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El derecho sobre la distribución digital: propuesta de régimen jurídico aplicable a las descargas de obras en el ámbito digital
Full text linkMención Internacional en el título de doctor[ES] La evolución de la tecnología y la generalización de Internet han tenido un especial impacto en la legislación en materia de Propiedad Intelectual, el cual se ha reflejado en dos aspectos principales. El primero de ellos, en la posibilidad de que los objetos protegidos por esta legislación se expresen en un formato digital. El segundo de ellos, en la creación de nuevas vías de explotación y de transmisión de estos objetos protegidos. Como resultado de lo anterior, el legislador, mediante una política extensiva, ha tratado de aplicar la legislación existente en materia de Propiedad Intelectual a los nuevos retos planteados. En especial, las transmisiones de objetos protegidos que finalizan mediante una descarga o copia permanente han sido acogidos por el legislador europeo y español bajo el derecho de puesta a disposición, una modalidad del derecho de explotación de comunicación pública. Tanto el derecho de comunicación pública como su modalidad de puesta a disposición se encuentran asociados tradicionalmente a las explotaciones incorporales de objetos protegidos. El resultado obtenido ha sido, en relación con el caso concreto expuesto, insatisfactorio. La razón principal es que esta modalidad de transmisión presenta determinadas características que denotan un encaje inadecuado en el derecho de explotación indicado. Fundamentalmente, debido al hecho de que una vez finaliza el proceso de transmisión el destinatario ha obtenido una copia permanente o descarga del objeto protegido transmitido. Esto le permite disponer de ella de forma similar a como lo haría tras haberla obtenido mediante una distribución física en el mundo analógico. Por lo tanto, en la presente tesis doctoral se analizará la modalidad de transmisión mediante descarga, atendiendo con especial interés a su proceso técnico y a las distintas fases que lo componen, así como al resultado obtenido por el mismo, y que se traduce en una copia permanente o descarga. Asimismo, una vez realizado el mencionado análisis, se estudiará si la aplicación del derecho de puesta a disposición, derecho elegido por los legisladores europeo y español para regular este tipo de transmisiones, es el adecuado. En caso de que no sea así, la presente tesis doctoral estudiará la posibilidad de aplicar el derecho de distribución y su agotamiento, hallando de nuevo determinados elementos que lo desaconsejan. Por último, se propondrá la creación de un nuevo derecho de explotación de Propiedad Intelectual que se adapte a la verdadera naturaleza de esta modalidad de transmisión y que permita al destinatario disfrutar del objeto protegido adquirido conforme a los parámetros que el negocio jurídico presenta: el derecho de distribución digital y su agotamiento digital.[EN] The evolution of technology and the generalization of the Internet have had a special impact on Intellectual Property legislation, which has been reflected in two main aspects. The first of them, in the possibility that the objects protected by this legislation are expressed in a digital format. The second one, in the creation of new ways of exploitation and transmission of these protected objects. As a result of the above, the legislator, by means of an extensive policy, has tried to apply the existing legislation on Intellectual Property to the new challenges posed. In particular, the transmissions of protected objects that end with a download or a permanent copy have been covered by the European and Spanish legislator under the right of making available, a modality of the exploitation right of public communication. Both the right of communication to the public and the making available right are traditionally associated with the incorporeal exploitation of protected objects. The result obtained has been, in relation to the specific case described above, unsatisfactory. The main reason is that this modality of transmission presents certain characteristics that denote an inadequate fit with the exploitation right indicated. Fundamentally, due to the fact that once the transmission process is completed, the recipient has obtained a permanent copy or download of the protected object transmitted. This allows him to dispose of it in a similar way as he would after having obtained it through a physical distribution in the analog world. Therefore, this doctoral thesis will analyze the modality of transmission by downloading, paying special attention to its technical process and the different phases that compose it, as well as the result obtained by it, which is translated into a permanent copy or download. Likewise, once the aforementioned analysis has been carried out, it will be studied