WARTAZOA. Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences
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Swamp Buffalo in South Kalimantan : Problem, Disease and Control
Get PDFIn recent years, several studies have been carried out to evaluate and investigate the important diseases of swamp buffaloes (Bubalus carabanensis) in Kalimantan . More attention has been focused on the case of acute infectious diseases and sudden death in the buffaloes . Fasciolosis black disease, acute enteritis, especially fatal enterotoxaemia haemorrhagic septicaemia . and trypanosomiasis (Surra), are some of the important diseases found in these animals . Black disease caused by toxigenic Clostridium novyi occurs in the presence of the organism in the liver and the degree of liver fluke Fasciola gigantica infestation . In regions where black disease is enzootic, Cl. novvi can be isolated from livers of normal healthy animals . In Hulu Sungai Utara district, South Kalimantan, the prevalence of fasciolosis caused by Fasciola gigantica in swamp buffalo was 77% in 1991 . A gross sudden change in diet due to seasonal changes could induce rumen and intestinal stasis, which provide a favourable environment for the rapid proliferation of commensal toxigenic Clostridium perfringens in the small intestine . Subsequent absorption of the toxin produced through the gut wall and its generalized dissemination culminated in a fatal enterotoxaemia . Haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) is an acute, fatal disease affecting swamp buffalo, and caused by Pasteurella multocida B : 2 . The swamp buffalo is particularly susceptible for HS, and the reported greatest losses of swamp buffalo in Kalimantan due to HS is recorded in 1980s. The clinical signs of Surra in swamp buffalo were also found in certain areas in Danau Panggang area . Hulu Sungai Utara district . Vaccination is the accepted method for controlling Black disease, enterotoxaemia and HS. Multi component vaccine, alum adjuvant containing at least 5 types of clostridial toxoids and P. multocida B2 bacterin have been used and provide good protection to the animals . Control and treatment of liver fluke infestation is advisable. Vaccination is recommended annually and should be carried out regularly . In these days, the farmers concern about the availability of the grass in the Danau Panggang area . The primary feed grass (Oryza sativa forma spontanea L), of the swamp buffalo were not sufficient in the low-tide season. The over population of Pamocea canaliculata (golden snail), a pest for lake vegetations, was thought to be responsible for this phenomena . Growing forages as the source of animal feed may be an option to improve the current performance of the swamp buffalo in the area. Key words : Diseases, swamp buffalo, control, South Kalimanta
Review on Sources and Handling Method of Pesticide Residues in Animal Products
Get PDFField studies and literature search showed that some pesticide residues either organochlorines (OC) or organophosphates (OP) were detected in animal products (meat and milk) . Pesticide residues in meat collected from West Java were detected at the level of 0 .8 ppb lindane and 62 ppb diazinon . While in meat from Lampung was detected at the level of 7 ppb lindane . 2 .7 heptachlor, 0 .8 endosulfan and 0 .5 ppb aldrin . Furthermore, pesticide residues were also detected in the milk collected from West, Central and East Java . The levels of lindane were 2,3 ; 15,9 ; 0,2 ppb ; heptachlor 8 ; 0 .4 and 0,05 ppb; diazinon 8 ; 0 and 1,8 ppb; CPM 0,4 ; 0,8 and 0 ppb ; endosulfan 0,1 ; 0,04 and 0,05 ppb for West, Central and East Java, respectively . The source of pesticide contamination in animal products is generally originated from feed materials, fodders . contaminated soils and water around the farm areas . Minimalization approach of pesticide residues in animal products could be conducted integratedly, such as through chemical process, biodegradation using microorganisms . Organic farming system is recognised as an alternative that may be applied to minimise contamination on agricultural land, eventually reducing pesticide residues in the agricultural products . Feeding with organic agricultural by-products with low pesticide residues appears to reduce pesticide residues in animal products . In order to eliminate pesticide contamination in soil, it has to be conducted progressively by implementing sustainable organic farming . Key words : Pesticide residues, meat, mil
Pelung-Kampung Crosbred Chicken : Dietary Protein for 12 Weeks Old Meat Production
