WARTAZOA. Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences
Not a member yet
263 research outputs found
Sort by
Income Optimization of Dairy Farm to Increase National Milk Production
Get PDFThe program to improve national milk production over the past years has not been well targeted. This is indicated by the slow increase of dairy population and milk production that could not meet the increasing demand. It should be apparently focus on income generation of dairy farmers to increase their welfare so that they are willing to improve their dairy business that will affect national milk production. Implementation of economical dairy management and technology, could increase milk production, hence improve the farmer’s income. This could be done through several ways, i.e.: economical dairy composition, optimization of dry period and improvement milk hygiene. All these aspects including technical aspect are discussed in this paper. Apart from above, income optimalization could also be done by reducing the price of feed concentrate, raising only productive dairy cows and managing milk cooperative efficiently.
Key words: Dairy, business, optimalization, incom
Role of Natural Immunomodulator (Aloe Vera) in Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses
Get PDFAloe vera belongs to a group of Liliaceae family plant and cultivated worldwide. It possesses acemannan (acetylated mannan), which has a significant pharmacological property. The acemannan has an immunomodulatory activity when administered to animals. The major immunomodulating effect includes the activation of immune effector cells, such as lymphocytes and macrophages, resulting in the production of cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-12 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). In particular, this extract can modulate the differentiation capacity of CD4+T cells to mature into Th1 subsets and enhance the innate cytokine response. As a consequence, this extract will have a profound effect in controlling disease, caused by intracellular infectious agents (bacteria and viruses). However, further studies are needed to determine the immunomodulating effects of Aloe vera in multi-component extracts equivalent to what are being used commonly in traditional medicine. Key words: Aloe vera, immunomodulator, cytokine
The Characteristic and The Use of Pelung Chicken in Indonesia
Get PDFPelung chicken is one of livestock genetic resources in Indonesia, which has been playing an important role for years in the villagers in West Java Province. Pelung chicken originally came from Cianjur district in West Java area. It has been raised as a singing cockerel. This singing ability of the cockerel has become the main criteria for Pelung chicken regular competition in Cianjur. A serious attention on Pelung chicken can maintain the existence of Pelung chicken. The specific character of Pelung chicken compared to other native chicken in Indonesia is the large size of its body. This character could be used to improve the growth rate up to 20% bodyweight and the feed utilization efficiency up to 10% when crossbred with Kampung chicken. The economic value of Pelung chicken is not only its beautiful voice but also as a source of local chicken meat. Further research on any genetic potential of Pelung chicken is strongly suggested. Key words: Pelung chicken, characteristic, the use o
Stephanofilariasis (Cascado) in Cattle
Get PDFStephanofilariasis which is called as Cascado is characterized by dermatitis in cattle. This disease is caused by nematode from the genus of Stephanofilaria and transmitted by the fly vector. In general, the disease is characterized by pruritis, loss of hair, ulceration, exudation and haemorrhage depending on the stage of infection. Control of the disease could be done by drug treatment of the infected animals and eradication of the fly vector periodically. The disease easily spreads, therefore farmers and the veterinary officers in the fields should pay attention on this disease. Key words: Cascado, Stephanofilaria, cattle, fly vector, dermatiti
Molecular Characterization of Pasteurella multocida: Its Implication with Epidemiology and The Development of Local Isolate Vaccines
