Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian
Not a member yet
162 research outputs found
Sort by
POTENSI BEBERAPA MIKROBA PEMACU PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN SEBAGAI BAHAN AKTIF PUPUK DAN PESTISIDA HAYATI
Full text linkConsumer demands on safe agricultural products have made the shifting of the production system to be more environmental friendly. An attempt to reduce or totally substitute chemical fertilizers and pesticides on agricultural production process was through the utilization of potential microbes. The purpose of the study was to provide information on potential microbial species that can be used as active ingredients of biofertilizers and biopesticides. The mechanisms of action have been studied, both directly and indirectly, in protecting the plant from pest and disease attacks. Several of these microbes also functioned as decomposer that might improve soil characteristic and nutrient availability for the crops. The Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development for has released formulated biopesticides and bio fertilizers with the active ingredients isolated from agricultural production centers. The application of these biopesticides and biofertilizers have been effectively controlled important diseases in horticultural crops, i.e. Bio Nutri-V could suppress white rust disease (Puccinia horina Henn) 32.15% in chrysanthemum and increased 25% and 34% harvestable products in chrysanthemum and potato, respectively, compared with synthetic fungicide. The utilization of biopesticides and biofertilizers is expected to improve the competitiveness of national agricultural commodities by utilizing natural resources to support highly competitive and sustainable agricultural industries.Keywords: Microbes, biofertilizer, biopesticide, vegetable, ornamentals, horticulture. AbstrakTuntutan konsumen terhadap keamanan produk pertanian menuntut pula perlunya proses produksi dilakukan secara ramah lingkungan. Salah satu upaya untuk mengurangi atau mensubstitusi penggunaan pupuk dan pestisida kimia sintetik ialah memanfaatkan mikroba. Makalah ini membahas spesies mikroba yang berpotensi dan dapat dijadikan sebagai bahan aktif pupuk dan pestisida hayati. Berbagai spesies mikroba dari kelompok cendawan dan bakteri telah berhasil diisolasi dan dievaluasi keefektifannya sebagai bahan aktif pupuk dan pestisida hayati yang efektif. Mikroba pemacu pertumbuhan tanaman dengan mekanisme langsung maupun tidak langsung mampu menginduksi pertumbuhan tanaman dan beberapa mikroba juga berfungsi sebagai dekomposer, sehingga membantu penyediaan unsur hara bagi tanaman. Badan Litbang Pertanian telah menghasilkan beberapa formulasi pupuk hayati dan biopestisida dengan bahan aktif mikrobe yang diisolasi dari sentra produksi pertanian. Aplikasi pupuk dan pestisida hayati tersebut efektif mengendalikan penyakit penting tanaman hias, seperti Bio Nutri- V dapat menekan perkembangan penyakit karat putih (Puccinia horina Henn) pada krisan 32,2% dan mempertahankan hasil panen kentang dan krisan masing-masing 25% dan 34% dibandingkan dengan aplikasi fungisida kimia sintetik. Pengembangan pupuk dan pestisida hayati yang dihasilkan diharapkan dapat meningkatkan daya saing komoditas pertanian melalui sistem produksi ramah lingkungan dengan memanfaatkan sumber daya alam secara optimal guna mendukung industri pertanian berdaya saing dan berkelanjutan.Kata kunci: Mikroba, pupuk hayati, biopestisida, sayuran, tanaman hias, hortikultura
PERAKITAN VARIETAS JERUK TANPA BIJI MELALUI PEMULIAAN KONVENSONAL DAN NONKONVENSIONAL
Full text linkExistence of seeds in the citrus fruit, becomes a major problem that it cannot be received by consumer, even though the fruits has a good taste. Citrus breeders have long been conducting research to improvement of seedless cultivars with the diverse approach. Breeding’s strategies to gain seedless character covering conventional and non-conventional techniques. Conventional technique develop through controlled sexual or interploidi crossing. Seedless character transfer by sexual crossing technique have to do trough manipulate of crossing technique to gain seedless progeny. Crossing technique manipulate through environment manipulation, application of plant growth regulators, parent’s selections and embryo rescue. Non-conventional technique to seedless improvement cover to embryo rescue, endosperm culture, in vitro mutagenesis, inter species and inter ploidi somatic hybridization, cybrid production, and develop of GMO. Current breeding to improve seedless citrus done by ploidy manipulation approach with the target is triploid plant which produce seedless. Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development- IAARD have succeeded registering varieties of seedless citrus, Pamindo Agrihorti (2016) and SoE86 Agrihorti (2017), which resulted from mutation breeding. Furthermore there are also various line of triploid citrus and citrus obtained through protoplast fusion and being adaptation tested at lowland and highland.Keywords: Citrus spp., seedless, plant improvement, conventional, biotechnology AbstrakJeruk dengan biji yang banyak kurang disukai konsumen meskipun rasanya manis. Para pemulia sudah sejak lama melakukan pemuliaan tanaman jeruk untuk mendapatkan kultivar dengan buah tanpa biji (seedless). Strategi pemuliaan yang dilakukan untuk mendapatkan buah jeruk seedless meliputi penerapan teknik konvensional dan nonkonvensional. Teknik konvensional dikembangkan melalui persilangan seksual terkontrol atau persilangan interploidi. Pemindahan karakter seedless dengan teknik persilangan seksual harus dilakukan dengan memanipulasi teknik persilangan untuk mendapatkan progeni yang berkarakter seedless. Manipulasi teknik persilangan dilakukan dengan modifikasi lingkungan, aplikasi ZPT, pemilihan tetua yang tepat dan penyelamatan embrio. Teknik nonkonvensional yang telah dilakukan dalam pemuliaan jeruk seedless meliputi penyelamatan embrio, kultur endosperma, mutagenesis in vitro, hibridisasi somatik interspesifik dan interploidi, produksi sibrid, serta perakitan tanaman transgenik. Saat ini pemuliaan untuk mendapatkan tanaman jeruk dengan karakter seedless banyak dilakukan melalui pendekatan manipulasi ploidi dengan target diperolehnya tanaman triploid yang akan menghasilkan buah seedless. Balitbangtan sudah berhasil mendaftarkan varietas jeruk tanpa biji, Pamindo Agrihorti (2016) dan SoE86 Agrihorti (2017), yang dihasilkan melalui pemuliaan mutasi. Selain itu juga telah diperoleh beberapa galur jeruk triploid dan jeruk hasil fusiprotoplas yang sedang diujiadaptasikan di dataran rendah dan tinggi.Kata kunci: Citrus spp, tanpa biji, perakitan tanaman, konvensional, bioteknolog
TEKNOLOGI TEPAT GUNA MENDUKUNG PENGEMBANGAN SAPI LOKAL PESISIR SUMATERA BARAT
Full text linkThe few last decades the growth of Pesisir Cattle has stagnated due to the decline in the genetic quality. The an proper of culturing management was respected as the main problem in the developing Pesisir Cattle, with the result that the demand elasticity was not comparable with growth. The interoduction of approviate management and technology based on the local resource was considered capable to improve the Pesisir Cattle productivity. This research is try to examine the approvible technology based to local resource to support the development of Pesisir Local Cattle at west Sumatera. The several management and technology innovation can be appled to improve the culturing management, namely: (1) reproductive management by applying artificial Insemination marriage system and use the of superior male; (2) Feed technology through the use of derived process technology such as palm leaf silage depend on local resouces and development of leguminous plants cultivation that it rich in protein; (3) Technology innovation of group cage management such as Grati to breeding as well as to fattening of catle; (4) Integrated farming system according to local culture; (5) Applying of sustainable production system, in which farmers are motivated to work on two forms of livestock business namely fattening and breeding as well; (6) Developing a livestock breeding business system to accelerate the changing pattern of maintenance from an extensive system to an intensive system.Keywords: Technology, Pesisir cattle, West Sumatera AbstrakDalam beberapa dekade terakhir, pertumbuhan sapi pesisir di Sumatera Barat mengalami stagnasi akibat menurunnya kualitas genetik ternak. Manajemen pemeliharaan yang kurang baik merupakan masalah utama dalam pengembangan sapi pesisir sehingga elastisitas permintaan tidak sebanding dengan pertumbuhan. Introduksi manajemen dan teknologi tepat guna berbasis sumber daya lokal