WARTAZOA. Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences
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The Use of Reproductive Biotechnology to Achieve Genetic Improvement in Cattle
Get PDFReproductive biotechnology has many potential uses. It can be used to increase the rate of genetic improvement, but they have the potential to cause an even greater increase in the rate of inbreeding. Determining how to gain genetic advantage from these technologies, while at the same time minimizing their genetic disadvantage, has provided a major challenge for geneticists. Multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET), in vitro embryo production (IVEP) only produce substantial increases in the rate of genetic improvement, with acceptable rates of inbreeding. In contrast, semen sexing, embryo sexing reduces the numbers of the other sex, the effect is negligible and only will have a marginal effect on the rate of improvement. They can produce only limited increase of the rate of genetic improvement. There will be great interdependence between the techniques, the way in which the use of a new technique will depend upon which of the other procedures are available. There is a need for research not only to establish the techniques, but also to consider the best use of them in animal breeding and production schemes. Nevertheless, the ethicist might play an important role as a guide in moral decision making and training for a morally responsible attitude. The aim of this paper is to review the ways in which these technologies can be used to increase genetic improvement in cattle. Key words : MOET, IVEP, semen sexing, embryo sexin
Nitrate - Nitrite Toxicosis in Animals and Their Cases in Indonesia
Get PDFNitrate is naturally present in the environment such as in plants, fertilized soil, and water. Toxicity of nitrate-nitrite in animals occurred when these animals consumed grasses or plants, which contained high level of nitrate. As a consequence nitrate is converted into lethal nitrite by the bacteria in the rumen. When nitrite is absorbed into the blood, haemoglobine (Hb) is converted by nitrite into methaemoglobine (MetHb) which reduces the oxygen uptake, if MetHb level reaches 20-30%. As a consequence the suffering animals show difficulty in breathing, the clinical sign develop when MetHb reaches 80-90%, causing the death of the animals and this MetHb levels result in brown discoloration of the blood, as a characteristic of nitrate-nitrite poisoning. Several cases of nitrate-nitrite poisoning were reported from Bogor, Bandung, Sukabumi, Jakarta, and Kupang in various animals from the year 1992 to 1997. It was reported that 6,250; 8,000; 2,000; 5,000 mg/kg nitrate and 10 mg/kg nitrite detected in the feed of zebra, dairy cattle, horse, sheep, and duck respectively. The grass containing high level of nitrate was probably due to over fertilized with organic and inorganic fertilizers. Key words : Poisoning, nitrate, nitrite, animals, grass, wate
Animal Biotechnology and Cultural Ecology
Get PDFAnimal biotechnology development is strongly related to historical contexts of animal production in a country and the receiving environment, particularly the existing cultural ecology. Cultural ecology influences both progress and process of adoption of such technology. A simulation on the technology’s discriminating power indicates that only those with sufficient techno-economic and social capability have greater possibility to adopt such a technology. Key words: Biotechnology, cultural ecology, adoptio
Development, Structure, Mechanism and Efficacy of Trypanocidal for Surra
Get PDFSurra is a contagious disease due to Trypanosoma evansi infection and causes economic loss in animal husbandry, especially in African countries, South America, the Middle East and Asia. In Indonesia, in 2010 to 2011 Trypanosoma outbreak resulted in death of 1159 horses, 600 buffaloes and a cattle. Control of Surra is generally done by using trypanosidal for eradication of parasites in animals. Trypanosidal for Surra is still relying five drugs namely suramin, isometamidium, quinapyramine, diminazene and melarsomine. The drugs have been used since 1920 until now. Suramin, quinapyramine and isometamidium can be used for curative or prophylactic purposes due to the long elimination half-life in the body, while diminazene and melarsomine are applied just for curative purposes. The efficacy of trypanosidal is largely determined by the sensitivity of T. evansi strain which is existed in their area and should not be generalized. Key words: Trypanocidal, Surra, Trypanosoma evans
The Advance of Technology of Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction in Identifying the Genome of Avian Influenza and Newcastle Diseases
Get PDFAvian Influenza (AI) viruses are zoonotic and caused death in humans. Newcastle Diseases (ND) virus has an economical impact in poultry. Therefore, the identification and characterization of AI and ND viruses that are appropriate, accurate and quick are important to protect human and poultry health. Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) was the latest gold standard to detect the genome of AI and ND viruses. Recently, RT-PCR was developed in routine diagnosis and research. RT-PCR is a method to amplify the sequences of DNA genome, preceded by reverse transcriptase process with the primer-mediated enzymatic. Some factors that influenced detection of AI and ND are design primer and probe, types of samples, enzyme, reagent composition, amplification temperature and cycles, technical and non-technical factors such as contamination and trained staff. Modified conventional and real time RT-PCR are able to improve the specificity and sensitivity of the test. Key words: Detection, Avian Influenza, Newcastle Diseases, RT-PC
Nutrient Requirement of Egg and Meat Type Duck
Get PDFDucks in Indonesia play roles in producing egg and meat. More than 19% of egg consumption were produced by ducks, however as meat source they only contributed 0.94% of total meat supply in Indonesia. Feed and feeding management are very important in duck farming as 70% of total production cost of egg and meat-type ducks accounted for feed cost. Unfortunately, nutrient requirements for the Indonesian ducks were limited. Therefore, overseas nutrient recommendation may be used. Water is the most important nutrient for poultry including duck, therefore quantity and quality of water are very important to be considered in feeding ducks. There are various local feeds available in Indonesia to be used as duck diets. Quality of feed is very important in duck farm as the ducks is very sensitive to aflatoxin poison. The maximum safe level of aflatoxin in the diet was to be less than 40 µg/kg. Key words. Duck, egg, meat, feed and nutrien
