WARTAZOA. Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences
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Egg Consumption Level and The Variation of Production-Consumption Balancing Among Provinces in Indonesia
Get PDFThe egg is one of animal protein sources which content good nutrition for human life. Egg consumption is larger than the consumption of another animal production because it was easy to found and cheaper in price. Aggregate egg production increase significantly, especially in the years after 1980 and it continued consistently until now. The higher or the lower of egg production are affected by several development supporting factors. Egg production produced by commercial chicken farming system have a larger production contribution and become larger and larger from time to time, but in the same time the egg production contribution from native chicken and duck are precisely decrease. That is because egg production rate of those two are slower. Consumption rate variation is close relation with the specific tradition of the region, like local culture, tradition and habit of community. These features affect consumption pattern of the society. Production-consumption balancing vary among provinces. Balanced ratio of those, production and consumption, yields three criteria, namely the provinces which have surplus balancing, sufficien balancing and deficit balancing. The provinces with surplus balancing can be called as the egg supplier for other provinces with deficit balancing. Key words: Egg production, egg consumption, production-consumption pat
The Structure and Role of Segment 7 (Matrix Protein) and Segment 8 (Non Structural) in The Life Cycle and Virulence of Influenza Virus
Get PDFMatrix (M) and Non Structural (NS) proteins are smallest segments of influenza virus genome. The noncoding sequences at each end include the sequences of 11 – 13 nucleotides at the 5’ ends and 9 – 11 nucleotides at the 3’ end which are highly conserved between seven or eight different RNA segments and very similar for A, B and C influenza viruses. Protein of M1 is an essential structural component of the virion and participates in other steps during the replication of influenza virus. During early viral infection, dissociation of M1 from RNP is required for entry of viral RNP into the cytoplasm of the host cell. On the other hand, NS1 is a multifunctions protein that performs a plethora of activities, which may additionally contribute toward efficient virus replication and virulence during infection. The role of NS1 are temporal regulation of viral RNA synthesis, control of viral mRNA splicing, enhancement of viral mRNA translation, regulation of virus particle morphogenesis, suppression of host immune/apoptotic responses, activation of phosphoinositide 3–kinase (PI3K); and involvement in strain-dependent pathogenesis. This paper reviews the structure and role of two proteins i.e. Matrix and Nonstructural to understand the character of influenza virus especially in virulence and pathogenesis ability of virus other than hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) protein as known. Key words: Influenza virus, matrix protein, non structural protei
Crop-Livestock Integration in Farming System at Irrigation Area Case Study: Grobogan District, Central Java
Get PDFMost of farmers in Central Java hold land about 0.25 − 0.3 ha. If they are only doing farming system with 'rice-rice-corn' cropping pattern, their income per season will range from Rp 446.800 to Rp 586.000. Of course such earnings is not enough and unsuitable, so it's necessary to find out some efforts for increasing farmers' income. One of some alternative efforts can be carried out is diversification, i.e. developing farm enterprise which integrated with livestock. Related with that idea, we have been studying crop livestock integration in Grobogan District since November 2000. This study was carried out in order to find alternative sharing farm operation model on irrigation area which executed in group. The farmers included in this study are 454 farmers which posses land about 106.2 hectare, while livestock they breed are 180 cows for applicant in five units of stall together. Business management was carried out by one management which organized by group managers, includes farm enterprise (input, irrigation, integrated pest management, mechanic service, and marketing), livestock (input, IB service, animal health, straw treatment and selling the product), and also save-debt of money. The technology which introduced includes processing plant product technology, livestock breeding, and straw treatment for food and also ecreement of livestock for organic fertilizer. Along the production process both exertion can give input each other (internal input) by using 'by product' and also can minimalize input from outside (low external input). Straw production of corn and rice plant which used for live stock woof are 3600 kg/ha and 4600 kg/ha respectly, meanwhile organic fertilizer that produced after 10 months observation was 216,8 tons. If the dosis of the fertilizer for rice plant/corn is 2 t/ha, so it can be used for rice plant and corn on 108.4 ha area. Up until 10 month observation, 4 calves were born and 17 catle were pregnant. Key words: Irrigation area, crop-livestock, beef cattle, rice, cor
Performance of Livestock Marketing in Indonesia: A Sociological Analyst of Livestock Traders
