WARTAZOA. Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences
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The Opportunity to Develop Buffalo Production Based on Food Crop Residues
Get PDFBuffalo’s meat is an alternative commodity to meet the national meat requirement despite its low contribution (1.93%) compared to cattle’s meat (22%). Compared to other livestock, buffalo has some benefit characteristics, such as higher ability to utilize fibrous feed, higher metabolism capacity, etc. Agriculture crop residues are feed resources which are abundant and very potential to be used the whole year. Buffalloes can utilize the fibrous residues as roughages and agro industrial by products to meet their nutrient requirement for protein, energy and minerals. Arrangement of feed supply based on harvest season is expected to solve the problem of feed deficiency. Food crop-buffalo integration is beneficial to maintain soil fertility and utilization of crop residues as feed. Key words: Buffalo, crop residues, integratio
Chrpsomva bezziana, The Cause of Myiasis on animal And Human : Problem and Control
Get PDFMyiasis is an infestation of larvae (Diptera) into the live host tissue of warm-blooded animals including humans . This disease is often found in tropical countries, particularly in the community with low socio-economic level. From many flies causing myiasis, Chrysomya bezziana is medically the most important agent due to its obligate parasite property and causing economies losses . Some myiasis cases on humans and animals in Indonesia are caused by C. bezziana larvae infestation or mixed infestation with Sarcophaga sp . Sulawesi, East Sumba, Lombok, Sumbawa, Papua and Java islands were reported as myiasis endemic areas . Myiasis cases on animals occurred after parturition (vulval myiasis) then is followed by umbilical myiasis on their calf or traumatic wounds, while myiasis on humans are caused by untreated fresh wounds or chronic wounds such as leprosy, diabetes, etc . Besides, nature holes like nose, eyes, ears or mouth are also reported as entry port for those larvae . Clinical signs of myiasis are various and non-specific depends on location of infested part of body, i.e . fever, inflammation, pruritus, headache, vertigo, swelling and hipereosinophilia . There would be serious conditions with secondary infection by bacteria . Myiasis treatment on animals is simpler than humans . Surgical operation is often carried out on infested human part of bodies . Insecticides were used to treat animal myiasis but had raised resistant . Myiasis treatment on humans may be done locally or systemically . Antibiotic broad spectrum or which is suitable with culture and resistance status of bacteria were given for systemic treatment . Chloroform and turpentine with ratio 1 : 4 were used for local treatment . Some of essential oils have also been tested in laboratory as an alternative medicine for both humans and animals myiasis . Key words : Myiasis, human, animal, zoonosis, Chrysomya bezzian
Biogas : Animal Waste That Can be Alternative Energy Source
Get PDFBiogas is a renewable energy which can be used as alternative fuel to replace fossil fuel such as oil and natural gas . Recently, diversification on the use of energy has increasingly become an important issue because the oil sources are depleting . Utilization of agricultural wastes for biogas production can minimize the consumption of commercial energy source such as kerosene as well as the use of firewood . Biogas is generated by the process of organic material digestion by certain anaerobe bacteria activity in aerobic digester . Anaerobic digestion process is basically carried out in three steps i.e. hydrolysis, acidogenic and metanogenic . Digestion process needs certain condition such as C : N ratio, temperature, acidity and also digester design . Most anaerobic digestions perform best at 32 - 35°C or at 50 - 55°C, and pH 6 .8 - 8 . At these temperatures, the digestion process essentially converts organic matter in the present of water into gaseous energy . Generally, biogas consists of methane about 60 - 70% and yield about 1,000 British Thermal Unit/ft 3 or 252 Kcal/0.028 m3 when burned . In several developing countries, as well as in Europe and the United States, biogas has been commonly used as a subtitute environmental friendly energy . Meanwhile, potentially Indonesia has abundant potential of biomass waste, however biogas has not been used maximally . Key words : Biogas, renewal energy, anaerobi
Mycotoxin: Its Effect on Animal Health and its Residues in Animal Products and its Control
Get PDFMycotoxins are the toxic metabolites of certain fungi which is able to influence animal health . Five types of the most important mycotoxins are aflatox ns, ochratoksin A . zearalenone, trichotecenes and fumonisin . The effect of mycotoxin on animal health depends on the type and amount of the mycotoxins consumed . The occurrence of mycotoxin causes animal health problem and also leads to the arise of mycotoxin residues in food derived from animal products such as meat, eggs and milk which causes human health problem . Controlling the occurrence of mycotoxins in animal feed and food products through some treatments and prevention is important to avoid further negative effects of mycotoxins . Key words : Mycotoxins, animal health, residue, contro
Integrated Control Sytems of Mycotoxin Contamination
Get PDFContamination of mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp . and Penicillium s pp . i n agricultural products has been a concern regarding their effect to health and economic impact. Integrated control system should be based on Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) approach involving Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) and Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) . Prevention should be carried out through pre harvest, harvest, post harvest, as well as control quality at all stages of production. Pre harvest control is conducted through the selection of resistant varieties, insect control and weeds management mechanically or applying fungicides and herbicides, plant rotation, irrigation and soil management, as well as biological control . Harvesting at the right time using clean equipments from fungal contamination and insect infestation avoids the contamination of mycotoxins . Post harvest control by physical selection, washing and dilution, drying, storage, application of chemicals and binding agents, natural products, nutrients and vitamins, microbiological control, heating and radiation could also minimize mycotoxin in food and feed . Although chemicals can effectively reduce mycotoxin, the use of those on food/feed should be considered the safety . The addition of natural products, nutrition supplements and vitamins suppress the negative effect of mycotoxin on animals . The use of non-toxigenic fungi and other microbes as biological control is the effective and safe methods for food/feed . The implementation of integrated mycotoxin control system by utilizing the HACCP concept would meet the qualified and safe food/feed products . Key words: Control, mycotoxins, HACC