Get PDFIncreasing the utilization of local chickens has been put into national priority . Kampung chicken has been one of many local chickens used as a source of meat for consumption . Kampung chicken has actually an important role to rural community . Meat production of Kampung chicken is considerably low compared to modern selected broiler chicken . Pelung chicken is one of the local chickens, having larger body size that other local chickens . The crossing of Pelung male to Kampung female is one of the shortcuts in improving local chickens meat production . Pelung-Kampung cross could be a choice for commercial local meat type of chicken . Discussion is done on growth, carcass composition, body composition, and energy and nitrogen retentions. Keeping the bird up to 12 weeks of age with dietary protein of 21% for starter (0 - 6 weeks of age) followed by dietary protein 17% (6 - 12 weeks of age) resulted in the most economic return, but did not indicate a significant increase in biological variables . The rations with 19% dietary protein for starter followed by dietary protein of 15% for finisher up to 12 weeks of age were relatively a better choice of feeding strategy with lower input . Key words : Pelung x Kampung chicken, dietary protein, growt
Gene Controlling High Milk Lactoferrin Content in Holstein Friesian Cows
Get PDFLactoferrin is considered as an antimicrobial and antiviral protein, therefore milk that contains high lactoferrin is potential for health-enhancing nutraceuticals for food and pharmaceutical applications . The main objective of this paper is to discuss in more detail about lactoferrin function and how gene could control high lactoferrin content in milk . Milk lactoferrin content is still various among individual . Therefore, selection should be carried out to increase lactoferrin content in local Friesian Holstein . The selection could be accelerated by using lactoferrin gene as a gene marker that directly contributes to the milk lactoferrin content . Key words : Lactoferrin, antimicrobial, antiviral, selection, gene marke
Improvement of Public Awareness on Fasciolosis as Zoonosis Disease
Get PDFFasciolosis is commonly suffered by the ruminants such as cattle and buffaloes, and as one of the most important parasitic disease . The prevalence of fasciolosis in ruminants is related to the contaminated feedstuff and water supply with metacercariae, the infective larvae of trematode genus Fasciola spp ., such as Fasciola gigantica and F. hepatica. In Indonesia, the prevalence of this disease in ruminants could be up to 90%, and there is no case report on human being . However, the occurrence of this disease in human should be anticipated, since many cases have been reported in human in the other countries, such as South America, Europe, Australia, New Zealand and South East Asia (Thailand and Vietnam), as "Food-borne infection" and as one of the most important issues in public health . Ironically, the farmers and the extension agents in Indonesia do not aware on the danger of this disease neither to the animals nor to human, so they also do not care on how to prevent and control the disease. This phenomenon appears maybe because fasciolosis is a chronic disease without any significant clinical signs and quite difficult to be detected . Thus, it is very important to improve the public awareness on fasciolosis both in ruminants and its possibility in human being . The endemic areas can be defined by epidemiological surveillance using accurate early diagnostic test, so that strategic and sustainable fasciolosis control in the endemic areas could be implemented . This program will be succeeded if there is strong integrated collaboration among the farmers, the extension agents, the researchers and the decision makers in the related departments . Key words : Fasciolosis, zoonosis, public awarenes
The Advantage of Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae for Livestock
Get PDFSaccharo nyces cerevisiae is a yeast that is useful for human and animal . It can be used for producing food and for biotechnology of industrial purposes . Recently. it is used as probiotic and immunostimulant to improve livestock productivity and health . Research results indicate that the utilization of S . cerevisiae as feed additive in animal feed has a positive correlation to the body weight gain of the animal . This paper describes the importance of S. cerevisiae in improving livestock productivity and health. Key words : S. cerevisiae, probiotic, immunostimulant, livestoc
Respiratory Diseases in Poultry: Clinical and Pathological Aspects and Their Occurrence in Indonesia