Get PDFThe problem face by livestock agribusiness system is inefficiency marketing subsystem performance and there is weakness integrated of the others subsystem especially the production subsystem. Research on livestock marketing in Indonesia is usually limited on the economic view that is narrow coverage . This paper discusses social system aspect of livestock traders who conduct livestock marketing by applying procedure which on exclusive value system in the market economy system that is characterized by informal and traditional systems. Data of this study are secondary which include behavior of the traders. Traders face dilemma in conducting their activities as the brokers between different norm of rural and urban communities. There are ambivalent attitude ofthe livestock traders those are positive side as the agribusiness catalyst and the negative side are regarded as the source of inefficiency and unfairness of agribusiness system. Efficiently subsystem of marketing will encourage new technology implementation in the production subsystem indirectly. Set of agribusiness system should ensure fairness among the marketing actors to achieve sustainable system through understanding of traders' roles more proportionally Key words: Livestock, livestock marketing, livestock trader
Residue of Aflatoxin and Its Metabolites on Various Animal Products and Its Prevention
Get PDFAflatoxins especially aflatoxin B1 is mycotoxins that must be concerned. When consumed by livestock, it becomes aflatoxin M1 and other metabolites in animal products that harmful for public health. This paper provides information of aflatoxins residues and their metabolites in a variety of animal origin food (milk, meat and eggs) and the prevention of their occurrence. Aflatoxin residues were found in a variety of livestock and dairy products in various countries including Indonesia. Due to its stability in any processing or storage methods, preventing aflatoxins enter the food chain is essential. Implementing the regulatory limits for aflatoxins in feed and food should be made to avoid further effect on human health. Information and extensive monitoring of aflatoxins should be carried out not only in milk but also in many different types of animal products (buffalo, quail, sheep and goat), as the data in Indonesia is not yet available. Key words: Residue, aflatoxins, animal products, preventio
The Veterinary Microbal Germ Plasm Applicability on Animal Husbandry Development: The Future Expectation of Enterotoxigenic, Enteropathogenic and Verotoxigenic Locally Isolated Escherichia Coli Vaccines for Controlling Neonatal Colibacillosis in Piglets and Calves
Get PDFEnterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains are the major causes of neonatal diarrhoea in piglets and calves. The prevalence of diarrhoeal cases and mortality in neonatal piglets were reported to occur between 13 to 44% and 12 to 32% respectively. Similar problems were observed in neonatal dairy calves, at which the diarrhoeal cases and mortality were reported at an average of 20 to 30% and 24% respectively. ETEC containing either K88, K99, F41 or 987P fimbrial antigen isolates were commonly associated with piglet diarrhoea, whereas ETEC bearing K99, F41 or K99F41 fimbrial antigens associated with calf diarrhoea. Both of the ETEC isolates were known to exhibit multiple resistance between 4 to 6 antibiotic drugs, or even up to 9 to 15 antibiotic drugs commonly used in the field. These indicated that antibiotics were no longer effective to be used to treat and to control piglet and calf diarrhoea associated with ETEC. Inactivated multivalent ETEC vaccine containing K88, K99, F41 and 987P antigens was developed from local isolates and adjuvanted with alumium hydroxide gel at final concentration of 1,5% and cell concentration was equal to the number 10 of the McFarland tubes standard. Two doses of 2 ml vaccine were subcutaneously injected into pregnant sows at 6 weeks and 2 weeks before expected date of forrowing. New born piglets were allowed to suckle their own mother under field conditions. Similar vaccine was prepared from ETEC K99, F41, K99F41 and verotoksigenik E. coli (VTEC) field isolates originated from calves with diarrhoea as described above. Two doses of 5 ml ETEC vaccine were injected subcutaneously of pregnant dairy cows of 6 weeks and 2 weeks before expected date of calving. Calf born from vaccinated cow was given colostrum of its owm mother by the milk man. A killed whole cell multivalent ETEC vaccine containing K88, K99, F41 dan 987P injected intramuscularly or subcutaneously into pregnant sows induced antifimbrial IgG and IgA responses both in serum which was predominated by IgG, and in the mammary secretions were both IgA and IgG. In other words such vaccines provided passive protection to piglets which be able to suckle colostrum at birth. Similar antibody responses were demonstrated in dairy cows vaccinated with ETEC containing K99, F41 fimbrial antigens and E. coli producing verotoxin antigen (VTEC). Vaccine field trials to control piglet neonatal colibacillosis in swine that two doses of multivalent vaccine given four weeks apart in pregnant sows at late gestation provided dramatically reduced piglet diarrhoea and mortality from 30% (unvaccinated) to 5% (vaccinated). The use of 2 doses of ETEC K99, F41 and VTEC in pregnant dairy cows at late gestation reduced the calf diarrhoea and mortality from 13.0% annualy (before vaccine application) to 0.7% (vaccine application period). The two types of vaccine (multivalent ETEC for pigs and ETEC+VTEC for cattle) demonstrated a good prospect, since these whole cell vaccines are highly efficacious in controling neonatal piglet and calf diarrhoea and mortality. These vaccines could be used to replace antibiotic therapy in the future. The ETEC, EPEC and VTEC local isolates are preseved at the Balitvet culture colection (BCC) Bogor. Key words: Piglets, calves, microbial germ plasm, ETEC, EPEC, VTEC, colibacillosis, vaccines, field contro
