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Tone Danielsen: Making Warriors in a Global Era. An Ethnographic Study of the Norwegian Naval Special Operations Commando
No full textLegger jeg en ekstra stein til byrden?
No full textBakgrunn: Uteblivelse fra timer har en negativ påvirkning på pasient, behandler, behandlingsutfall og helsesystemet. Dette er et gjennomgående problem i rusbehandling, og spesielt blant unge voksne. Ettersom det er et så vanlig problem, har studien valgt å undersøke hvordan det oppleves for både pasient og behandler å prate om uteblivelse fra behandlingstimer når ustabilt oppmøte er et problem.
Metode: Syv pasienter i behandling ved Psykiatrisk ungdomsteam (PUT) ved Nidaros distriktpsykiatriske senter og fem behandlere ble intervjuet. Det ble brukt semistrukturerte intervju og dataene ble analysert kvalitativt ved hjelp av tematisk analyse.
Resultat: Pasientinformantene hadde større fokus på forutsetningene for at samtalen om uteblivelse skulle være greit for dem, enn hvordan samtalen om uteblivelse fra behandlingstimer opplevdes. Det første hovedtema i denne gruppen var Det krevende relasjonelle, som beskriver hvordan pasientene har behov for tid til å bli trygg og klare å være ærlig. Tilpasse seg pasienten handler om at pasientene ønsker at behandleren er opptatt av å forstå dem som mer enn en pasient og gir tilstrekkelig informasjon. God kommunikasjon om vanskelige tema beskriver at pasientene har behov for at behandleren toner seg inn på pasienten og stiller åpne spørsmål om uteblivelse fra behandlingstimer.
For behandlergruppen ble det identifisert to hovedtema: Samtalen er en fasilitator og Ambivalens, med tre tilhørende tema. Samtalen er en fasilitator handler om at behandlerne ser samtalen om uteblivelse fra behahandlingstimer som en mulighet til å få mer innsikt i pasientens forståelse og behov, samtidig som det kan styrke den terapeutiske alliansen og de sammen kan finne praktiske løsninger for å forhindre ustabilt oppmøte. Ambivalens beskriver en generell usikkerhet knyttet til hvordan de skal forstå uteblivelser, hvilken effekt samtalen har og når denne samtalen er hensiktsmessig.
Konklusjon: Behandlerinformantene uttrykte at de ønsker å tematisere uteblivelse oftere med pasientene sine. Pasientinformantene var opptatt av fordelene med å ha vanskelige samtaler, inkludert om uteblivelse fra timer, og uttrykket et behov for støtte rundt slike samtaler. Samtidig har den aktuelle pasientgruppen belyst hvordan de som gruppe har en sårbarhet knyttet til å føle seg avvist når uteblivelse blir adressert. Dette kan gjøre samtalen om uteblivelse utfordrerne for begge parter. Det fremgår i den aktuelle studien at behandlerne kan trenge mer ekstern støtte og retningslinjer for å redusere antallet usikkerhetsmoment de opplever knyttet til å vurdere tematiseringen av uteblivelse. Dette kan trolig øke behandlernes terapeutiske tilstedeværelse, noe som vil kunne øke sannsynligheten for at pasientene får en positiv opplevelse av relasjonen til behandler og behandlingstimen
Optimalisering av RNA-analyser; utprøving av Epstein-Barr virus-transformerte lymfoblastoide cellelinjer som kontrollmateriale
No full textAvdeling for medisinsk genetikk (AMG) på St. Olavs Hospital har behov for nytt kontrollmateriale til analyser av RNA. Gentesting kan utføres på RNA-nivå som et supplement til gentesting på DNA-nivå. Dette utføres som regel ved sekvensering av cDNA, og det er nødvendig med en normal kontroll som behandles på lik måte som pasientprøvene. Årsaken er at kontrollen skal kunne brukes som en referanse for pasientprøver. En referansesekvens er viktig fordi messenger-RNA (mRNA) kan settes sammen på ulike måter ved alternativ spleising og danne ulike transkripter. Dette kan forstyrre analyseringen ved at transkriptene danner en bakgrunnssekvens som kan forveksles med patogene varianter.
Denne oppgaven tar for seg en uttesting av humane lymfoblastoide B-cellelinjer fra Coriell Institutt i USA, for å finne ut om de kan brukes som normal kontroll. I forkant av bachelorprosjektet ble cellelinjene dyrket ved Institutt for Klinisk og molekylær medisin. Videre ble lymfocyttene dyrket i korttidskultur av ansatte ved AMG. RNA ble isolert fra lymfocyttene og cDNA-syntese ble utført. Vår oppgave har vært å amplifisere cDNA ved bruk av PCR og deretter sangersekvensere produktet for å identifisere baserekkefølgen. Sekvensene til cellelinjene har blitt sammenlignet med sekvensene til normale pasientprøver. Gelelektroforese ble utført som et kontrolltrinn underveis for å sikre at nok cDNA ble amplifisert ved PCR.
