WARTAZOA. Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences
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The Fungimetarhizium Anisopliae as a Biocontrol for Ectoparasite Mites and Ticks in Livestock
Get PDFMetarhizium anisopliae has been known as a biological agent that can kill and control pests especially arthropods. Recently the efforts on controlling arachnid: mites and scabies known as ectoparasites for ruminants have been done by using this fungus. This fungus can be used as a biological control on ectoparasite since it is not harmful for human and animal health. At the same time the availability of microbes as the Indonesian germ plasm especially fungi is sufficient to support the development ofM. anisopliae as a biological control agent, and eventually its development prospect as a controlling for ticks and mites in the future is promising. Key words: Metarhizium anisopliae, control biology, ectoparasit
The Impact of Policy Application on Milk Industry to The Social Welfare
Get PDFAn assessment to identify and qualify the impact of policy application on milk industry in Indonesia has been carried out to estimate the extent of profit and loss obtained by milk industry producers, including the government . The development of milk industry in Indonesia in the last decade has been very significant supported by the government. Application policy of BUSEP ratio since 1982 was very powerful in order to give protection to dairy farmers, this consider a non-tariff barrier policy. Nevertheless, since the Gol has signed the memorandum of understanding with IMF in January 1988 of the elimination for nontariff barrier policy, the application of BUSEP ratio has also denied. Through comparative static analysis, it could be shown that the application of BUSEP ratio decreased economic development due to decreasing consumer surplus, increasing producer surplus and decreasing net social welfare. Fiscal policy such as application of import tariff may also decrease the economic development, however it could decrease the import volume, with the assumption of unchanged export volume, it results trade surplus. The application of 5% import tariff of milk may decrease consumer surplus, increase producer surplus and government revenue from tax along with its dead weight loss. Application of import tariff from the government has resulted decreasing net social welfare. Key words: Policy analysis, milk industry, producer and consumer surplus, and social welfar
Opportunity of Using Feather Meal for Ruminant Feed Stuff
Get PDFFeather, a waste product of chicken is a potencial protein source for animal feeds. The average production of feather is 6% of the life weight of the chicken. Broiler population in Indonesia in 2003 was 917,707,000; for DKI area was 1,360,000 while for West Java was 308,021,118. Research results indicate that chicken were slaughtered at 35 day of age with the range of body weight of 1 to 2.2 kg. The number of broiler slughtered every month in Jakarta is 4,679,500 head, resulted in feather of 350 ton/month while for Bogor area the number of slaughtered broiler is 1,255,000 head/month, produce feather of 135 ton/month. Feather meal can be used as protein source in ruminant feed as much as 40%. Key words: Feather meal, crude protein, ruminant feed stuf
The Philosophy of Living With Fungi
Get PDFThe philosophy of living with fungi is explained in this paper. An undeniable fact is that God creates living creatures in this world with purposes. Every creature, including fungus, has its own use and purpose. The presence of fungi, comprising mushrooms, moulds and yeast in human lives, including their advantages and disadvantages, makes human provided with intellect and thought by The Creator, observe, examine and dissect the fungus life as far as it can be done limited by the intellect and thought given. On fungi with advantages, human beings make effort to examine the behavior and characteristics so the creatures can be as far as possible used for human benefit and welfare.. Likewise, against fungi that have potency to cause disadvantages, for instance diseases, (mycoses, mycotoxicosis and fungus allergy) in human beings, animals, and plants, researches are directed to efforts in healing the diseases caused by the fungi, for example drugs for anti-fungus or similar kinds. In the later case, biological control by using other creatures with antagonistic characters has also been done by human beings. Using various more sophisticated technologies, human beings have future prospect in handling the fungi. The philosophy obtained from living with fungi is that in facing benefited fungi, human beings make effort to maximally utilize them, while in facing disadvantaged fungi, human beings seek solutions the disadvantages obtained can be eliminated or minimised as much as possible . Key words: Fungi, mushrooms, moulds, yeast, advantage, disadvantage, disease disturbanc
Alternative Strategies for Controlling Reproductive Infectious Diseases of Beef Cattle to Increase Reproduction Eficiency