whether the application of the right of making available, the right chosen by the European and Spanish legislators to regulate this type of transmissions, is the appropriate one. If this is not the case, this doctoral thesis will study the possibility of applying the right of distribution and its exhaustion, again finding certain elements that advise against it. Finally, it will propose the creation of a new Intellectual Property exploitation right that is adapted to the true nature of this type of transmission and that allows the recipient to enjoy the protected object acquired in accordance with the parameters that the legal business presents: the digital distribution right and its digital exhaustion.Programa de Doctorado en Derecho por la Universidad Carlos III de MadridPresidente: Carlos Fernando Bondía Román.- Secretario: Alfredo Ferrante.- Vocal: Erika Isler Sot
A Python-based flow solver for numerical simulations using an immersed boundary method on single GPUs
Full text linkWe present an efficient implementation for the simulation of three-dimensional, incompressible flow around moving bodies with complex geometries on single GPUs, based on Nvidia CUDA through Numba and Python. The flow is solved in this framework through an implementation of the Immersed Boundary Method tailored for the GPU, where different GPU grid architectures are exploited to optimize the overall performance. By targeting a single-GPU, we eliminate the need for both intra- and inter-node communication, which can potentially introduce overheads. With this approach, all simulation data remains in the GPU¿s global memory at all times. We provide details about the numerical methodology, the implementation of the algorithm in the GPU and the memory management, critical in single-GPU implementations. Additionally, we verify the results comparing with our analogous CPU-based parallel solver and assess satisfactorily the efficiency of the code in terms of the relative computing time of the different operations and the scaling of the CPU code compared to a single GPU case. Overall, our tests show that the single-GPU code is between 34 to 54 times faster than the CPU solver in peak performance (96-128 CPU cores). This speedup mainly comes from the change in the method of solution of the linear systems of equations, while the speedup in sections of the algorithm that are equivalent in the CPU and GPU implementations is more modest (i.e., ×1.6 - 3 speedup in the computation of the non-linear terms). Finally, we showcase the performance of this new GPU implementation in two applications of interest, one for external flows (i.e., bioinspired aerodynamics) and one for internal flows (i.e., cardiovascular flows), demonstrating the strong scaling of the code in two different GPU cards (hardware)
Il potere della società algoritmica e le sue discriminazioni
No full textArtificial intelligence technologies were expected to provide human beings with a new instrument of power over their own vulnerabilities. However, what guarantees are in place when humans risk becoming not just homo creator but homo materia? Furthermore, what safeguards can the law offer against the risks of manipulation when it, too, risks becoming a product or instrument of those who control these new technologies? After analyzing the vulnerabilities introduced by new technologies, this paper examines the characteristics of the emerging algorithmic society, focusing on the law and the role it should play as a tool to counter new forms of algorithmic discrimination arising from various implementations of artificial intelligence
El servicio de atención a domicilio para personas mayores dependientes. Un análisis comparativo entre Madrid y Estocolmo
Full text link[EN] This article analyses the situation of the Home Care Service in the two European cities of Madrid and Stockholm. There are significant differences in the development of this service in these cities which can explained by their diverse welfare models. At the same time, they also show similar trends, such as an ageing population and new demands by the elderly. The text focuses on the evolution of the service in three different dimensions: governance, working conditions and the tendering/monitoring system. The analysis is based on qualitative research, showing the predominant discourses among the key actors involved in the design and provision of the service. The results reveal the urgent need to redefinethis service to respond to the new demands of the elderly as well as the changing regulatory frameworks.[ES] Este artículo analiza la situación del Servicio de Ayuda a Domicilio en dos ciudades europeas: Madrid y Estocolmo. Estas ciudades presentan desarrollos diferentes de este servicio -relacionado con sus diferentes modelos de estados de bienestar- pero tendencias similares en relación con el envejecimiento poblacional y la consideración social de las personas mayores. El trabajo analiza la evolución del sector en tres ámbitos: gobernanza, condiciones de trabajo y sistema de licitación. El análisis se basa en una investigación cualitativa que recoge los discursos de los actores clave en la prestación del servicio. Los resultados reflejan la necesidad de redefinición del actual sistema de servicios de cuidado con objeto de adaptarse a los nuevos escenarios sociales.This study was conducted under the competitive research project, Long-term care models in transition: the articulation of community programs in the public welfare system after Covid-19 (Grant PID2020-114887RB-C33), funded by MCIN/AEI/10.103039/501100011033
