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Rulings of the Constitutional Court handed down during the third four-month period of 2023
No full textLa facultad de Derecho de Madrid durante la Dictadura de Primo de Rivera
Get PDFEste libro estudia la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Madrid a partir de las actas de su junta de facultad, cuya transcripción completa incluye.
Cronológicamente no se limita al periodo de la Dictadura de Primo de Rivera
(1923-1930), sino que se extiende hasta la proclamación de la II República en abril de 1931. En sus páginas se incluye un estudio introductorio sobre la
política universitaria durante la Dictadura, la organización de la Facultad de
Derecho y la ordenación de los estudios jurídicos (licenciatura y doctorado). Se añade una selección de temas de interés que son tratados por la junta de
facultad en sus actas. Este periodo se corresponde con la presencia en aquella Facultad de un magnífico plantel de maestros de las distintas especialidades del derecho, bajo la dirección del decano Rafael de Ureña. Esas actas son un testimonio presencial de valiosos debates sobre la ciencia del derecho y sobre la universidad española de aquellos años.Esta publicación forma parte del proyecto de I+D+i PID2019-109351GB-C32 financiado por MICIU/AEI/10.13039/50110001103
Instrucción del Vicerrector de Investigación y Transferencia sobre la filiación institucional del personal investigador de la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
Get PDFEstas directrices actualizan y amplían los criterios recogidos en el apartado 6.2 del Código de Buenas Prácticas de Investigación y Transferencia de la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, aprobado por el Consejo de Gobierno en sesión de 14 de diciembre de 2017.Esta Instrucción es reemplazada por la Instrucción del Vicerrector de Investigación y Transferencia sobre la filiación institucional del personal investigador de la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid de 20 de mayo de 2025
The sentimental propagation of lottery winnings: Evidence from the Spanish Christmas lottery
No full textWe leverage a unique natural experiment, the Spanish Christmas lottery, to investigate the impact of highly geographically clustered winnings on macroeconomic aggregates, and on sentiment and durable consumption, using survey evidence. Lottery winnings reduce significantly unemployment and increase job creation and CPI prices. We claim that the mechanism behind the propagation of lottery wins works through sentiment: lottery wins boost sentiment and positive sentiment spurs economic activity. Albeit not receiving wins, households in winning provinces become more optimistic on impact and significantly increase their durable consumption (for furniture and vehicles) six months after the shock. We discard alternative explanations for the propagation of lottery win shocks.We thank SELAE for granting us access to the lottery data and acknowledge financial support for project PID2021-122931NB-I00 of the Spanish Ministry of Education
From ridicule to objectification: Depictions of women’s football in Spanish NO-DO newsreels and comedy films of the 1970s
No full textTras décadas de control del deporte femenino bajo la tutela de la Sección Femenina, en 1970, el fútbol femenino se abría paso en España, y se fundaban los primeros equipos formados exclusivamente por mujeres con ánimo de institucionalización y reconocimiento, así como los primeros campeonatos oficiosos. Sin embargo, este salto de las mujeres a un ámbito de clara dominación masculina, no cuadraba con los estándares heteropatriarcales de la sociedad franquista. Por ese motivo, y aprovechando la novedad y controversia del tema en el momento, surgieron varios eventos y productos culturales/comerciales que representaban a las futbolistas de forma nada inocente, mediante la burla y la sexualización. En este artículo vamos a analizar desde los estudios de género y los estudios de humor cómo diferentes discursos biológicos y técnico-culturales circulaban entre los noticiarios NO-DO y las comedias Las Ibéricas F.C. (Pedro Masó, 1971) y La liga no es cosa de hombres (Ignacio F. Iquino, 1972). De esta forma, los discursos cómicos audiovisuales se complementaron para condensar la ansiedad colectiva de un imaginario social que se veía amenazado por unas mujeres que avanzaban imparables con un balón en sus pies.After decades of control over women’s sports by the Franco regime’s Sección Femenina, Spain’s first women’s football teams were founded in 1970 with the aim of institutionalising the women’s game and establishing the first unofficial championships. However, the entrance of women into such a male-dominated sphere of activity was out of keeping with the heteropatriarchal ideological norms of Francoist society. Exploiting the novelty and controversy of the issue at this time, a number of mainstream cultural products depicted female footballers in deliberately negative ways characterised by ridicule and sexualisation. This article takes a perspective informed by gender studies and humour studies to analyse the circulation of different biological and technical-cultural discourses in Francoist Spain’s official newsreels and the comedy films Las Ibéricas F.C. (Pedro Masó, 1971) and La liga no es cosa de hombres (Ignacio F. Iquino, 1972). The comical discourses of these audiovisual products complemented each other to convey the collective anxiety of a society that felt threatened by teams of women who were advancing relentlessly with a ball at their feet
