governance and management model in which ethical, social, cultural, and commercialization issues are accounted for and addressed is important in mitigating risk of project failure and improving the appropriate adoption of agro-biotechnology in sub-Saharan Africa. We introduce a social audit model, which we term Ethical, Social, Cultural and Commercialization (ESC2) auditing and which we developed based on feedback from a number of stakeholders. We lay the foundation for its importance in agro-biotechnology development projects and show how the model can be applied to projects run by Public Private Partnerships. We argue that the implementation of the audit model can help to build public trust through facilitating project accountability and transparency. The model also provides evidence on how ESC2 issues are perceived by various stakeholders, which enables project managers to effectively monitor and improve project performance. Although this model was specifically designed for agro-biotechnology initiatives, we show how it can also be applied to other development projects.There is skepticism and resistance to innovations associated with agro-biotechnology projects, leading to the possibility of failure. The source of the skepticism is complex, but partly traceable to how local communities view genetically engineered crops, public perception on the technology’s implications, and views on the role of the private sector in public health and agriculture, especially in the developing world. We posit that a governance and management model in which ethical, social, cultural, and commercialization issues are accounted for and addressed is important in mitigating risk of project failure and improving the appropriate adoption of agro-biotechnology in sub-Saharan Africa. We introduce a social audit model, which we term Ethical, Social, Cultural and Commercialization (ESC2) auditing and which we developed based on feedback from a number of stakeholders. We lay the foundation for its importance in agro-biotechnology development projects and show how the model can be applied to projects run by Public Private Partnerships. We argue that the implementation of the audit model can help to build public trust through facilitating project accountability and transparency. The model also provides evidence on how ESC2 issues are perceived by various stakeholders, which enables project managers to effectively monitor and improve project performance. Although this model was specifically designed for agro-biotechnology initiatives, we show how it can also be applied to other development projects
The Relationship Between Innovation Strategies: Coexistence or Complementarity
No full textThis paper explores the relationships between internal R&D and external knowledge acquisition as business innovation strategies. Drawing on absorptive capacity framework (Cohen and Levinthal, 1990), we distinguish and empirically evaluate two possible relationships: coexistence and complementarity. The analysis is based on a large sample of manufacturing firms taken from the Spanish Survey of Technological Innovation 2004. Our results show coexistence between internal R&D and external knowledge acquisition but they do not provide evidence that these activities are complementary with respect to influencing innovation performance. In other words, although our results suggest that internal R&D activities are associated with a greater use of external knowledge sourcing strategies, they do not seem to have synergistic effects to develop new products.Este artículo analiza las relaciones existentes entre la generación y la adquisición externa de conocimiento como estrategias de innovación empresarial. Para ello, y utilizando el concepto de capacidad de absorción (Cohen y Levinthal, 1990) como marco de referencia, se distinguen y se analizan empíricamente dos posibles relaciones: coexistencia y complementariedad. El estudio es realizado sobre una muestra amplia de empresas manufactureras españolas, empleando los datos derivados de la Encuesta sobre Innovación Tecnológica del año 2004. Los resultados muestran que en el contexto analizado, las actividades internas de I+D y las estrategias asociadas con la adquisición externa de conocimiento son estrategias coexistentes, pero no complementarias. En otras palabras, si bien las actividades internas de I+D facilitan la identificación y adquisición de conocimiento externo, no se encuentra evidencia a favor de que dichas actividades tengan un efecto sinérgico para el desarrollo de nuevos productos.This paper explores the relationships between internal R&D and external knowledge acquisition as business innovation strategies. Drawing on absorptive capacity framework (Cohen and Levinthal, 1990), we distinguish and empirically evaluate two possible relationships: coexistence and complementarity. The analysis is based on a large sample of manufacturing firms taken from the Spanish Survey of Technological Innovation 2004. Our results show coexistence between internal R&D and external knowledge acquisition but they do not provide evidence that these activities are complementary with respect to influencing innovation performance. In other words, although our results suggest that internal R&D activities are associated with a greater use of external knowledge sourcing strategies, they do not seem to have synergistic effects to develop new products