WARTAZOA. Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences
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Animal Production (Poultry, Cattle and Goat-Sheep) in Indonesia: Prospects and Strategic Development
Get PDFAnimal production in Indonesia has a remarkably good prospect, as the demand for animal products always increases in line with the increase in human population and national economic development . The high animal industry bargaining status heavily depends upon certain input factors e .g . feed availability, breeding, animal management and health, including innovative technology and other external factors . The approach to improve bargaining position of the animal industry should be carried out under simultaneous approaches within harmonized implementation of support policies at the inter-ministerial level . This should be in line with other internal implementing factors i .e . production efficiency, improved product quality, continuity of supply, and market demand. The prime animal industry profiles suggest that poultry, cattle and sheep/goat industries are prospective if their production management follows the accepted procedures and rules . To respond the developing notion of the livestock sector in Indonesia, there is a heavy need for investment support of the government, farmers/people, and private sector. The policy is the creation of a condusive investment sphere, that is expected to create employment opportunities through raising animals at the input through the marketing subsystems, hence, the development of animal production in Indonesia could answer the heavy threats faced in meeting food security, employment opportunity, people's welfare, creating devisa and national economy . Key words: Animal production, investment, prospec
Study and Control of Newcastle Disease in Ducks
Get PDFA study on the infection of Newcastle disease (ND) in ducks has been conducted at some areas in Indonesia and other countries by serology method and viral isolation. The result indicated that ND virus was capable of infecting ducks, stimulated immune response, with or without manifestation of the clinical signs of ND . Based on the pathotyping tests, viral isolates were considered as velogenic strains. Some infected ducks could spread the virus to the environment through faeces, so that it will be very dangerous for chicken breeder residing in the same location with many duck populations . On that account, ducks have an important role in spreading the ND virus, thus care should be taken on the presence of ducks in the poultry farms . Key word : Newcastle disease, ducks, velogenic strai
The Technology of Utilizing Microorganism in Feed to Improve Ruminant Productivity in Indonesia: A Review
Get PDFSeveral different technologies are required to inaintain feed availability, to improve feed quality and to optimize rumen function so that the animal production in Indonesia can be increased. The technology by utilizing microorganism in food has been known for a long time. Utilization of microorganism could be in the forms of 'probiotic' (bacteria, fungi, yeast or their mixtures), fermentation products or extracted products of fermentation process (enzymes). This paper describes several research results that have been published locally in recent years about the utilization of microorganism or its products in ruminant feed. Several pure microorganisms or mixtures of microorganisms have been available commercially and some of them are also produced and developed by the Indonesian Research Institute for Animal Production. They have been applied for rice straw fermentation, for improving the quality of agricultural by products such as palm oil by products or for improving the rumen function. Biological treatment using microorganism has a good prospect in the future, however, it should be supported by more specific and deeper research about the characteristics of the microorganisms. A standard and feed safety regulation on the use of single or mixture of microorganism is required to be established. Keywords: Microorganism, probiotic, silage, fennentation, ruminan
Food Safety of Animal Products That Viewed from Disease Aspect
Get PDFAnimal diseases are tnajor factors affecting food producing anitnals at husbandry productions. The infectious and or non infectious diseases can influence the food quality of animal products and their safety for human consumption. The food safety of animal products becomes a world trade issue because it affects some aspects of human life quality and health. The food safety of anitnal products is defined at least by physical and health conditions of animal at preharvest period . It can be achieved by good manufacturing practice, beginning at animal production level up to the harvesting period. During this period, the animals must be protected against infection by pathogens of either bacteria, viruses or protozoa. linportant animal diseases which often cause problems during animal husbandry productions are anthrax, salmonellosis, brucellosis, tuberculosis, clostridiosis. colibacillosis, staphylococcosis. Some of the pathogens causing those diseases may also cause food poisoning and foodborne disease. The viral disease infection can affect food-safety at preharvest time but not at postharvest. At prcharvest period in fanns the disease can be controlled by vaccines and selected drug application. To obtain the good quality assurance of food producing animals and the safety for human consumption, the physical and the health conditions of animals can be determined visually. To determine the health status of food producing animals, each animal must be tested for the presence of pathogens and or specific antibody. This needs a veterinary laboratory facility with good equipments, chemical and diagnostic reagents. On the other hand, in order to pursue the good quality assurance of food producing animals up to the harvesting period, the hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) and good agricultural practice (GAP) concepts in animal husbandry productions must be followed. Key words: Animal products, preharvest, human consumption, food safet