Associations of bioelectrical impedance and anthropometric variables among populations and within the full spectrum of malnutrition
No full textObjectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate body composition variability assessed by bioimpedance in relation to nutritional status assessed by anthropometry in children and adolescents living in countries characterized by contrasting nutritional conditions.Methods: The sample was comprised of 8614 children (4245 males; 4369 females), aged 3 to 19 years, from Nepal (477 children), Uganda (488 children and adolescents), UK (297 children and adolescents) and US (7352 children and adolescents). Height-for-age (HAZ) and body mass index-for-age (BAZ) z-scores were calculated according to WHO growth references. Specific bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) was used to evaluate body composition variability. In each population sample, the relationship of HAZ and BAZ with bioelectrical outcomes was analysed by confidence ellipses and cubic spline regression, controlling for sex and age.Results: The participants from Uganda and Nepal were more affected by undernutrition, and those from the US and UK by obesity. In all groups, phase angle and specific vector length were weakly associated with HAZ, with none or opposite relationships in the different samples, whereas they were positively associated with BAZ. The stronger association was between vector length, indicative of the relative content of fat mass, and BAZ in the UK and US samples. Confidence ellipses showed that the relationships are more strongly related to phase angle in Nepalese and Ugandan samples.Conclusions: Bioelectrical values were more strongly associated with BAZ than HAZ values in all population samples. Variability was more related to markers of muscle mass in Ugandan and Nepalese samples and to indicators of fat mass in UK and US samples. Specific BIVA can give information on the variability of body composition in malnourished individuals.The research in Nepal was supported by the Wellcome Trust Strategic Award for the Population Biology of Maternal and Newborn Survival (085417/Z/08/Z), the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1113344), the UCL International Child Health Group Research Fund 2016-17, the UCL Chadwick Trust Travelling Fellowship 2018, and the Stiftung fiat panis Dr. Hermann Eiselen Doktorandenförderung 2017. The research in Uganda was supported by the Fondazione Banco di Sardegna (Italy), Grant/Award Number (n° 2013.1193). Stefano Cabras was partly funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación of Spain Project PID2022-138201NB-I00
Multi-scale experimental characterisation and modelling of the thermo-electro-mechanical behaviour of 3D printed conductive thermoplastics
No full textMención Internacional en el título de doctorThe conceptualisation of structural components in the current industry is experiencing an unprecedented change of paradigm. New materials are emerging to provide other functionalities while preserving certain structural functions. An exciting example is the field of conductive polymer composites (CPCs), that is providing applications where electrical current flows through mechanical components. The conductive properties of these materials derive from the interaction at the microscale of the conductive particles embedded in the polymeric matrix. The formation of paths by the conductive fillers allows the flow of a sufficiently high current, making these materials ideal candidates for conductive components. Nonetheless, the current flow is accompanied by an intrinsic heating due to the increase in kinetic energy derived from the electron movement, known as Joule heating. This thermo-electrical interplay introduces another important consideration, i.e., the thermo-mechanical response, specially with polymeric matrices that highly depend on temperature. Likewise, the mechanical response impacts the electrical properties via deformation-induced modulation of conductive paths. Hence, the mechanical, thermal and electrical responses are highly interlinked, requiring a multi-physical analysis for a correct implementation of CPCs in conductive components. Besides these complexities, additive manufacturing technologies have been employed to fabricate conductive components with intricate geometries. In this manner, the geometry limitations associated to traditional manufacturing techniques can be overcome. Yet, mesostructural defects originated during printing affect the material response at the functional level. In the case of pieces manufactured via Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), the mesostructural porosity caused by the imperfect bonding between adjacent filaments leads to an orthotropic response at the macroscale. Given the nature of these materials, a comprehensive characterisation cannot be tackled only from a macroscopic or functional