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The Term ὁμοούσιος and Origen's Trinitarian Theology
No full textIn the introduction, the author /irst explains the reasons for choosing the topic of his dissertation. This is followed by a chronological overview of the scholarly debate concerning the question of whether Origen used the word ο?μοουBσιος in a Trinitarian context. The introduction also de/ines the aim and methodology of the thesis. The /irst chapter examines the contexts in which the word ο?μοουBσιος appears in pre-Nicene Christian literature. The second chapter, which focuses on Origen's life and work, discusses both the challenges of reconstructing his biography and the scope and nature of his literary output. The third chapter provides an overview of all passages attributed to Origen and regarded as reliable textual evidence that the term ο?μοουBσιος belonged to Origen's Trinitarian terminology. In chapters four, /ive, and six, the existing scholarly arguments against the credibility of the passages presented in chapter three are explained in detail, critically evaluated, re/ined, and further developed. The last chapter /irst provides a basic overview of the circumstances and results of the Council of Nicaea, which profoundly in/luenced later Trinitarian terminology. The same chapter then provides the author's answer to the question of whether Origen can be considered the /irst Christian..
Inner Worlds of Characters and Metaphoricity of Places in Judith Hermann's Novel Daheim
No full textThis diploma thesis deals with the 2021 novel Daheim by the contemporary German writer Judith Hermann. The main focus of the thesis is analysis and interpretation of the places in the novel as well as their interconnectedness with the inner worlds of the characters of the novel. The thesis consists of three parts. In the first part, the essentials of the novel such as information about the author, the literary and historical background, as well as the summary of the literary work are introduced. The second part can be seen as an introduction to the matter concerned. It occupies itself with the title of the novel, with the theoretical postulates preceding the formulation of the hypotheses, as well as with the "spaces of memory" and the presumed function of the unreliable narrator present in the novel. In the third part, the process of analysis and interpretation as such takes place. Several spatial theories are introduced and implemented and their relevance for the given spatial phenomena is supported with examples from the literary text. The overall aim of the research is to ascertain which functions the individual places depicted in the novel perform with relation to the novel as such, to what extent a link is discernible between these places and the characters of the novel, as well as to provide..
The Female Body, Blood, and the Supernatural in the Works of Enchi Fumiko from the Perspective of Enactive Theory
No full textThis thesis provides a literary analysis of the narrative techniques employed in Enchi Fumiko's novel Onnamen (1958). The analysis is methodologically anchored in enactive theory (4E: embodied, embedded, enactive, and extended mind), as proposed by cognitive literary theorists Caracciolo and Kukkonen (2021), in the hope that applying this theory may shed new light on the author's work. The thesis aims to identify the embodied reader and define the role of the female body in the narrative. Based on a qualitative analysis, I propose that the novel's embodied language relies heavily on visual stimuli and evidential modality, which consequently leads to immersion in the fictional world. Mental imagery is thickened through sensory engagement-such as smell and touch-or through references to temperature changes and the kinesthetic experiences of the characters. Internal focalization shifts between characters, resulting in a regular alternation of narrative agents. Through this literary gesture, readers can experience different subjective perceptions of objective reality through the characters' eyes. The embodied language, which depends on visual cues and the use of theatrical masks, also serves as a foundation for various situated conceptualizations-namely, the female body as an ontologically lived..
Breaking Through the Barriers. Evaluating the Discursive Practices of Ideologically Diverse Opposition Parties in Hybrid Regimes.