dinilai mampu meningkatkan produktivitas sapi pesisir. Tulisan ini membahas teknologi tepat guna berbasis sumber daya lokal mendukung pengembangan sapi lokal pesisir Sumatera Barat. Inovasi manajemen dan teknologi yang dapat diterapkan untuk memperbaiki pola pemeliharaan sapi pesisir antara lain: (1) manajemen reproduksi dengan mengaplikasikan teknologi inseminasi buatan (IB) dan penggunaan pejantan unggul; (2) teknologi pakan dengan memanfaatkan limbah tanaman seperti silase pelepah daun sawit, bergantung pada sumber daya lokal dan pengembangan tanaman leguminosa yang kaya protein; (3) inovasi teknologi dan manajemen pengelolaan kandang kelompok seperti “Kandang Kelompok Grati”, baik untuk tujuan pembibitan maupun penggemukan ternak; (4) pertanian terpadu sesuai dengan budaya setempat; (5) sistem produksi berkelanjutan, dalam hal ini peternak dimotivasi untuk mengembangkan dua bentuk usaha ternak sekaligus, yakni penggemukan dan pembibitan; (6) pemeliharaan ternak dengan sistem gaduhan untuk percepatan perubahan pola pemeliharaan dari ekstensif ke intensif.Kata kunci: Teknologi, sapi pesisir, Sumatera Barat
EPIDEMIOLOGI DAN PENGELOLAAN PENYAKIT LAYU BAKTERI PADA TANAMAN JAGUNG
Full text linkMaize is one of the most important worldwide agricultural crops that their seed is considered a valuable international trading item. The seeds are mainly originated from United States, where the world most intensive development of new varieties occurs. Pantoea stewartii is a pathogenic bacteria of maize that occurs primarily in the US. Stewart wilt disease in maize caused by the bacterium Pantoea stewartii is become a new disease of maize in Indonesia. The stewart wilt disease was first reported in West Sumatra with the disease incidence of 1−15%. This paper discusses the epidemiology and control efforts of the bacterial stewart wilt disease in maize. Stewart wilt disease is a seed borne disease and it can transmitted by insect vector Chaetocnema pulicaria. P. stewartii has a wide host range including maize plant. In addition to maize plants, the pathogen also attacks sugarcane, sorghum, wheat, green beans, cucumbers, and several types of grasses. The abundant availability and wide range of its hosts, allows the pathogen to easily find the host to survive and develop. P. stewartii attacks maize in all stages of plant growth. The emergence of this disease on maize plant is mainly due to imported seeds from outside of Indonesia. Seed is the most suitable carrier media for pathogens to spread across its natural boundaries. One of the efforts to prevent the outbreak of the disease in Indonesia is to control its insect vectors. Several efforts that can be done to control the disease are environmental sanitation and by chemical pesticides with active ingredient such as imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, and clothianidin.Keywords: Maize, Pantoea stewartii, host plant, seed treatment AbstrakJagung merupakan salah satu komoditas pangan dan pakan penting dunia dan benihnya diperdagangkan secara internasional. Volume tertinggi perdagangan benih jagung berasal dari Amerika Serikat yang merupakan negara penghasil utama varietas unggul baru jagung di dunia. Pantoea stewartii adalah bakteri patogenik penting pada tanaman jagung, khususnya di Amerika Serikat. Penyakit layu stewart pada tanaman jagung disebabkan oleh bakteri Pantoea stewartii yang merupakan penyakit baru di Indonesia. Penyakit ini pertama kali dilaporkan di Sumatera Barat dengan insidensi 1−15%. Makalah ini membahas epidemiologi dan upaya pengendalian penyakit layu bakteri stewart pada tanaman jagung. Penyakit layu stewart merupakan penyakit tular benih dan tular serangga melalui vektor Chaetocnema pulicaria. P. stewartii memiliki inang yang luas, termasuk tebu, sorgum, gandum, kacang hijau, mentimun, dan beberapa jenis rumput-rumputan. Melimpahnya ketersediaan inang menjadikan patogen ini mudah dan cepat berkembang. Penyakit layu bakteri stewart pada tanaman jagung dapat berasal dari benih impor. Benih merupakan media pembawa penyakit yang paling efektif dan menyebar luas dengan melintasi batas alaminya. Salah satu upaya untuk mencegah wabah penyakit layu stewart ialah mengendalikan serangga vektor. Sanitasi lingkungan dan penggunaan pestisida berbahan aktif imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, dan clothianidin merupakan alternatif pengendalian.Kata kunci: Jagung, Pantoea stewartii, tanaman inang, perlakuan beni