point of view. In this regard, the problem should be addressed following different approaches, attending to the different scales (i.e., micro, meso and macroscale) as well as to the different physical interplays (i.e., thermal, electrical and mechanical responses). This thesis aims to evaluate and determine the thermo-electro-mechanical interplays that appear in thermoplastic-based CPCs at the micro scale, analysing their modulation during FFF printing and the performance impact at the functional level. To reduce the lack of knowledge regarding the thermoelectro-mechanical behaviour of FFF CPCs, new numerical and experimental approaches have been developed. These methods account in both cases for the different scales and physics involved in the problem. From the experimental point of view, an extensive and comprehensive campaign has been performed isolating the interplays by pairs of physics at two scales. This multi-scale and multi-physical experimental campaign evidenced how the nature of the thermoplastic matrix, from both mechanical and thermal perspectives, alters the conductive response. This behaviour is also affected by the addition of conductive filler to the matrix, that modifies the thermal and mechanical behaviour of the composite, even in the absence of electrical current. From a numerical perspective, Finite Element Method (FEM) based frameworks have been conceptualised at the three scales of the problem. The microscopic framework was based on homogenisation approaches, accounting for the relations between conductive particles, olymeric matrix and microvoids present in 3D printing conductive filaments. At the mesoscale, the
geometrical and material features derived from the printing process are studied. Finally, upscaling to a functional level, an orthotropic thermo-electro-mechanical model has been conceptualised accounting for the variation in properties due to printing orientation. Gathering all this development and comprehension involving the thermo-electro-mechanical response of 3D printing conductive thermoplastics, this thesis can contribute to both academic and industrial fields. The experimental methodologies presented allow for manufacturers to evaluate their products in a multi-functional fashion. Likewise, the proposed numerical frameworks can help to optimise the product design at different stages. First, the design of conductive filaments modifying the phase constituent ratios or properties is possible, controlling is such a manner the feedstock material. Then, the macroscopic
response of a print can be obtained in terms of the desired printing parameters that affect on the mesostructure. Finally, the component geometry can be optimised accounting for the macroscopic boundary conditions of specific problems.El diseño de componentes estructurales en la industria actual está sufriendo un cambio de paradigma sin precedentes. Nuevos materiales están surgiendo para proporcionar distintas funcionalidades, manteniendo a su vez una función estructural. Los compuestos conductivos poliméricos (CPCs) representan un ejemplo perfecto, expandiendo su uso a aplicaciones en las que una corriente eléctrica fluye a través de componentes mecánicos. Las propiedades conductivas de estos materiales derivan de la interacción,
a escala microscópica, entre las partículas conductivas embebidas en la matriz polimérica. La formación de caminos conductivos permite el paso de una corriente eléctrica elevada que convierte a estos materiales en candidatos ideales para su empleo en componentes conductivos. Sin embargo, el flujo
de corriente viene acompañado con un calentamiento intrínseco, causado por el incremento de energía cinética debido a un aumento del movimiento de los electrones, un fenómeno conocido como efecto Joule. Esta interrelación termoeléctrica añade otro factor a tener en cuenta, la respuesta termomecánica, que es especialmente importante para matrices poliméricas con alta dependencia con la temperatura. Del mismo modo, la respuesta mecánica afecta a las propiedades eléctricas mediante la alteración de caminos conductivos inducida por deformaciones del material. Por tanto, las respuestas mecánica, térmica y eléctrica están altamente relacionadas, requiriendo análisis multifísicos para una correcta implementación de los CPCs en componentes conductivos. Además de estas complejidades, se han utilizado tecnologías de fabricación aditiva para la elaboración de componentes conductivos con geometrías complejas. De esta forma, se pueden superar las limitaciones geométricas asociadas a los métodos tradicionales de fabricación. Sin embargo, durante el proceso de impresión, se forman defectos mesoestructurales que afectan a la respuesta del material a un nivel funcional. En el caso de piezas impresas mediante Fabricación de Filamento Fundido (FFF), la porosidad mesoestructural, provocada por una unión imperfecta entre filamentos adyacentes, implica una respuesta macroscópica ortótropa. Debido a la naturaleza de estos materiales, no es posible realizar una caracterización completa mediante un enfoque puramente macroscópico. Por este motivo, el problema debe abordarse atendiendo tanto a las diferentes escalas (microscópica, mesoscópica y macroscópica) como a las diferentes interrelaciones físicas (respuesta térmica,