The Prospect of Integrated Rearing Between "Tiktok" (Mule Ducks) with Rice, Fish and Azolla in Dki Jakarta Province
Get PDFThe amount of meat-type ducks consumed by people who live in DKI Jakarta area is approximately 5 .000 heads/day . Most of these ducks are coming from traditional market or duck collecting areas in Tangerang, Karawang and Bekasi . The meat-type ducks sold in those markets are primarily the young male egg-type ducks, culled laying ducks and male/female Muscovy . Some mule ducks, a crossing between Muscovy and common ducks, are also sold in the market, but only in a small proportion of about 5% of the amount of total ducks sold at one time . An outstanding mule duck has been developed through artificial insemination between male Muscovy with female egg-type duck, which is called as Tiktok . This Tiktok has some advantage than the other meat-type duck, including faster growing, higher meat proportion, lower fat in the meat and has a softer meat texture, this makes Tiktok meat better taste than the meat of the egg-type duck . However, the Tiktok consumes a significant amount of feed, therefore it requires a higher cost for its feed . This paper will discuss a model, which may be used to reduce the cost in rearing the Tiktok so that more benefit could be obtained from various commodities under an integrated farming system . The model that is proposed in this paper is an integrated rearing of the Tiktok with rice and fish with utilization of Azolla (Azolla microphylla), a water plant . Key words : Integrated farming, mule ducks, rice, fish, Azoll
The Development of Japanese Encephalitis in Indonesia
Get PDFJapanese encephalitis (JE) is a zoonotic viral disease which causes encephalitis in children (5-9 years old) . The disease is transmitted by mosquitoes. The presence of JE virus, vector and reservoir host in Indonesia, will increase the concern of the possibility of JE outbreak in Indonesia. JE infection in human was reported by clinical and serological findings. Recently, JE case in Bali was declared as hyperendemic (usually sporadic) . In animals, JE infection has been confirmed by serology and viral isolation, while JE vector had been found in different species of mosquitoes by successful viral isolation from those mosquitoes. The prevention and control of JE are conducted by socialization about JE to the society, by cutting the JE transmission cycle (virus, vector and host), including pig farm relocation . The development of regional laboratories (facilities and human resources) to diagnose JE and the establishment BSL of 3 laboratory in the central laboratory institute to isolate the JE virus and to conduct further JE research on the role of animal in transmitting JE to human, must be conducted . Key words : Japanese encephalitis, epidemiology, diagnose, animals, huma
Synchrony of Protein and Energy in The Rumen to Maximize The Production of Microbial Protein
Get PDFJustification for continued use of ruminants for competitive meat production reside in I) their ability to hydrolyse structural carbohydrate (not used by non ruminant animals) as a source of energy, 2) their ability to transform non protein nitrogen substances into ruminal microbial protein, and 3) their ability to use microbial protein as their main protein sources for production . Through fermentation in the rumen, microbial protein supply 70-100 percent of total protein available and 70-85 percent of energy to the animal . Therefore, the role of efficient rumen fermentation to yield microbial protein is vital to the ruminants . Fermentation efficiency does not only depend on the nutrient contents of the diets, but is strongly influenced by the rate of degradation of the nutrients in the rumen, particularly protein and carbohydrate (CHO) . Significant improvement in the fermentation efficiency could be achieved when protein and energy (CI-IO) degradations occur in harmony (synchrony) during the fermentation period . The Cornell system could be used in accommodating the synchrony of protein and energy degradation in ration formulation . For this, fractionation of CHO and protein based on their degradability is required . This system fractionates the CFIO into fraction A (fastly degraded), fraction B I ( intermediate), fraction B2 (slowly degraded) and fraction C (not degraded) . The same fractionation is applied to protein nainely fraction A (soluble ; non protein nitrogen), fraction B t (soluble protein), fraction B2 (mostly degradable protein), fraction B3 (not degradable protein) and fraction C (not available protein) . Alternatively, synchronization of protein and CHO degradation in ration formulation could use Synchronization Index (SI) as an i ndicator . S I describes the ratio between the degradation of N and organic matter (OM) or CHO . St of 1 .0 indicates perfect synchrony, while SI1 .0 indicates the degree of asynchrony . Data on the degradation rate of protein and CHO of agricultural wastes or by-products as well as agroindustry by-products in Indonesia is very limited . It is urged to develop the data base on these degradation characteristics in order to fully use the phenomenon of protein and energy synchrony to formulate rations based on the locally available feedstuffs . Key words : Synchronization, energy . protein, fermentation, efficienc