Potency Of Bacteriocin For Animal Health And Food Safety
Get PDFThe emergence of antibiotic resistance in many bacteria related to animal and public health stresses the importance of decreasing the use of antibiotics in animal production. The reduction of antibiotic application in livestock can only be achieved if alternative antimicrobial strategies are available. A number of strategies have been explored to control microbial pathogens and to improve growth and feed efficiency in livestock without the use of antibiotics. Bacteriocins have been more extensively studied and proposed as potential alternatives to conventional antibiotics in animal husbandry. Bacteriocins are antimicrobial peptides ribosomally synthesized by many species of Bacteria and some strains of Archaea. In general, bacteriocins just exhibited bactericidal or bacteriostatic activity against other bacteria that are closely related to the producing strain. The main mechanisms of bacteriocin activity vary from pore formation in cytoplasmic membranes to the inhibition of cell wall biosynthesis and enzyme activities (RNAse or DNAse) in target cells. The use of bacteriocins in probiotic applications, as preservatives, and most excitingly as alternatives to conventional antibiotics is being broadly explored and studied. This review will describe the bacteriocins potency for animal health and food safety, as well as the results of bacteriocin study that had been conducted in Indonesia.Key words: Bacteriocin, animal health, food safet
Control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes Infection in Small Ruminants by Nematophagous Fungi
Get PDFThe disease caused by gastrointestinal nematodes infection in small ruminants in Indonesia is quite unprofitable. Control with anthelmintic developed a negative effect of anthelmintic resistance and residue in tissue if anthelmintic are given routinely. Biological control is one of the control methods using microorganisms especially molds. The moulds can form traps and destroy the body of larvae and eggs by hife and produce toxins. Few isolates of nematophagous fungi such as Arthrobotrys spp. and Monacrosporium spp. were found from surveys done in West Java. Applications of these fungi as biological control against nematodiasis is promising as indicated from in vitro and in vivo studies. Key words: Biological control, nematophagous fungi, small ruminant
Utilization of Palm Oil Sludge for Poultry Feed
Get PDFIndonesia imports feedstuffs such as corn and soybean meal to fulfill the requirement in the country. The volume of imports is increasing due to the increasing demand on livestock products. On the other hand, we have a huge amount of unconventional feedstuffs produced locally. Palm oil sludge is one of the unconventional feedstuffs that have not been utilized. The palm oil sludge production in 2001 was approximately 632,570 ton and is increasing following the increasing of palm oil productions in Indonesia. Some reports have shown that palm oil sludge could be included in the feed of cattle, sheep, pigs and poultry. The sludge is limited in use for poultry feed due to high fiber contents and low nutrient digestibility. Indonesian Research Institute for Animal Production conducted researches in order to improve nutritive values of palm oil sludge by fermentation method. The fermentation increased the protein, amino acids, metabolisable energy (TME) and reduced the fiber contents of the sludge. Feeding trials showed that the fermented products could be included as much as 10% in diets of broilers and native chickens, but 15% could be included in diet of growing ducks. Key words: Palm oil sludge, nutritive values, poultry feed, fermentatio
Turmeric (Curcuma Longa Linn.) Supplementation as an Alternative to Antibiotics in Poultry Diets
Get PDFAntibiotics have been used in non-therapeutic fashion as growth promoter for about 50 years in many parts of the world. It has been proven that supplementation of antibiotics in the diets reduces morbidity and mortality, as well as improve feed efficiency and overall growth performance of broiler chickens. However, the routine use of these antimicrobial growth promoters (AGPs) is being curtailed in view of threat to public health occurring through microflora that are developing resistance to antibiotics. This risk has driven European Union and other countries to withdraw authorization of in-feed antibiotics since 1997. Removal of AGPs resulted in substantial increase infections in poultry. As a consequence, the poultry industry needs to find alternatives to antibiotics in order to stem the effects of infection. One comparable alternative is natural sources of herbs and medicinal plants, which later known as phytobiotics. For the last 15 years, these alternatives have been increasingly claimed to increase enteric health, stimulate digestive system, and enhance growth performance. It was reported that turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn.) belongs to such class of medicinal plant and may be an alternative to antibiotics in poultry production. In this review, the responses of poultry to diets supplemented with turmeric on growth performance, egg production, health status, and carcass characteristic were briefly discussed. Keywords: Turmeric, non-antibiotic feed additive, poultry productio