Scabies, a Zoonotic Disease : Present and Future Challenge
Get PDFScabies is a contagious skin disease caused by a mite of Sarcoptes scabiei . It is found worldwide particularly in regions related with of poverty, remote area, poor sanitations and nutritional status in both human and animals . Scabies is transmitted by direct contact . The clinical signs are intensive pruritis or itchiness, erythrema, papula and vesicle . Infestation S. scabiei caused damage skin and raised animal death (50 - 100%) while 300 millions people per year were reported to suffer from scabies . Diagnosis of scabies is based on clinical signs and confirmed with gently scrapping the skin off burrow (seeking for eggs, faecals and mites) . Beside that, the diagnosis can be obtained by ink test, mineral oil or fluorescence tetracycline test . ELISA method for detecting human scabies still has a disadvantage because there is a cross-reaction between host skin and var . S. scabiei antigens . The development of scabies vaccine also has many problems . Some human scabies cases were suspected from their livestock or pet animals . It is required a good and synergic collaboration between both health and livestock agencies that involved both human and vet medicals, investigators, quarantine staffs including researchers. Those factors become a challenge at present and in the future to prevent the spreading of scabies to a larger area and to minimize scabies cases in both human and animal, particularly in the endemic area . Key words : Scabies, Sarcoptes scabiei, human, animal, zoonoti
The Control of Anthrax Disease: Diagnosis, Vaccination and Investigation
Get PDFAnthrax is a bacterial disease caused by Bacillus anthracis attacking both animal and human (zoonosis) . The disease is normally associated with domestic livestock such as sheep, goats, and cattle, but humans are also infected due to exposure or comsuming infected animals . The control of anthrax in humans and animals involves developing a diagnostic method for B. anthracis detection and confirmation of anthrax, prevention by vaccines, and disease investigation . Rapid and more accurate diagnosis techniques for anthrax should be developed for improving the conventional method used in Indonesia . Vaccines are effective against anthrax . Current anthrax vaccine used in Indonesia is spores vaccine produced from a non-encapsulated, toxigenic. Sterne strain 34F2 of B. anthracis . The use of this vaccine occasionally causes local pain, necroses at the inoculation site, subcutaneous oedema and occasionally death of the animal . Several vaccines have been developed recently such as sub unit vaccine, anthrax vaccine absorbed (AVA), that contains a protective antigen (PA) component of the anthrax toxin as the major protective immunogen and is usually used in humans. In endemic areas of anthrax, outbreaks still routinely occur almost yearly . Monitoring of the epidemiological patterns of the disease has to be carried out by field investigation . Key words: Anthrax, Bacillus anthracis, zoonotic disease, disease contro
Zoonosis that is Transmitted Through Food
Get PDFZoonosis can be transmitted through a number of routes including food of animal products . Foodborne disease is a disease transmitted through food, while zoonosis is defined as a disease that can be transmitted from animal to man or vice versa . Then, if agent in foodborne disease is a zoonotic, it could be defined as foodborne zoonosis . The outbreaks of Bovine Spongioform Encephalopathy (BSE) followed by Avian influenza (AI) have caused increasing concern in the food safety of animal products, especially after men were confirmed die from Al infection . Consumers are wondering whether the disease could be transmitted through the animal products from the infected animals . The safety of animal originated food is affected by the practices along the food chain, from farm to consumer plate . Human health hazard could enter the food at any points of the food chain . At the food preparation, some of the foodborne zoonosis can be prevented by the program of five keys for safer food, i .e. keep food clean, separate raw from cooked food, cook food thoroughly, store food at safe temperatures and use water and raw materials that are safe . Key words : Zoonosis, foodborne disease, food safet
Probiotic in Ruminant Feed
Get PDFThe technology development of ruminant feed is related to the effort of fulfilling the nutrient requirement for maintenance and production of rumen microbes and optimizing the protein synthesis of rumen microbes, hence improving the animal production . Probiotic is widely used in feed to avoid the negative effect of antibiotic after therapeutic treatment and to be used as growth promoter . This paper describes the concept of probiotic, selection of microbes for probiotic, the benefit, the effect and the mechanism of probiotic in ruminant . In conclusion, probiotic can improve the animal growth and increase the immunity against diseases . Key words : Probiotic, growth stimulant, ruminan
Mucosal Vaccine for Prevention of Viral Disease in Animal
Get PDFThe major obstacle in combating infectious viral diseases in animals is the lack of effective vaccines . A large number of viral pathogens are mucosaly transmitted and must cross mucosal barriers to infect the host . The mucosal surfaces of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts represent the principal portals of entry for most animal viral pathogens . Current inactivated viral vaccines administered by intramuscular injection elicit primarily circulating antibodies . The best defense against these predominantly mucosal viral pathogens would be vaccines capable inducing both systemic and mucosal immunity which is a cost effective disease prevention tool . For most viral pathogens, induction of mucosal immunity appears most appropriate based on the routes of infection . The effectiveness of vaccine delivery to mucosal surfaces including respiratory tract may be most useful for prevention of the upper ways where secretory antibody is most important for protection against viral infection . Most external mucosal surfaces are replete with organized follicles and scattered antigen-reactive or sensitized lymphoid elements, including B cells, T lymphocytes, T cell subsets . plasma cells and a variety of other cellular elements involved in the induction and maintenance of immune response . Thus, a better understanding of the mucosal immune system is needed before effiective mucosal vaccines can be developed. Key words : Viral disease. mucosal vaccin