eléctrica y mecánica). Esta tesis evalúa y determina las interrelacciones termoelectromecánicas que aparecen en la microsescala de CPCs basados en termoplásticos, analizando los efectos derivados del proceso de impresión sobre su respuesta a nivel funcional. La tesis desarrolla nuevos enfoques numéricos y experimentales. Estos métodos consideran, en ambos casos, las diferentes escalas y físicas presentes en el problema. Desde una perspectiva experimental, se realizó una campaña extensa del comportamiento en las dos escalas, aislando por pares las interrelaciones entre las físicas del problema. Esta campaña experimental mostró como la naturaleza de la matriz termoplástica, tanto desde una perspectiva mecánica como térmica,
altera la respuesta conductiva. El comportamiento también se ve alterado por la incorporación del material conductivo a la matriz, mostrando cambios en la respuesta térmica y mecánica, incluso en ausencia de corriente eléctrica. Desde una perspectiva numérica, se conceptualizaron marcos basados
en el Método de Elementos Finitos (FEM) en las tres escalas del problema. El enfoque microscópico se basó en técnicas de homogeneización, teniendo en cuenta las partículas conductivas, la matriz polimérica y los microvacíos presentes en filamentos conductivos de impresión 3D. En la mesoescala, los rasgos geométricos y materiales derivados del proceso de impresión fueron estudiados. Finalmente, escalando hasta un nivel funcional, se conceptualizó un modelo termoelectromecánico ortótropo que considera la variación de propiedades según la dirección de impresión. El conjunto de los avances obtenidos en cuanto a la respuesta termoelectromecánica de termoplásticos
conductivos de impresión 3D, puede contribuir tanto en el campo académico como industrial. Las metodologías experimentales presentadas permitirán a los fabricantes evaluar sus productos de una forma multifuncional. Del mismo modo, los marcos numéricos propuestos permitirán la optimización del diseño de productos en diferentes etapas. Primero, es posible el diseño de filamentos conductivos modificando las proporciones de las fases que constituyen el compuesto, controlando de esta manera el material base de impresión. Posteriormente, la respuesta macroscópica puede ser conocida en función de los parámetros de impresión que afectan a la mesoescala. Por último, la geometría del componente puede ser optimizada teniendo en consideración las condiciones de contorno macroscópicas.Programa de Doctorado en Ingeniería Mecánica y de Organización Industrial por la Universidad Carlos III de MadridPresidente: Ramón Eulalio Zaera Polo.- Secretario: Rogelio Ortigosa Martínez.- Vocal: Marc-André Kei
Ocasión ilustrada del Fuero Real. Las ediciones de 1781 y 1836
Get PDFSe estudian en este libro dos procesos editoriales emprendidos en las últimas décadas del siglo XVIII y que tuvieron por objeto la publicación del Fuero Real, libro de leyes elaborado por Alfonso X a mediados del siglo XIII, vigente y muy vivo todavía cinco siglos después de su redacción. En 1779 se estimó que podía ser útil poner de nuevo en circulación estas leyes medievales del mismo modo en el que se habían venido imprimiendo desde principios de los siglos modernos, pero las nuevas concepciones ilustradas interfirieron en el plan original y lo modificaron sin lograr alterarlo sustancialmente. Con arreglo a esas ideas ilustradas se puso en marcha en 1794 una nueva empresa editorial que incluía la publicación del Fuero Real, pero la dilación del proceso, culminado en 1836, y las mismas circunstancias históricas en las que hubo de desarrollarse hicieron de nuevo que el resultado no pudiera adecuarse al plan originario.This book studies two publishing processes undertaken in the last decades of the 18th century to reprint the Fuero Real, a book of laws drawn up by Alfonso X in the middle of the 13th century, still in force five centuries after its drafting. In 1779, it was considered that it might be useful to put these medieval laws back into circulation in the same form in which they had been printed since the beginning of the modern centuries, but the new Enlightenment conceptions interfered with the original plan and modified it without substantially altering it. In accordance with these Enlightenment ideas, a new publishing venture was launched in 1794, which included the publication of the Fuero Real, but the delay in the process, which culminated in 1836, and the historical circumstances in which it had to be carried out meant that the result could not be adapted to the original plan
The Art of Cybercrime Community Research