Get PDFReproductive infectious diseases affect reproductive organs cause inefficiency in reproduction of cattle. In Indonesia, there are six infectious diseases of reproduction in beef cattle, namely Brucellosis, Leptospirosis, Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD), Bluetongue and Toxoplasmosis. Although report of the occurrence of the diseases is limited for only certain areas of Indonesia, because of limitation of veterinary laboratories available in this country, those diseases have potential to distribute wider and cause more economic impact if the diseases were not prevented and controlled properly by the government and farmers together . Approaches should be taken for diseases control and prevention are in-flock and inter-flock of beef cattle. Alternative strategies suggested for diseases control are: (1). Flock free of the disease; (2). Biosecurity; and (3). Artificial Insemination using semen free of the diseases. Research and development of reproductive infectious diseases on beef cattle should be improved to support and contribute the development of beef cattle agribusiness program in this country. Key words: Beef cattle, mproductive infectious diseases, alternative control strateg
Competitive Power of Livestock Farming Towards 2020
Get PDFIn the decade of 1990s animal husbandry revolution started to occur and it is estimated to continue for the next 20 years. Contrary to the green revolution in which the main activator is technology innovations on the production, i.e. the discoveries of short life high-yielding varieties, the prime activator in animal husbandry revolution is the increasing demand. The demand on livestock products in the local markets is estimated to increase in line with the increase in income per capita and total population growth. It is projected that Indonesia will still have meat production deficit of around 2.7 million tons in 2020. This deficit is a local market huge opportunity to be exploited. As an archipelago, Indonesia has a less comparative superiority to develop grassfed livestock farming system, such as beef cattle, buffalo, goat and sheep, with a result that the competitive power of Indonesia lies on grain-fed livestock farming system, i.e. broiler and layer chickens. Therefore, in order to develop farming and simultaneously improve the comparative power of Indonesian livestock farming by considering the diversity of biophysical of the regions and the social economic potency (including the huge local markets), it is necessary to develop specific location technologies for grain-fed intensive farming orienting at the local market demand and at the same time also facilitate the grassfed fanning system so it does not extinct. Key words: Developing livestock farmin
Antigent Type Variation of Salmonella Pullorum Found in Indonesiaand the Spread of Salmonella Serotypes in Chicken
Get PDFSalmonella pullorum (0,, 9,, 2 antigen structure) is the cause of pullorum disease attacking young ages under a month with a mortality rate between 20% and 80% and adult chickens act as carriers. The disease is spread horizontally and vertically trough the eggs from the hens to their chicks . Treatment with antibiotics and sulfa only reduces the infection, but it can not break the spreading cycle. The disease can be eliminated by conducting pullorum test on hens prior to egg laying . Hens with positive results (reactors) must be killed/removed from the farms. Pullorum antigen is made from S. pullorum . Suspension S. Pullorum has a somatic antigen structure (O) with varied factor 12 consisting of 12 1, 122 and 123 fractions thereby we recognize S. pullorum standard, i.e . S. pullorum possessing antigen structure with fraction 12 3 dominant, variant with fraction 122 dominant and intermediate of balance 12 2 and 123 If chickens in the field infected by S. pullorum variants are tested with S. Pullorum antigen standard, it is not detected and vice versa. Therefore, Pullorum antigen must contain S. pullorum antigen standard and variant known as polyvalent Pullorum antigen. In Indonesia, from 1971 to 1982, 25 isolates were isolated from fauns in Bogor, Jakarta, Bandung and Medan, and after bring tested serologically (fast agglutination) there were 5 isolates of S. Pullorum standard, 14 isolates of S. pullorum variant, 1 of the S. pullorum intermediate, and 5 isolates of rough shapes. Therefore, the Pullorum antigens used in Indonesia and the world generally colored polyvalent antigen S. pullorum standard and S. Pullorum and S. pullorum variant. In this paper, it is also reported the spread of Salmonella serotypes tested by at Research Institute for Veterinary Science from 1984 to 2003 . Key words: Salmonella pullorum, chicken, antigen S. pulloru
Parasite Control by Utilizing Genetic Host Resistance