An experimental analysis of contagion in financial markets
Full text linkIn an experimental market, we study how information about the dividend of an asset, which is available to some traders, is absorbed in the asset's price when all traders also have access to the prices of another different asset. We consider two treatments: in one, the dividends of the two assets are independent; in the other, the dividend of the own asset correlates positively with the dividend of the other asset. Since there is no aggregate uncertainty in the own market, the other dividend should not affect own prices according to the rational expectations equilibrium. Consistent with a prior information perspective, we find that (a) own prices are increasing in the other dividend if and only if dividends are correlated, and (b) correlated dividends can worsen information dissemination when the own dividend is low, and the other dividend is high. These findings imply that linkages between markets, both via fundamentals and via observability of market prices, can cause financial contagion even if there are corrective market forces at play (superior private information in the own market).We acknowledge financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, research projects PID2019-108079GB-C21 (MINECO/FEDER) and PID2021-122919NB-I00, from the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, grant UIDB/00315/2020, and from the Observatorio Social de "La Caixa", project "Financial markets contagion: An experimental analysis" (2019-2020)
La conceptualización del término info-grafía: una aproximación teórica
Full text linkNo podemos entender la Infografía sin hablar que en esta última mitad de XX y todo el XXI, las imágenes visuales se han convertido en grandes transmisoras de la información, por varios indicadores, entre ellos la falta de hábito de lectura de gran parte de la población sumado a la expansión de imágenes por redes sociales y todo ese ecosistema digital donde los medios intentan buscar un hueco informativo. Es en ese
caso donde la infografía, información acompañada de recursos gráficos, se hace notoria
Aspectos jurídicos del proceso de formación institucional de Brasil (1820-1840): el pacto político de las élites coloniales y el constitucionalismo de autopreservación
Full text linkMención Internacional en el título de doctorEsta tesis doctoral pretende presentar una nueva perspectiva sobre el proceso de formación del Estado brasileño, desde el punto de vista de la historia del derecho, con el objetivo de elucidar cómo el derecho fue instrumentalizado por las élites coloniales brasileñas durante el proceso de formación institucional de la antigua porción americana del reino portugués en las primeras décadas del siglo XIX. Esto lleva a formular la siguiente pregunta: ¿quién habría manejado el derecho durante los procesos de independencia y de formación del Estado brasileño y cómo lo hizo? Y para responder a esta pregunta retórica, se señala en este trabajo una premisa: la de que hubo un evidente dirigismo político durante el proceso de institucionalización de Brasil, dado que este proceso no se manifestó a través de una revolución, con el derrocamiento de una clase dominante y su sustitución por otra, sino a través de un proceso que, a pesar de convivir con diversas insurgencias, fue conducido por una elite ya instalada en Brasil. Por lo tanto, una hipótesis inicial ya es evidente: que ese dirigismo político durante el proceso de institucionalización de Brasil se dio de la mano de la dinastía Bragança -más concretamente, en la figura del Emperador Pedro I- pactada con las elites originarias de la colonia portuguesa en América, especialmente las agrarias. Todo este trabajo de investigación de base jurídica, en general, y legislativa, en particular, tiene como objetivo general esclarecer como el uso del derecho se convirtió en un medio eficaz, no sólo para concertar con las élites, sino también para manifestar lo que aquí se llama un "constitucionalismo de autopreservación", es decir, un constitucionalismo orientado a preservar y profundizar los privilegios de las élites coloniales brasileñas durante el proceso de emancipación