Resultatene viser at cellelinjene oppfører seg som normale pasientprøver ved at de viser de samme transkriptene og benigne variantene. Det er grunn til å tro at konsentrasjonen av RNA ikke har betydning for signalstyrke og kvalitet på sekvensene, men at RIN-verdi er mer avgjørende. Resultatene er basert på analyser av genene NF1 og PTCH1, og de gir grunnlag for å gå videre med analysering av flere aktuelle gener. Videre må avdelingen validere cellelinjene for å kunne ta de i bruk som kontrollmateriale
Med våpen for gjeve Mikael - Harald Sigurdsson i Bysants, ca. 1034 - 1043
No full textOppgaven ser nærmere på Harald Sigurdssons karriere i bysantinsk krigstjeneste (ca. 1034-1043). Harald og hans styrke med væringer blir satt i bysantinsk historisk og militærorganisatorisk kontekst for å danne et klarere bilde av hans posisjon i det bysantinske militærsystemet. På bakgrunn av dette konkluderer oppgaven med at (1): Etter samme mønster som andre utenlandske leiesoldater, ble Harald og hans styrke trolig organisert som en egen enhet (tagma) med Harald som anfører. (2): Som utlending var hans muligheter til å oppnå militære stillinger og verdighetstitler i Bysants i stor grad betinget av hans fyrstelige bakgrunn. Dette var også avgjørende for forholdet han hadde til sine menn, som trolig var knyttet til Harald gjennom personlige bånd. (3): Harald har utnyttet sine stillinger til å styrke sin maktposisjon, og til å tilegne seg personlig rikdom
Effectiveness of Community Pharmacy Diabetes and Hypertension Care Program : An Unexplored Opportunity for Community Pharmacists in Pakistan
No full textSalmon lice in the Pacific Ocean show evidence of evolved resistance to parasiticide treatment
No full textParasitic salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) threaten the economic and ecological sustainability of salmon farming, and their evolved resistance to treatment with emamectin benzoate (EMB) has been a major problem for salmon farming in the Atlantic Ocean. In contrast, the Pacific Ocean, where wild salmon are far more abundant, has not seen widespread evolution of EMB-resistant lice. Here, we use EMB bioassays and counts of lice on farms from the Broughton Archipelago, Canada—a core region of salmon farming in the Pacific—to show that EMB sensitivity has dramatically decreased since 2010, concurrent with marked decrease in the field efficacy of EMB treatments. Notably, these bioassay data were not made available through public reporting by industry or by the federal regulator, but rather through Indigenous-led agreements that created a legal obligation for salmon-farming companies to provide data to First Nations. Our results suggest that salmon lice in the Pacific Ocean have recently evolved substantial resistance to EMB, and that salmon-louse outbreaks on Pacific farms will therefore be more difficult to control in the coming years
Segmentation of PMSE data using random forests
No full textEISCAT VHF radar data are used for observing, monitoring, and understanding Earth’s
upper atmosphere. This paper presents an approach to segment Polar Mesospheric Summer Echoes
(PMSE) from datasets obtained from EISCAT VHF radar data. The data consist of 30 observations
days, corresponding to 56,250 data samples. We manually labeled the data into three different
categories: PMSE, Ionospheric background, and Background noise. For segmentation, we employed
random forests on a set of simple features. These features include: altitude derivative, time derivative,
mean, median, standard deviation, minimum, and maximum values corresponding to neighborhood
sizes ranging from 3 by 3 to 11 by 11 pixels. Next, in order to reduce the model bias and variance,
we employed a method that decreases the weight applied to pixel labels with large uncertainty. Our
results indicate that, first, it is possible to segment PMSE from the data using random forests. Second,
the weighted-down labels technique improves the performance of the random forests method
Readout Electronics for the Upgraded ITS Detector in the ALICE Experiment
No full textALICE is undergoing upgrades during the Long Shutdown (LS) 2 of the LHC to improve its performance and capabilities, and to prepare the experiment for the increases in luminosity provided by the LHC in Run 3 and Run 4. One of the most extensive upgrades of the experiment (and the topic of this thesis) is the replacement of the Inner Tracking System (ITS) in its entirety with a new and upgraded system. The new ITS consists exclusively of pixel sensors organized in seven cylindrical layers, and offers significantly improved tracking capabilities at higher interaction rates. And in contrast to the previous system, which would only trigger on a subset of the available events that were deemed “interesting”, the upgraded ITS will capture all events; either in a triggered mode using minimum-bias triggers, or in a “trigger-less” continuous mode where event data is continuously read out.
The key component of the upgrade is a novel pixel sensor chip, the ALPIDE, which was developed at CERN specifically for the ALICE ITS upgrade. The seven layers of the ITS is assembled from sub-assemblies of sensor chips referred to as staves, and the entire detector consists of 24 120 chips in total. The staves come in three different configurations; they range from 9 chips per stave for the innermost layers, and up to 196 chips per stave in the outer layers. The number of control and data links, as well as the bit-rate of the data links, differs widely between the staves as well.