Ascites in Broiler Chickens
Get PDFAscites is a common problem among rapidly growing broiler strains of chickens . This incidence is most often associated with heart failure . This problem is started from insufficient of lung volume or lung capillary capacity for oxygen exchange in very fast growing broiler chickens . Pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS) occurs due to the increased blood flow in the lung, causing a hypertrophy an the right ventricular a valvular insufficiency, an increased vena pressure and finally a ascites . Genetically, the percentage of lung volume to the body weight in broiler chickens which is too small is a predisposition factor in ascites cases . The air sac capacity which is decreasing due to the pressure form the intestine parts, the heavy breast and lives mass causes broilers are more sensitive to PHS . Some factors that contribute to PHS are management (high density, pelleted food, superior feed), environment (high altitude of location, cold, moderate, low oxygen) and physiology (increased of oxygen requirements, hyperthyroidism and respiratory disease) . The ascites mechanism could be described as a circle of events between the cardiac, pulmonary and vascular system that satisfy the metabolic requirement of the bird. Lack of one of these systems triggers the pathological cascade that results in ascites cases . Key words: Ascites, broiler chickens, pulmonary hypertension syndrome . heart failur
Nipah and its Current Situation in Indonesia
Get PDFRecently, the incidence of zoonotic disease in the world increases, due to technology development, human activities and ecosystem changes . One of these diseases is an outbreak of Nipah in the neighbouring country, Malaysia, which caused 105 people died and more than one million pig were culled . Malaysia is the adjacent country to Indonesia, hence, it is possible that Nipah will be transferred to Indonesia through imported pigs and their products, and the migration of wild animal such as fruit bat. Because of Nipah is one of emerging diseases and hazardous to human, it needs a serious attention . Preliminary results on Nipah serology at the Research Institute for Veterinary Science . Bogor .. indicated that pigs in Riau. North Sumatera . North Sulawesi and West Jawa areas were negative to Nipah virus infection . However, the reservoir host, fruit bats from North Sumatera, West Java and East Java areas had been proven to have antibodies against Nipah virus using both ELISA and serum neutralization tests . With this condition, human and animal health departments should anticipate a possible occurrence of Nipah viral infection in Indonesia . This paper reviewes many aspects of Nipah included aetiology, epidemiology, the situation in Indonesia, prevention and controlling recommendation, that can be used as an input in order to improve veterinary public health in Indonesia. Key words: Nipah, aetiology, epidemiology, controlling, Indonesi
The Prospect of Controlling Parasitic Deseases with Biological Agents
Get PDFGenerally, parasitic diseases in animals may be caused by protozoa, ectoparasites and helminthes. The diseases appearing in the hosts may range from delicate to fatal disturbances depending on the parasite types, pathogeny, location, and various factors. The diseases may be spread directly or though vectors. In'the area ofanimal health, including veterinary world, tropical diseases spread by vectors are the main cause for morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Unwise use of pesticides has caused many negative impacts both in the form of resistance to the disease vectors and to the environment. The utilization of biological agents or natural enemies is generally known as biological control for pest organism . Biological control has been carried out in the area of agricultural and plantation, mainly using predators for pest insects. The use of parasitic and pathogenic agents in biological control appeared much later. Several natural enemies have reached the operational utilization or extensive trial stage. Among them are Bacillus thuringiensis and B. spahericus. Those showing prospect are fungi, such as Lagenidium giganteum with industrial scale prospect. Invertebrate predator Toxorhynchites sp. has a good natural control potency as shown by the experiment result in the field. The presence of effective and save biological control will extensively support the disease control. In this paper, the use of nematofagus fungus as an alternative for nematode control in the ruminant digestive system is used as an example. Key words: Parasitic disease, biological control, anima