PERKEMBANGAN PERAKITAN VARIETAS DAN TEKNIK BUDI DAYA JAGUNG ANTIOKSIDAN SEBAGAI PANGAN FUNGSIONAL
Full text linkABSTRAKJagung antioksidan mengandung beta karoten pada endosperm yang bermanfaat untuk kesehatan, antara lain dapat mencegah buta dini (rabun/katarak), kerontokan rambut, memperkuat jaringan tubuh, dan mencegah gizi buruk pada anak balita. Kementerian Pertanian telah melepas tiga varietas jagung antioksidan kaya beta karoten, dua dari jenis bersari bebas (varietas Provit A1 dan Provit A2) dan satu dari jenis hibrida (varietas Bima Provit A1) masing-masing dengan kadar beta karoten 155,3-281,6% lebih tinggi dari jagung biasa. Potensi hasil jenis bersari bebas dapat mencapai 7,36 t/ha dan jenis hibrida 9,85 t/ha. Budi daya jagung antioksidan sama dengan jagung biasa. Aspek yang perlu mendapat perhatian adalah isolasi jarak tanaman, minimal 300 m, dan isolasi waktu tanam 3 minggu setelah tanam dengan tanaman jagung biasa. Hal ini diperlukan untuk menghindari xenia effect, yaitu pengaruh tepungsari jagung biasa yang menyerbuki jagung antioksidan sehingga kadar antioksidannya akan menurun dan statusnya kembali sama dengan jagung biasa. Hasil panen dapat dijadikan bahan baku industry berbagai makanan olahan bergizi tinggi. Pengembangan jagung antioksidan, terutama di Kawasan Timur Indonesia perlu peran pemerintah setempat dalam upaya mempercepat adopsi oleh petani.Kata kunci: Jagung, antioksidan, beta karoten, pangan fungsional ABSTRACTAntioxidant maize contains beta carotene in the endosperm that is beneficial for health, such as can prevent early blindness (blindness / cataract), hair loss, strengthen body tissues, and prevent malnutrition in children under five. The Ministry of Agriculture has released three varieties of beta-carotene-rich antioxidant maize, two of the free-range (Provit A1 and Provit A2) varieties and one of the hybrid varieties (Bima Provit A1) each with carotene beta levels of 155.3 to 236.6 % higher than ordinary corn. The potential of free pollen type yield can reach 7.36 t / ha and hybrid type 9.85 t / ha. The cultivation of antioxidant corn is the same as ordinary corn. Aspects that need attention are isolation of plant spacing, at least 300 m, and isolation of planting time 3 weeks after planting with ordinary corn crops. This is necessary to avoid the xenia effect, which is the effect of ordinary corn corn that pollinate antioxidant corn so that its antioxidant levels will decrease and its status is the same as ordinary corn. Yields can be used as industrial raw materials of various highly processed nutritious foods. Development of antioxidant maize, especially in Eastern Indonesia needs the role of local government in an effort to accelerate adoption by farmers.Keywords: Maize, antioxidant, beta caroten, functional food
PENGENDALIAN PENYAKIT TANAMAN PADI BERWAWASAN LINGKUNGAN MELALUI PENGELOLAAN KOMPONEN EPIDEMIK
Full text link ABSTRAKControl of rice diseases still rely on the use of synthetic chemical pesticides are relatively expensive so that control costs increase, reaching 25% of total production costs. In addition, the use of pesticides has been proven to pollute the environment, especially if applied in an uncontrolled manner. Environmental manipulation or ecological engineering has the potential to suppress the development of plant diseases. This can be done by selectively managing the cultivated components, including the selection of resistant varieties, the use of healthy seeds, perfect soil preparation, the use of organic materials, the simultaneous cultivation at the right time, balanced fertilization and regulation of irrigation crops. In addition to effective, disease control technology based on epidemic components can also reduce production costs by 60% and reduce the yield rate of rice up to 30%. Application of environmentally friendly disease control technology has many advantages in supporting the growth of rice plants. Development of ecology-based rice disease control technology at farmer level require field supervision or through a comprehensive field school.Keywords: Rice plant, disease control, ecology, epidemic ABSTRAKPengendalian penyakit tanaman padi hingga kini masihmengandalkan penggunaan pestisida kimia sintetik yang relatifmahal sehingga