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Influenza vaccine: Where are we and where do we go?
No full textThe alarming rise of morbidity and mortality caused by influenza pandemics and epidemics has drawn attention worldwide since the last few decades. This life-threatening problem necessitates the development of a safe and effective vaccine to protect against incoming pandemics. The currently available flu vaccines rely on inactivated viral particles, M2e-based vaccine, live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) and virus like particle (VLP). While inactivated vaccines can only induce systemic humoral responses, LAIV and VLP vaccines stimulate both humoral and cellular immune responses. Yet, these vaccines have limited protection against newly emerging viral strains. These strains, however, can be targeted by universal vaccines consisting of conserved viral proteins such as M2e and capable of inducing cross-reactive immune response. The lack of viral genome in VLP and M2e-based vaccines addresses safety concern associated with existing attenuated vaccines. With the emergence of new recombinant viral strains each year, additional effort towards developing improved universal vaccine is warranted. Besides various types of vaccines, microRNA and exosome-based vaccines have been emerged as new types of influenza vaccines which are associated with new and effective properties. Hence, development of a new generation of vaccines could contribute to better treatment of influenz
Generation of Induced Pluripotent Cancer Cells from Glioblastoma Multiform Cell Lines
No full textGeneration of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has been described as a powerful method to dedifferentiate the specialized cells to pluripotency. However, obtaining cancer-specific iPS cells (iPCs) encounters several barriers. The generation of iPCs provides valuable experimental platforms to mimic oncogenesis and offers potentials regarding drug screening. To overcome the difficulties regarding the iPC generation, we aimed at optimizing the generation of iPCs from glioblastoma multiform (GBM) cell lines and at understanding the potential barriers ahead of this process. The T731, T653, and mouse embryonic fibroblast cells were transduced by using retroviral plasmids encoding Oct4, Sox2, and Klf4. The cells were cultured on a layer of feeder cells for 14 days in iPS media and the obtained colonies were then picked and expanded to be evaluated for pluripotency markers by alkaline phosphatase staining, qRT-PCR, and Western blotting. Our findings confirmed resistance in cancer cells to achieve the pluripotency markers. In addition to designing technical tricks to obviate the barriers ahead of iPC generation, we suggested the small molecule PD98059 to enhance the efficiency of iPC generation from GBM cell lines. The resulting iPCs can further be used as a platform to study the mechanism of cancer formation and as a tool for drug screening for the treatment of patients with GB
Correction to: Curcumin: a modulator of inflammatory signaling pathways in the immune system (Inflammopharmacology, (2019), 27, 5, (885-900), 10.1007/s10787-019-00607-3)
Get PDFUnfortunately, the 4th author name was incorrectly published in the original article. The complete correct name is given below. Mohammad Javad Mousav
Public exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields in everyday microenvironments: An updated systematic review for Europe
No full textCommunication technologies are rapidly changing and this may affect public exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). This systematic review of literature aims to update a previous review on public everyday RF-EMF exposure in Europe, which covered publications until 2015. From 144 eligible records identified by means of a systematic search in PubMed, Embase and Web of Knowledge databases, published between May 2015 and 1 July 2018, 26 records met the inclusion criteria. We extracted quantitative data on public exposure in different indoors, outdoors and transport environments. The data was descriptively analyzed with respect to the exposure patterns between different types of environments. Mean RF-EMF exposure in homes, schools and offices were between 0.04 and 0.76 V/m. Mean outdoor exposure values ranged from 0.07 to 1.27 V/m with downlink signals from mobile phone base stations being the most relevant contributor. RF-EMF levels tended to increase with increasing urbanity. Levels in public transport (bus, train and tram) and cars were between 0.14 and 0.69 V/m. The highest levels, up to 1.97 V/m, were measured in public transport stations with downlink as the most relevant contributor. In line with previous studies, RF-EMF exposure levels were highest in the transportation systems followed by outdoor and private indoor environments. This review does not indicate a noticeable increase in everyday RF-EMF exposure since 2012 despite increasing use of wireless communication devices
Cigarette butts: An overlooked source of PAHs in the environment?