Get PDFSome of respiratory diseases in poultry are caused by virus, bacteria, mycoplasma, fungi or combination of various agents. Respiratory diseases in commercial poultry farms (broiler or layer) that are commonly found in Indonesia are : Avian Influenza (AI-H5NI), Newcastle Disease (ND), Infectious Bronchitis (IB), Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT), Swollen Head Syndrome (SHS), Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD), Infectious Coryza, Fowl cholera, Colliseptichemia and Aspergillosis. Spore of Aspergillus sp . and ND/IB viruses (in live vaccine) occasionally exhibited respiratory disorder in chickens (0-2 weeks). Other respiratory diseases can occur in chickens after two weeks of age and are caused by various infectious agents (mixed infection). Two or more infection agents resulted in more severe respiratory disease (in clinical signs and pathological lesions) than a single infection agent. Some of respiratory diseases have similar clinical signs (nasal discharge, lacrimation, coughing and gasping). However, by more thoroughly observation on the outbreak occurrence, causal agents, age of chickens, characteristics of epidemiology and clinical signs. the diagnose of the disease could be defined. Pathological diagnostic approach is commonly used in animal health management of commercial poultry farms. Pathognomonic lesions of organs caused by the diseases could give an accurate diagnose. High Pathogenic Avian Influenza (AI/HPAI) is the most important of the poultry diseases in Indonesia, since it is very contagious to other birds and human resulted in a negative impact on the National Poultry industry and human health (zoonosis) . Key words: Respiratory disease, chicken, clinical signs, pathology, Indonesi
Effects of Toxic Compounds in Contaminated Drinking Water for Livestock
Get PDFGood water quality is a broad term, which encompasses taste, mineral and organic content, salinity, solids, microbes and potential natural or chemical contaminants in the safety level . Due to the rapid development of industrial companies without a proper waste water treatment, the source of drinking water for animal can be contaminated by toxic compounds . Water resources for livestock must be free from the contamination qualitatively as well as quantitatively . This paper describes some contaminants in the drinking water, their effects on livestock, and methods to measure their level. Key words: Water quality, toxic compounds, livestoc
Infection of Chicken Anaemia Virus: Etiology, Epidemiology, Clinical Sign, Pathological Changes and Disease Control
Get PDFInitially, Chicken anaemia virus (CAV) is known as CAA, which was first isolated by Yuasa in Japan in 1976. CAV particles are non enveloped with a diameter of 19 .1-20 .7nm, belonging to the family Circoviridae, genus Gyrovirus . CAV infection was first appeared in Indonesia at the same time as the outbreak of stunting and runting syndrome in 1996 with a mortality rate of 5-15% but it may reach to 60%. CAV can be transmitted vertically or horizontally. Chicken all ages is susceptible to infection. Infection of CAV occurred in young chicken flock at 2-3 weeks growth of age, causing clinical signs while in old chicken flock which is sub clinical. The signs of infectious of CAV are retarded, anaemia, anorexia, pale of face and pial. The pathology anatomy changes are pale carcases, yellowish bone marrow, atrophy of thymus and bursa fabricius . Whereas, histophatological changes are thymic necrosis of cortex and medulla, lymphocyte depletion of thymus, bursa fabricius and bone marrow. Diagnose of CAV is based on pathological changes and followed by the isolation of certain lymphoblastoid chicken cell MDCC-MSB I and then, is identified by virus neutralization. The presence of virus can also be identified by immunofluorescent and immunoperoxidase staining, in situ hybridization technique or PCR. For antibody detection, ELISA technique can be used. The syndromes of CAV infection are closely associated with those of osteopetrosis, reovirus, infectious bursal disease (IBD) and Marek. Vaccination programme in breeding farm is needed to induce maternal antibody. This paper describes the CAV disease and its occurrence in Indonesia. Key word : Chicken anaemia virus, diagnose, pathology anatomy, histopathology, contro
Animal and Human Leptospirosis in Indonesia
Get PDFLeptospirosis is a disease caused by Leptospira spp. infection. It is a zoonotic disease that is world-widely distributed, particularly in the tropics, including Indonesia. Infected animals are the source of leptospirosis for humans, and these animals are secreting pathogens into the environment. The clinical signs off leptospirosis may vary from mild to severe and dead tray occur without a proper treatment. Due to the unspecific clinical sign, laboratory examination is required. However, isolation and identification the organism is time-consuming. Serological test is the most frequent way to confirm the clinical diagnosis, to determine prevalence in the community, and to conduct epidemiological studies. Vaccination with the appropriate antigen is used for controlling leptospirosis in animals. The multivalent Leplospira vaccine in Indonesia is developed according to the different types of serovar found in the field. The use of the appropriate vaccine combined with a good sanitation management could control leptospirosis in animals in the future. Key words: Leptospirosis, zoonosis, diagnosis, contro