No full textIn the last decade, cybercrime has risen considerably. One key factor is the proliferation of online cybercrime communities, where actors trade products and services, and also learn from each other. Accordingly, understanding the operation and behavior of these communities is of great interest, and they have been explored across multiple disciplines with different, often quite novel, approaches. This survey explores the challenges inherent to the field and the methodological approaches researchers used to understand this space. We note that, in many cases, cybercrime research is more of an art than a science. We highlight the good practices and propose a list of recommendations for future cybercrime community scholars, including taking steps to verify and validate results, establishing privacy and ethical research practices, and mitigating the challenge of ground truth data.This work is supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Unions Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 949127) (for JH and AH), grant TED2021-132170A-I00 from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, funded by MCIN/AEI /10.13039/501100011033, and the European UnionNextGenerationEU/PRTR (for SP). The work is also supported by the National Science Foundation under the Secure and Trustworthy Cyberspace programme (grant No CNS-1936370) (for WL), under grants OAC-2319325 (for SS), DGE-1946537 (for SS), OAC-1917117 (for SS), CNS-2338479 (for SS), and award No 2246220 (for EM
Scatter correction in digital radiography
Get PDFIn the medical field, radiology-based imaging techniques account for 80% of imaging studies in the everyday clinical environment due to the accessibility, low cost and high speed compared to other modalities. X-ray scatter causes a loss of image contrast in planar radiography. The use of antiscatter grids (ASGs) enables the removal of a significant part of the scattered photons reaching the detector, although this comes at the cost of a two- to four-fold increase in the radiation dose delivered. Furthermore, grids are optimized for a specific source-to-detector distance and position, thus hindering their use for other acquisition settings, such as portable radiography.
The introduction of digital radiography has fostered the development of more modern scatter reduction techniques. Scatter correction techniques can be divided into two categories: (1) those based on hardware, using blockers or primary modulation grids; and (2) those based on image processing.
The work of this thesis is framed on a line of research developed by the Biomedical Imaging and Instrumentation Group (BiiG) from the Bioengineering Department of Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, in collaboration with Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, through the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, and SEDECAL, a Spanish medical imaging company that exports medical devices to 130 countries. As part of this research line, a SEDECAL NOVA (heavy-duty X-Ray Tube Overhead Support System) was installed at the university premises, which allows X-ray acquisitions to be carried out with various degrees of freedom. The general objective of this thesis is the research of a novel scatter correction strategy for chest planar radiography to be used in clinical systems, overcoming the necessity of ASGs and some other limitations found for previous methods in literature. To this end, it explores different approaches for scatter correction in digital planar chest radiography, covering the main three strategies: hardware-based methods, post-processing methods, and deep-learning based methods. The proposed method involves the acquisition of two images: a full-field projection of the patient and a partially obstructed projection with a beam stopper. The beam stopper, placed between the source and the patient, is a plate of highly absorbent material with a mesh of cylindrical holes. Provided that the beam stopper material ensures adequate attenuation, the shadow region will contain information for the scattered radiation only. Since the beam stopper blocks the primary radiation from the source, the shadow region contains reduced scatter compared to the full-field projection obtained without the beam stopper. The algorithm calculates and compensates for this reduced scatter and finally subtracts it from the original full-field image. The main advantage of the method is that the correction is based directly on measurements of the scatter component over the entire field-of-view of the acquired patient, making it a suitable option for non-standard positions in portable radiography.
The proposed method was compared with three hardware-based methods, one kernel-based and two deep learning-based methods based on the most representative methods proposed in the literature. Evaluations with simulations and real data both on radiography and tomosynthesis data showed higher contrast resolution both in lungs and spine regions and smaller quantitative error with respect to the ground truth. The proposed hardware-based scatter correction method showed an improvement average around 97%. In the same category Cai et al., Sechopoulos et al., and Yang et al. could not outperform our proposed method following with 70%, 50%, and 18% improvement respectively, with respect to the ground truth. Regarding the kernel-based method, we observed an improvement average of around 60% and finally our deep learning method, it also showed very good results, with an average improvement of around 95%.
These results are being transferred to the industry through the Spanish company SEDECAL.Programa de Doctorado en Ciencia y Tecnología Biomédica por la Universidad Carlos III de MadridPresidenta: María Isabel García Real.- Secretario: Jorge Ripoll Lorenzo.- Vocal: Cristina Santa Marta Pastran