No full textCigarette butts (CBs) are the most common littered objects in the environment and may contain high amounts of polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from incomplete tobacco leave burning. But to date there is no comprehensive study on environmental emissions of PAHs by CBs. So the main aim of this study was to compare the concentration levels of 16 PAHs in freshly smoked CBs and CBs from the environment (collected from urban streets and river areas) with different exposure times to the environment. The results showed that the mean concentration levels of 4 PAHs including naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, and fluorene were significantly higher in the freshly smoked CB samples compared to the street samples and were the lowest in the river samples. Considering the number of CBs annually littered, considerable amounts of these 4 PAHs may be released to the environment, which may be a threat to the quality of water resources. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
Light PAHs including naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, and fluorene may be released from CBs to the environment and heavier ones may be transported in the environment by CBs
Impact of Gold Nanoparticles on Amyloid β-Induced Alzheimer's Disease in a Rat Animal Model: Involvement of STIM Proteins
No full textAlzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of neurodegenerative amyloid disorder causing progressive cognitive decline and memory loss. A considerable number of therapies for AD rely on inhibition/delay/dissociation of amyloid beta (Aβ) oligomers and fibrils. In this case, nanoparticles (NPs) demonstrated substantial effects on the Aβ fibrillation process; however, their effects on progressive cognitive decline and memory have been poorly investigated in vivo. In this study, acquisition and retention of spatial learning and memory are studied in a rat animal model of AD after intrahippocampal (IH) and intraperitoneal (IP) injections of a model NP, i.e., gold NPs (AuNPs). The outcomes revealed that the AuNPs could improve the acquisition and retention of spatial learning and memory in Aβ treated rats as indicated by decreased time (Aβ: 39.60 ± 3.23 s vs Aβ+AuNPs: 25.78 ± 2.80 s) and distance (Aβ: 917.98 ± 50.81 cm vs Aβ+AuNPs: 589.09 ± 65.96 cm) of finding the hidden platform during training days and by increased time spent in the target quadrant (Aβ: 19.40 ± 0.98 s vs Aβ+AuNPs: 29.36 ± 1.14 s) in the probe test in Morris water maze (MWM). Expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF, cAMP response element binding protein, CREB, and stromal interaction molecules, e.g., STIM1 and STIM2 was also increased, supporting improved neural survival. Our outcomes may pave a way for mechanistic insights toward the role of NPs on retrieval of the deteriorated behavioral functions in brain tissue after AD outbreak
Desorption kinetics and isotherms of phenanthrene from contaminated soil
No full textBackground: Prediction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) desorption from soil to estimate available fraction regarding to initial concentration of the contaminant is of great important in soil pollution management, which has poorly been understood until now. In the present study estimation of fast desorption fraction which is considered as available fraction was conducted by evaluating desorption kinetics of phenanthrene (a three ring PAH) from artificially contaminated soils through the mathematical models. Methods: Desorption rate of phenanthrene (PHE) was investigated by using the nonionic surfactant Tween80 in a series of batch experiments. The effects of reaction time from 5 to 1440 min and initial PHE concentration in the range of 100-1600 mg/kg were studied. Results: Available fractions of the contaminant were achieved within the first hour of desorption process as the system reached to equilibrium conditions. Experimental data were examined by using kinetic models including pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order in four linearized forms, and fractional power. Among the models tested, experimental data were well described by pseudo-second-order model type (III) and (IV) and fractional power equation. Fast desorption rates, as Available fractions were determined 79%, 46%, 40%, 39%, and 35% for initial PHE concentrations of 100, 400, 800, 1200, and 1600 mg/kg respectively. Among the evaluated isotherm models, including Freundlich, Langmuir in four linearized forms, and Temkin, the equilibrium data were well fitted by the first one. Conclusion: Applying the nonionic surfactant Tween80 is a useful method to determine available fraction of the contaminant. This method will provide the management of contaminated sites by choosing a proper technique for remediation and predicting achievable treatment efficiency
A rare case of hyper IgE syndrome with vocal cords involvement
No full textHyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome (HIGE) is considered as a phagocytic or a newly classified complex and heterogeneous primary immunodeficiency disease with symptoms such as increased levels of immunoglobulin E, eczema, and, recurrent lung and skin infections. In this paper, we have presented a rare case of this syndrome. A 9-year-old Iranian girl presented with a history of pruritic maculopapular rash who was eventually diagnosed as a case of HIGE. In her recent admission, she had dysphonia, stridor and huge cauliflower cutaneous lesions on her neck, finger and vocal cords, which did not respond to intravenous antibiotics, and ultimately required surgical removal
Comparison of drrA and drrB Efflux pump genes expression in drug-susceptible and -resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated from tuberculosis patients in Iran
Get PDFBackground: Among different resistance mechanisms in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), efflux pumps may have a role in drug-resistance property of MTB. So, the aim of this study was to compare the relative overexpression of two important efflux pump genes, drrA and drrB, among MTB isolates from TB patients. Methods: A total of 37 clinical isolates of confirmed MTB isolates were analyzed. Drug susceptibility testing (DST) was performed using the conventional proportional method. Real-time semiquantitative PCR profiling of the efflux pump genes of drrA and drrB was performed for clinical isolates. The receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis for differentiation of resistant from susceptible isolates on the basis of efflux pump expression fold changes was also performed. Results: According to DST, 16 rifampin (RIF) monoresistant, 3 isoniazid (INH) monoresistant, 5 multidrug-resistant (MDR) and 13 pan-susceptible isolates of MTB were evaluated for gene expression. The highest values of drrA and drrB gene expression fold changes were seen in MDR isolates, which were significant in comparison with susceptible isolates and H37Rv reference strain. By using comparative ROC analysis, the obtained cutoff point for drrA and drrB gene overexpression was the folds of >1.6 and >2.3, respectively. Conclusion: The results of the present study confirm the role of DrrA-DrrB efflux pump in antibiotic resistance in clinical MTB isolates. As the large number of efflux pumps are located in the cell envelope of MTB, we cannot correlate a single efflux pump overexpression to the drug-resistance phenotype, unless all the pumps simultaneously investigated
Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) in Brain Tumors
Get PDFAnnually, the incidence of brain tumors has slightly increased and also the patient prognosis is still disappointing, especially for high-grade neoplasms. So, researchers seek methods to improve therapeutic index as a critical aim of treatment. One of these new challenging methods is radioimmunotherapy (RIT) that involves recruiting a coupling of radionuclide component with monoclonal antibody (mAb) which are targeted against cell surface tumor–related antigens or antigens of cells within the tumor microenvironment. In the context of cancer care, precision medicine is exemplified by RIT; precision medicine can offer a tailored treatment to meet the needs for treatment of brain tumors. This review aims to discuss the molecular targets used in radioimmunotherapy of brain tumors, available and future radioimmunopharmaceutics, clinical trials of radioimmunotherapy in brain neoplasms, and eventually, conclusion and future perspective of application of radioimmunotherapy in neurooncology cancer care. © 2019, Korean Society of Nuclear Medicine