Data readout from the high-speed copper links of the detector requires dedicated readout electronics in the vicinity of the detector. The core component of this system is the FPGA-based Readout Unit (RU). It facilitates the readout of the data links and transfer data to the experiment’s server farms via optical links; provides control, configuration and monitoring of the sensor chips using the same optical links, as well as over CAN-bus for redundancy; distributes trigger signals to the sensor, either by forwarding the minimum-bias triggers of the experiment, or by local generation of trigger pulses for the continuous mode. And the field-programmable devices of the RU allows for future updates and changes of functionality, which can be performed remotely via several redundant paths to the RUs. This is an important feature, since the RUs are not easily accessible when they are installed in the cavern of the experiment and will be exposed to radiation when the LHC is in operation. Radiation tolerance has been an important concern during the development of the FPGA designs, as well as the RU hardware itself, since radiation-induced errors in the RUs are expected during operation. Techniques such as Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR) were used in the FPGA designs to mitigate these effects. One example is the radiation tolerant CAN controller design which is introduced in this thesis. A different challenge, which is also addressed in this thesis, is the monitoring of internal status and quantities such as temperature and voltage in the ALPIDE chips. This is performed over the ALPIDE’s control bus, but must be carefully coordinated as the control bus is also used for triggers.
The detector and readout electronics are designed to operate under a wide set of conditions. Considering events from Pb–Pb collisions, which may have thousands of pixel hits in the detector, a typical pp event has comparatively few pixel hits, but the collision rate is significantly higher for pp runs than it is for Pb–Pb runs. And the detector can be used with two triggering modes, where the continuous trigger mode has additional parameters for trigger period. A simulation model of the ALPIDE and ITS, presented in this thesis, was developed to simulate the readout performance and efficiency of the detector under a wide set of circumstances. The simulated results show that the detector should perform with a high efficiency at the collision rates that are planned for Run 3. Initial plans for a dedicated hardware, to handle and coordinate busy status for the detector, was deemed superfluous and the plans were canceled based on these results. Collision rates higher than those planned for Run 3 were also simulated to yield parameters for optimal performance at those rates. For the RU, which was designed to interface to three widely different stave designs, the simulations quantified the amount of data the readout electronics will have to handle depending on the detector layer and operating conditions. Furthermore, the simulation model was adapted for simulations of two other ALPIDE-based detector projects; the Proton CT (pCT) project at University of Bergen (UiB), a Digital Tracking Calorimeter (DTC) used for dose planning of particle therapy in cancer treatment; and the planned Forward Calorimeter (FoCal) for ALICE, where there will be two layers of pixel sensors among the 18 layers of Si-W calorimeter pads in the electromagnetic part of the detector (FoCal-E). Since the size of a calorimeter pad is relatively large, around 1 cm², the fine grained pixels of the ALPIDE (29.24 µm × 26.88 µm) will help distinguish between multiple showers and improve the overall spatial resolution of the detector. The simulations helped prove the feasibility of the ALPIDE for this detector, from a readout perspective, and FoCal was later approved by the LHCC committee at CERN
Frå Teutoburgerskogen til Illerup Ådal: Endringar i Germania i tidleg romersk jarnalder, 0-200 e.Kr.
No full textThis thesis examines changes in the Germanic society during the early Roman Iron Age, from approximately 0 to 200 A.D. This is viewed through the lens of two case studies – the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest and the weapon deposits in Illerup Ådal on the west coast of Jutland, dating from 200-500 A.D. My primary argument is that the Germanic society underwent both social, political and to an extent local, economic changes, and that these would later lead to the creation of larger and more powerful confederations of warriors and tribes. The first chapter explores the roman ethnographic tradition and its source material. It examines how the authors of the ancient world viewed the untamed North (Ultima Thule), the very term German – in opposition to romans – as well as how the Germanic society might have looked like in the period spanning from Gaius Julius Caesar to Publius Cornelius Tacitus (ca. 50 B.C. - 100 A.D.). I also touch upon the topic of Romanization, a much debated term in this day and time. The second and third chapter respectively deal with the two case studies. These cases have previously not been examined thoroughly side by side. Therefore, by utilizing these two areas of research as case studies, my intention is to show that modern archaeology may work as a window into the past, which is partly independent of the roman ethnographic tradition. In all three chapters I critically examine the available source material. This include both the classic roman literary texts, a wide variety of archaeological material and relevant excavation reports. I include modern interpretations and aim to give an overview of the current state of affairs within the field of research. Firstly, I examine how the picture of Germanic society – evoked from the roman literary sources – upholds when faced with modern archaeology. Here I build upon recent academic discourses and developments, including the material and the ethnographic, while also including new perspectives on the northern barbarians of the Roman Iron Age. Secondly, I ask what changes we can observe in the Germanic society when faced with Rome in the context of the aforementioned case studies; the battle of the Teutoburg Forest and the bog deposits in Illerup Ådal. My aim in doing so is to track changes and developments in Germania further back than previously emphasized. I hope this study will be a helpful addition to current debates