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Phytochemical analysis of plant extracts I
No full text1 ABSTRACT Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Department: Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany Author: Karolína Klimová Supervisor: RNDr. Jaroslav Jenčo, Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: Phytochemical analysis of plant extracts I Key words: liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, HPTLC, plant constituents, mass spectrometry The alkaloid extract obtained from Sceletium tortuosum was subjected to phytochemical analysis with the aim of identifying and isolating its bioactive compounds. The summary extract was divided into individual fractions using flash chromatography. Using instrumental methods, a compound was isolated and identified as mesembrine, one of the main alkaloids of this plant that plays a significant role in its pharmacological effects. In addition to mesembrine, another alkaloid - Sceletium alkaloid A4 - was successfully isolated. This compound is currently considered one of the chemical biomarkers of the Sceletium tortuosum species. The results of this study provide a methodological framework for the effective isolation and characterization of alkaloids from Sceletium tortuosum. Moreover, they open new opportunities for research in the field of phytochemical analyses
Small binding proteins targeting immune checkpoint proteins as novel diagnostic and cancer prognostic tools
No full textBlokáda imunitních kontrolních bodů se stala jednou z nejúčinnějších léčebných metod pro některé typy nádorů, zejména takových, které se vyznačují imunosupresivním nádorovým mikroprostředím (TME). Molekuly kontrolních bodů PD-1 a PD-L1 přispívají ke vzniku imunosupresivního nádorového mikroprostředí. Zacílení na ně může zlepšit výsledky protirakovinné terapie. Tento přístup se ukázal jako účinný v případě nemalobuněčného karcinomu plic (NSCLC); úspěch této terapie je však do značné míry závislý na přítomnosti PD-L1 v nádorových buňkách a přítomnosti PD-1 v lymfocytech infiltrujících nádor (TIL). Z tohoto důvodu mohou citlivé a přesné diagnostické nástroje pro detekci PD-L1 pozitivních rakovinných buněk a PD-1 pozitivních TIL u NSCLC podstatně zlepšit odpověď na léčbu. V současné době se v diagnostických testech pro detekci PD-L1 používají pouze monoklonální protilátky a neexistují žádné klinicky schválené testy detekce PD-1. V tomto projektu jsme se zaměřili na vývoj malých vazebných proteinů cílených na PD-1 a PD-L1 jako neimunoglobulinovou alternativu diagnostických protilátek. Malé proteiny cílené na PD-1 nebo PD-L1 byly identifikovány z kombinatoriální sbírky Myomedinového strukturního nosiče a soubor proteinů odvozených od Myomedinu byl získán selekční metodou ribosomálního displeje. Cytokiny..
Development of determination methods of 7α-hydroxycholesterol in excess of cholesterol on boron doped diamond electrode
No full textThis bachelor's thesis was aimed at development of a method of determination of 7α-hydroxycholesterol in a mixture containing cholesterol in excess on boron doped diamond electrode. The substances were studied separately at first. Afterwards, the determination of 7α-hydroxycholesterol in two larger concentrations of cholesterol was studied as well. Two voltammetric methods were tested: cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry, the latter one providing better results. 7α-hydroxycholesterol provided a current response around +800 mV vs. non-aqueous Ag/Ag+ electrode in the presence of 0,1 mol L-1 HClO4 in acetonitrile containing 1% of water. The proposed differential pulse voltammetry method provided sufficient measurement repeatability. The concentration dependence of 7α-hydroxycholesterol in the excess of cholesterol in two concentrations, 1·10−4 mol L−1 and 5·10−4 mol L−1 , was also measured. These two concentration dependences were compared to the concentration dependence of 7α-hydroxycholesterol in the absence of cholesterol. The results indicated that the more cholesterol there is in the solution, the lower is the current response of 7α-hydroxycholesterol. The exact character of this phenomenon must be explained by further research. The limits of detection (LOD) and limits of..
Biogeographic origins of Mediterranean Nemesiidae trap door spiders (Araneae, Mygalomorphae)
No full textMygalomorph spiders are an ancient lineage of spiders with relatively poor dispersal capabilities. Their distributions often reflect past geological events, making them an excellent model system for biogeographic studies. Family Nemesiidae spans across parts of Europe, Northern Africa, Asia and North America, and comprises nearly 200 species with a cryptic lifestyle and relatively conserved external morphology. In this thesis, I use ultraconserved elements (UCEs) to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of the family and infer its biogeographic origins, particularly focusing on Mediterranean taxa. To achieve this, I employ maximum-likelihood phylogenetic inference, divergence time estimation, and historical biogeography reconstruction. The results suggest that the family Nemesiidae, as currently defined, is not monophyletic. The genus Sinopesa was consistently recovered in all analyses in the proximity of the families Bemmeridae, Theraphosidae and Barychelidae and might thus represent a new lineage with family-level status. The remaining Nemesiidae diversity (Nemesiidae sensu stricto) sampled in this thesis formed a monophyletic group. All sampled genera were also recovered as monophyletic, with the exception of Nemesia, which was paraphyletic in respect to Iberesia. The results of the..