Get PDFPasteurella multocida strains are the causative agents of pasteurellosis attacking wide range domestic and wild animals. The important pasteurellosis in animals in Indonesia are Haemorrhagic septicaemic (HS) or Septicaemia epizootica (SE) in large and small ruminants, fowl cholera in poultry and water powls. HS associated with P. multocida in large ruminants was controlled by killed whole cell vaccines produced by the use of P. multocida Katha strain, whereas fowl cholera was controlled by antimicrobial drugs. At present, there are only a limited molecular biology techniques have been applied to investigate P. multocida isolates from different geographic locations in Indonesia. Genomic DNA of P. multocida from HS cases from various provinces which were treated with restriction endonuclease ApaI and analysed by means of pulsed-field gel electrophoreses (PFGE) demonstrated the presence of high degree distinctive DNA pattern compared to that of the vaccine (Katha) strain from Burma and other reference strains. Similar different patterns were found in genomic DNA of local P. multocida isolates from cholera disease of chicken and ducks. P. multocida isolates from some provinces showed different DNA patterns to each other. These DNA pattern differences were probably associated with the alteration of their pathogenicity, antigenicity and immunogenicity, but it has not been confirmed yet. Vaccines prepared from P. multocida isolate originated from local HS cases and local cholera demonstrated better protection in experimental animals against heterologous and homologous challenges, in terms of higher and consistency antibody responses compared to that of Katha strain or imported P. multocida poultry strains. This supports the potential aspects of molecular characterization of local P. multocida isolates kept at the BCC Unit. These isolates may play an important role in developing local master seeds to produce pasteurellosis local vaccines which would be more promising to be used in Indonesia in the future but further field trials are still needed. Key words: Pasteurella multocida, characterization, DNA analysis, vaccine
Ki Rinyuh (Chromolaena odorata (L) R.M. King and H. Robinson): The Harmful Pasture’s Weed
Get PDFKi rinyuh (Chromolaena odorata (L) R.M. King and H. Robinson) is one of the important weeds in Indonesia. Originally from Central America, but now the weed spreads out tropical and sub-tropical countries. The weed is well grown in any kind of soil. The harmful effect of C. odorata on livestock in Indonesia first reported in 1971. They are four reasons to put this species as detrimental weed: (1) decreases carrying capacity, (2) poisons or probably causes death of livestock, (3) competitor with grasses or legumes crops, and (4) fire hazard especially in the dry seasons. Herbicides control is not effective and it is not environmentally friendly. Other ways of controlling this weed are by slashing and biological control. Controlling C. odorata by combination of slashing and herbicides would be more effective than using herbicides only. The weed can be utilized as fertilizer or growth regulator to improve plant morphology and to increase the yield of some plants. Key words: Chromolaena odorata, weed, pasture, control, benefi
Scabies Vaccine is Required, but Difficult to be Made
Get PDFSarcoptes scabiei, the mite causing scabies, infests human and at least 40 species of animals. The losses associated with the disease as a public health burden and economic losses are enormous because its prevalence is very high. The current available control by treating individuals diagnosed to have the disease is both ineffective and unpractical. Besides, dissatisfaction with the pharmacological control is escalating due to the development of resistance in the mites and rejection by consumers for animals products contaminated with drug residues. Vaccination is considered to be most the attractive alternative control although the availability of vaccine is still a long way off. Control of scabies by vaccination is considered to be feasible since animals recovered from the disease posses protective immunity against mite reinfestation. In addition, despite the fact that the mites reside not deeper than the unvascularised stratum corneum and they are not blood sucking parasites, they do ingest their host immunoglobulin. Vaccine for scabies, as for other ectoparasitic diseases, includes subunit vaccine developed from mite protective antigen produced by recombinant technology. Identification of sarcoptic protective antigen which comprise the first step in the vaccine development impede by the lability and low abundance of the protective antigen, and the difficulty in obtaining sufficient amount of mites. Identification of sarcoptic protective antigen by conventional biochemical technique, although the technique has been successful for other parasites, has been unsatisfactory for S. scabiei. Identifying the protective antigen just among proteins having vital functions in the survival of mites and accessible by the effector arms of the host immune system seems to be a more feasible alternative. The allergens and membrane proteins lining the digestive tract of the mites seem to fulfil the criteria. Key words: Sarcoptes scabiei, protective antigen, scabies vaccin
Feeding Strategy for The Development of Buffalo Farming