biaya pengendalian meningkat, mencapai 25% daritotal biaya produksi. Selain itu, penggunaan pestisida sudah terbuktimencemari lingkungan, terutama jika diaplikasikan secara tidakterkendali. Manipulasi lingkungan atau rekayasa ekologi berpeluangmenekan perkembangan penyakit tanaman. Hal ini dapatdilakukan dengan mengelola komponen budi daya secara selektif,di antaranya pemilihan varietas tahan, penggunaan benih sehat,pengolahan tanah sempurna, penggunaan bahan organik,keserempakan tanam pada waktu yang tepat, pemupukanberimbang dan pengaturan pengairan tanaman. Selain efektif,teknologi pengendalian penyakit berdasarkan komponen epidemikini juga dapat menekan biaya produksi hingga 60% dan mengurangitingkat kehilangan hasil padi sampai 30%. Penerapan teknologipengendalian penyakit ramah lingkungan ini memiliki berbagaikelebihan dalam mendukung pertumbuhan tanaman padi.Pengembangan teknologi pengendalian penyakit tanaman padiberbasis ekologi di tingkat petani memerlukan pendampingan dilapangan atau melalui sekolah lapangan yang komprehensifKata kunci: Padi, pengendalian penyakit, ekologi, epidemi
Heritabilitas, Sumber Gen, Dan Durabilitas Ketahanan Varietas Padi Terhadap Penyakit Hawar Daun Bakteri
Full text linkBacterial leaf blight (BLB) disease is one of the obstacles in increasing of rice production. The use of resistant varieties is an effective and easy to implement for farmers. This paper discusses the heritability and source of resistance genes of rice varieties against the BLB disease and strategies to maintain the durability of resistant varieties as one of the control efforts through plant breeding to supports the increasing of rice production. Assembling and development of resistant varieties play an important role in controlling BLB disease because it has a genetic resistancemechanism that can be inherited to progeny level. Varieties with vertical resistance are easily broken by pathogens, so it is necessary to assembling of varieties with horizontal resistance. To obtain the resistant progeny to BLB disease in the assembly of varieties, the position of the resistant varieties should be played as a female parent that has a high specific joining power. The nature of resistance to BLB is from a population whose parent genes are derived from multiple cross results has higher heritability. The populations derived from a double-cross have multigenic resistance and have the potential to produce recombinant individuals resistant for prolonged periods (durable). The availability of durable resistant varieties become a key requirement in sustainable BLB disease control. This matter can be done by improving the resistance of varieties through the assembling of varieties with various sources of resistance such as wild rice, local rice, and introduced rice.Keywords: Rice, varieties, resistance, bacterial leaf blight, durability, heritability ABSTRAKPenyakit hawar daun bakteri (HDB) merupakan salah satu kendala dalam peningkatan produksi padi. Penggunaan varietas tahan merupakan cara pengendalian yang efektif dan mudah diterapkan petani. Tulisan ini membahas heritabilitas dan sumber gen ketahanan varietas padi terhadap penyakit HDB dan strategi mempertahankan durabilitas varietas tahan sebagai salah satu upaya pengendalian melalui pemuliaan tanaman mendukung upaya peningkatan produksi padi. Perakitan dan pengembangan varietas tahan berperan penting mengendalikan penyakit HDB, karena memiliki mekanisme ketahanan genetik yang dapat diwariskan kepada keturunannya. Varietas dengan ketahanan vertikal mudah dipatahkan oleh patogen, sehingga perlu upaya perakitan varietas dengan ketahanan horizontal. Untuk memperoleh keturunan tanaman padi yang tahan terhadap penyakit HDB dalam perakitan varietas, posisi tetua tahan sebaiknya diperankan sebagai tetua betina yang memiliki daya gabung khusus yang tinggi. Sifat ketahanan HDB dari populasi tetua yang mengandung gen dari hasil silang ganda memilliki heritabilitas lebih tinggi. Populasi turunan dari silang ganda memiliki ketahanan multigenik dan berpeluang menghasilkan individu rekombinan tahan untuk periode yang lama (durable). Ketersediaan varietas tahan yang durable menjadi syarat utama dalam pengendalian penyakit HDB secara berkelanjutan. Hal ini dapat dilakukan dengan perbaikan ketahanan varietas melalui perakitan varietas dengan berbagai sumber ketahanan, di antaranya padi liar, padi lokal, dan padi introduksi.Kata kunci: Padi, varietas, ketahanan, hawar daun bakteri, durabilitas, heritabilita