Get PDFAs a tropical country, Indonesia is a favorable environment for the development of various species of parasites, consequently parasites become one of biological constraints that is difficult to overcome, particularly in traditional livestock farming's. The conventional parasite control technique has not been successfully implemented in traditional fanning as it requires capital support, which is unaffordable by small-scale farmers. Nowadays, the conventional control technologies for some parasites are considered to be uneconomical by several countries. Other reasons are the decrease of the economic value of certain livestock products, the appearance of anthelmintic resistance problems, and the occurrence of environmental pollution due to the utilization of chemicals and drugs. They then shift to genetic host resistance approach . In Indonesia, the approach on parasite control based on genetic host resistance may be used as an alternative technique which is based on the genetic host resistance is applicable at least as one of alternative technologies in controlling parasites selectively. This technology is cheaper, environmentally acceptable, and in line with the sustainable agriculture concept. The mechanisms ofthe genetic host resistance and its application in the field are briefly discussed in this paper. Key words: Genetic host resistance, parasite, contro
Opportunity Integrate the Goat at Areal Plantation Base on The Pepper Crop
Get PDFConsume the domestic flesh mount, but is not made balance with the growth rate produce. One of its low factor is growth rate produce is limitation of forage because availibility offarm which is not adequate. Goat is represent the comodity of South Sulawesi, based on : (a) market opportunity, (b) beneficial price, with it is developing be increase as well namely 46.9%/year, (c) goats population have been developed 1 .33% but not yet fulfilled the market need, and (d) support and potency of natural resources. Beside that crop of pepper prospective developed in South Sulawesi, based on: (a) market opportunity due the increase ofdemand causes the average price increased by 103.96% (1995-1999) with the production increase 10.36% and productivity by 0.42 ton.ha/year, (b) resources potention: the area (8,258 ha) does not yet executed optimally, opportunity production increase 63 .86%, the uncultivated land that potential are 150,404 ha, (c) one of superior commodity with the development centre in Sinjai, Bulukumba, and Bantaeng regency (SIKUMBANG). Growth average ofthe area width (15.61%) is bigger than it is production (11 .8%) . Integrate the goat, pepper and gliricidia in farming system broadly 8,258 ha will yield 61, 935,000 kg of forages with the carrying capacities are 8.33 goats/ha. If there are 8 goats, they will be produce 1,460 kg/year of manure for compost product. Development of integrated goat in pepper plantation will be increase the productivity of livestock and crop of pepper and gliricidia. Compost affected to improve the crop productivity. Developing the system could reduce the production cost, and it turn, the farmers income will be increase. Key words: Integration, goat, gliricidia, pepper plantatio
Anticipative Measures on Exotic and Zoonotic Diseases for International Trade
Get PDFThe awareness on the advantage of the international trade role for social welfare encourage a number of countries, including Indonesia to establish regional/international economic organisations aiming at building mutual economic strength. Several prominent economic cooporations are ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), and General Agreement on Tariffand Trade (GATT). It is expected that through economic integration trade barriers in the form of tariff barriers and non tariff barrier present among the member countries can be reduced or even eliminated, with a result that the trading goods traffic (including livestock and its products), services, and investment among countries in a region can be carried out more smoothly . From the aspect of animal health, the increase in the traffic of livestock and its products will bring risks due to the entry of animal diseases into Indonesian regions. Indonesia that has been stated to be free from 13 out of 15 contagious diseases according to list A and several diseases based on list B of OIE (Office Internationale des Epizootes) needs to anticipate this through policy reorientation by obeying the agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary for food safety, and animal and plant health protection. For livestock and its product commodities, the Directorate General of Livestock Production Building has issued a decree number 71/TN.690/Kpts. DJP/Deptan/2000 regarding the import of livestock and its products using a standard procedure. Besides that, it is necessary to carry out risk analysis, harmonisation, transparency, and the same treatment on products from abroad. In order to maintain animal health status, monitoring, surveillance, optimal reporting system, campaign to enhance the society attention, and quarantine action are required. Key words: Exotic and zoonotic diseases, international trad