Get PDFUntil recently, cattle meat is believed as a dominant source of red meat that fulfills the market demands of Indonesia’s consumers. Meat demands tend to increase in the future caused by the increase income of human beings. As a consequence, the population of cattle tends to decrease and their role as meat producer should be in part or fully overcome and substituted by other ruminant livestock. Buffalo is one of the native ruminant livestock breeds of Indonesia that nutritionally and physiologically is not so different from cattle. This animal may be suitable and affordable to enhance the meat production. However, the present progress of buffalo population is not as good as cattle. This may be to some extent, related to the governmental policy that never lists it for a long time, as a high priority program in livestock development. Beside this constraint, buffalo has some strength to be optimized by improving its genetic potentiality and environmental related aspects. This paper deals with the effort of improving the nutrition and feed availability of buffalo with special focus on the applied feed technology. In the future, this approach will hopefully accelerate the buffalo population rate. Key words: Buffalo, feed technology, forage, red meat, milk, nutrition, livestock farmin
The Role of Duck as The National Producer of Egg and Meat
Get PDFDucks produce egg, meat and feather. Egg is the main product of ducks for Indonesian communities. Duck farming produced eggs approximately 180,000 ton or equal to 16% of national egg production in 2005. Ducks also contributed 38,700 tons of meat or 3% of national poultry meat production or equal to 2% of national meat production. Besides egg and meat, duck farming also produced 269.4 tons of feather valued at US $ 294,800. All of those duck commodities were produced by 35 million of hearded ducks. Hearded ducks productivity were approximately 100 – 150 eggs/hen/year which were considered to be much lower than confined ducks productivity which were recorded at average of 253 eggs/hen/year. There are known several local Indonesian ducks which showing highly variable egg productivities. Various technologies are potential to be implemented by duck farmers to improve their duck-egg production. The improvement can be achieved by implementing breeding and nutrition technologies such as replacing the old hens with selected local duck breeds, feeding appropriate diets and implementing good management practices in their farms. Key words: Duck, role, egg, meat, technolog
The Control of Infectious Coryza in Chicken
Get PDFInfectious coryza or infectious snot is a disease caused by Haemophilus paragallinarum (HPG), that infects upper respiratory tract of either layer or broiler chickens or other poultry raised under small and large farm conditions. Infection on growing chicken caused reduction of weight gain, whereas in adult layer chicken caused decreasing egg productions, and hence significantly caused economic losses in poultry industries. Coryza cases in the farms are difficult to control by antibiotic treatments. Control by vaccination programmes using appropriate vaccines are the only ideal method, but vaccination failure using trivalent of classical serovar A, B and C of H. paragallinarum products from USA and European countries still occurred. This might probably due to the presence of new serovar B and C raised in the poultry farms in the fields, of which their antigenicity, immunogenicity and also immunoprotection of classical coryza vaccines are different from the new serovar in the fields. Research on coryza conducted at the Indonesian Research Center for Veterinary Science during the last 2 decades, resulted in some HPG isolates (belong to the classical serovar A, B or C) and these isolates were kept at the Bbalitvet Culture Collection (BCC) Unit. Studies on local isolate of HPG vaccine productions had been conducted to determine their efficacy in experimental chickens. At the same period, it was reported from Latin America and South Africa countries that new serovars B and new serovar C were found in that regions. These new serovars B and C were identified different to that of the classical serovar B or C antigenicity and immunogenicity which lead to the failure of coryza vaccination with classical serovar A, B and C imported from USA and Europe. These retrospective studies recommend that coryza is an important disease in poultry industries in this country causing a signifinant economic losses which need to be controlled properly. Further research is needed to measure the effectiveness of local isolate vaccines. Surveillance must also be conducted in order to anticipate the emerge of new HPG variant, therefore a new type of vaccine could be developed accordingly using recent local isolate. Key words: Haemophilus paragallinarum, coryza, control, vaccin