POTENSI CENDAWAN MIKORIZA ARBUSKULA UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL TANAMAN JAGUNG
Full text linkPotential of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza in increasing maize yieldVesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae ( VAM ) can associate and symbiose with 97% high level plant family. VAM is included in ordo Glomales, and based on the body structure and infection way can be grouped into endomycorrhizae and ectomycorrhizae. VAM is able to improve the physical and chemical properties of soil, increase nutrient absorption, improve plant resistance to drought, protect roots from pathogens, increase plant yield, and release the P fixation. Ectomycorrhizae fungi can be consumed and as medicine. Application of VAM up to 20 g/plant and 100% NPK dosage in Inceptisols affected root infection, P absorption, biomass weight, and increased maize yield. P absorption was positively correlated with the maize yield. VAM reduced the rate of NPK fertilizer up to 50%. Application of 50% NPK fertilizer added with VAM 15 g/plant produced maize yield that was not significantly different with application of 100% NPK fertilizer. The highest maize yield was produced with application of 100% NPK fertilizer added with VAM 20 g/plant.Keywords: Zea mays, vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae, yiel
PERKEMBANGAN DAN PROSPEK PERAKITAN PADI TIPE BARU DI INDONESIA
Full text linkDevelopment and prospect of new plant type of rice in IndonesiaNew plant type of rice (NPT) has higher yield potential than that of existing high-yielding varieties. Therefore, it is urgent to develop rice varieties having high yield potential to increase rice yield and production. Development of NPT in Indonesia has been started in 1995. Four NPT varieties were released, namely Cimelati (2001) , Gilirang (2002) , Ciapus (2003) , and Fatmawati (2003) . However, those varieties still have disadvantages, such as few tillers and high sterility, and consequently their yield potential are not as high as proposed. NPT which is suitable to Indonesia as a tropical country and pest and disease are still major problem, should have short and sturdy stems(80-100 cm), 12–18 tillers, 150–250 grains/panicle, 85–95% filled grain, weight of 1,000 grains 25-26 g, early maturity (110–120 days) , erect, thick, dark green and have V form leaves, 2-3 leaves stay-green at filing grain stage, long-deep root system, resistant to major pests and diseases, slender grains, and good grain and cooking quality. NPT having those characters could yield 9–13 t/ha and more stable in productivity. In 2001, the NPT development has being intensified by utilizing various gene sources from indica, japonica, and wild species of rice. A number of advanced lines have been produced having better characters than that of NPT varieties released such as better grain filling and resistance against major insects and diseases. Since 2004, recurrent selection and anther culture methods have been implemented to harness NPT development. Elit lines having high yield potential have been produced by using these methods.Keywords: Rice, selection, yield, anther culture, double haploi
KONDISI KRITIS LADA PUTIH BANGKA BELITUNG DAN ALTERNATIF PEMULIHANNYA
Full text linkCritical condition of muntok white pepper of Bangka Belitung and its alternative recoveryBangka Belitung (Babel) Province is one of the pepper producing areas in Indonesia, particularly for white pepper. Recently, its role however tends to lower indicated by the decreases in cultivation areas and production of white pepper. A number of factors causing the decrease of production and plated area of pepper in Babel are fluctuation of pepper price, infestation of plant diseases, uncontrolled exploitation of tin mining, and expansion of other estate crops. If the factors are not able be controlled carefully, it may result in muntok white pepper, the trademark of Babel, be eliminated over the time or neglected. Hence, a number of alternative solutions such as zoning of main crops growing, diversification of crop production, and strengthening of capital and institutional supports may be established to minimize the decreases of black pepper areas in Babel