The Epidemiology and Control Myiasis in Indonesia
Get PDFMyiasis caused by screwworm of Chrysomya bezziana fly has been widely distributed in Indoenesia for years, however myiasis as a disease problem is only reported in local cattle raised under semiextensive management system in West Nusa Tenggara, East Nusa Tenggara, South and North Sulawesi. In local cattle raised under an intensive management system in Java, Madura and Bali, disease problems caused by myiasis are unknown. Australian Brahman and Brahman cross cattle which were raised under a ranch system in South Sulawesi and East Sumba, and Merino sheep raised under intensive management system in Bogor and Jakarta are more susceptible to myiasis than local animals. Traditional medicines including tobacco extract, petrol and bettery acid are used for myiasis treatment in the villages, though the scientific background of these medicines are remained unknown. Insecticides and pesticides in the form of ointments are considered more effective against screwworm than in the form of spraying particles, the reasons for this being that C. bezziana flies do not stay long on the body of animals except whilst laying their eggs. Some drugs including ivermectine and methoxychlor are also effective against screwworm. Key words : Myiasis, Chrysomya bezziana, screwworm, epidemiolog
Ruminal Biohydrogenation Pattern of Poly-Unsaturated Fatty Acid as Influenced by Dietary Tannin
Get PDFAbstract Large amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids undergo transformation processes in the rumen through microbial biohydrogenation to form fatty acids with higher saturation degree. The respective process explains the high content of saturated fatty acids in products of ruminants and the potential risk of consumers’ health by consuming such products. Various nutritional approaches have been attempted to modulate biohydrogenation process in order to obtain healthier fatty acid profile from consumers’ perspective. The present paper is aimed to review the influence of dietary tannin, a naturally produced plant secondary compound, on the pattern of polyunsaturated fatty acids biohydrogenation occurring in the rumen. The effect of tannin on some key fatty acids involved in biohydrogenation process is presented together with the underlying mechanisms, particularly from up-to-date research results. Accordingly, different form of tannin as well as different level of the application are also discussed. Key words: Tannin, biohydrogenation, fatty acid, ruminan
Economic Assessment of Fattening Beef Cattle Through The Rice Straw Utilization
Get PDFBased on the agricultural production, Indonesia has very high potential to increase rice production through the implementation of adapted and liable technology. The role of non-rice sub sector is also needed to harmonize management in various aspects, in which one of them is livestock sub sector. This management could be done through the development of livestock farming using the rice straw as one of the potential animal feed. The objective of the study was to get a conceptual integrated systems of rice production based on livestock (cattle) development. The estimation of bio-economic for rice straw fermented utilization as animal feed has been done through observation of the cattle biological parameter. An economic approach that has been used in the study was the partial budget analysis including the feed cost per gain (FC/g) and gross margin analysis. The results of the study has shown that FC/g of the cattle from Boyolali and Sumba Ongole (SO) were the most efficient in using the feed compared to the other four cattle. Those were Rp.4600,- and Rp.4995,- per head per day for cattle from Boyolali and SO, respectively. The two types of cattle also reached the gross margin estimation, however SO cattle was slightly less than that of the cattle from Boyolali (Rp.2854,- vs Rp.2897,- ) per head per day. The differences were very much depending on the growth rate of each type of the cattle. Key words: Feed cost per gain, gross margin estimation, rice straw, beef cattle farmin
Research Strategy in Nutrition and Feeding Systems for Meat Goat Production
Get PDFThe capability of ruminant animals, including goats to transform the non-food materials into high quality animal proteins for human consumption through a complex digestive and metabolic system put these animals into a unique position in the food- chain system. However, this comparative advantage is not without cost, since when compared to mono-gastric animals, the ruminant is less efficient in producing every unit of protein or energy from each unit of feed they consumed. Therefore, research programme or technology that aims to improve the efficiency of utilization of the various non-food materials by goats should be the priority. Basically, the research programmes in goat feeding and nutrition should be oriented into the real needs of the potential beneficiaries or users. In accordance to this, it is a pre-requisite to identify and to understand the structure and the characteristics of goat production systems that existed. Most of goat production system in Indonesia is typically small scale operation (92%), which operates in a low input system. It is common that under this type of production system, the flow products such as manure or/and kids are the main goals. Consequently, the stability of feed supply throught the year to at least maintain the existing population become more important than the quality of feeds that fulfill the standard requirement for nutrients. The research programme for this group of goat production should be oriented to (1) developing production system that guarantees the supply of feed throught the year; (2) maximizing the potential benefit of the “compensatory growth” phenomenon; (3) minimising the effects of anti nutritional factors contained in various forages. Under the commercial production type that operates in a high input system, the final products such as meat is the main goal. Under this production system the rate of productivity of (growth rate, reproduction rate, feed conversion) of individual animas become very important. The research program for this commercial operation should be oriented into (1) developing of various formulae based on non-conventional feeds; (2) optimising rumen function to support maximum fermentative digestion; (3) optimising the protein/energy ratio in the rumen; (4) stimulating the production of glucogenic volatile fatty acid production in the rumen; (5) manipulating the microbial population in the rumen (defaunation); and (6) stimulating the development and colonization of microbial for fiber fermentation. Key words: Goats, feeding syste