institucional de Brasil. Para desarrollar la tesis, se utilizó el método documental-bibliográfico, pero sin dejar de reconocer la multiplicidad de fuentes que sustentan la investigación, se hizo hincapié en la relevancia de los registros escritos, como los registros institucionales de los debates legislativos. La metodología desarrollada consistió, por tanto, en identificar y recopilar la documentación básica a través de las fuentes primarias y secundarias, clasificándolas y organizándolas en las siguientes categorías: fuentes normativas, fuentes documentales, bibliografía y trabajos académicos. En este sentido, es posible identificar la confirmación de las dos subtesis en el desarrollo de este trabajo, siendo la primera la existencia de un pacto político fundacional de las elites coloniales en la construcción del edificio institucional brasileño; y la segunda, la constatación de la instrumentalización del derecho en general por las antiguas elites coloniales, incluso por mecanismos hemeneúticos, como instrumento de mantenimiento y profundización de privilegios, conformando así el llamado constitucionalismo de autopreservación.Programa de Doctorado en Derecho por la Universidad Carlos III de MadridPresidente: Carlos Antonio Garriga Acosta.- Secretaria: Andrea Slemian.- Vocal: Massimo Meccarell
Greek Trade Coalition in Post-Ottoman Istanbul
Full text linkThis paper investigates how ethnic networks shaped trade among Armenian,Greek, Jewish, and Turkish traders in Istanbul after the collapse of the OttomanEmpire. I draw on a novel micro-dataset of 3,777 transactions extracted frombulletins of the Istanbul Commodity Exchange published in December 1928.These sources provide detailed information on commodity type, geographicalorigin, price, quantity, contract type, and the names of buyers and sellers. Incontrast to much of the trade literature that relies on administrative unit-levelethnic or religious shares, the use of transaction-level data enables a more preciseanalysis of the role of ethnic networks in commerce. Building on the theoreticalframeworks developed by Janet T. Landa (1981) and Avner Greif (1989, 1993,2006), I also test how ethnic homophily operated through certain channels. Theempirical findings reveal the existence of a Greek trade coalition in post-OttomanIstanbul: Greek traders were significantly more likely to transact with one anotherand less likely to trade with Armenians, Jews, or Turks. Greek-Greek transactionsare associated with an average increase of approximately 26% in transaction valuein flour trade. The Greek trade coalition appears to have reduced transaction costsfor its members, equivalent to approximately 10% of the seller's profit. Since Icontrol for flour quality, the findings on transaction value and costs are notconfounded by quality-related variation. Moreover, in long-distance tradeinvolving agricultural imports, Greek traders were more likely to trade with one another
An assessment of event-based imaging velocimetry for efficient estimation of low-dimensional coordinates in turbulent flows
No full textThis study explores the potential of neuromorphic Event-Based Vision (EBV) cameras for data-efficient representation of low-order model coordinates in turbulent flows. Unlike conventional imaging systems, EBV cameras asynchronously capture changes in temporal contrast at each pixel, delivering high-frequency output with reduced data bandwidth and enhanced sensitivity, particularly in low-light conditions. Pulsed Event-Based Imaging Velocimetry (EBIV) is assessed against traditional Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) through two synchronized experiments: a submerged water jet and airflow around a square rib in a channel. The assessment includes a detailed comparison of flow statistics and spectral content, alongside an evaluation of reduced-order modeling capabilities using Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD). The event stream from the EBV camera is converted into pseudo-snapshots, from which velocity fields are computed using standard PIV processing techniques. These fields are then compared after interpolation onto a common grid. Modal analysis demonstrates that EBIV can successfully identify dominant flow structures, along with their energy and dynamics, accurately discerning singular values, spatial modes, and temporal modes. While noise contamination primarily affects higher modes ¿ less critical for flow control applications ¿ overall performance remains robust. Additionally, comparisons of Low-Order Reconstruction (LOR) validate EBIV¿s capability to provide reliable reduced-order models of turbulent flows, essential for flow control purposes. These findings position EBV sensors as a promising technology for real-time, imaging-based closed-loop flow control systems.This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 949085, NEXTFLOW ERC StG)
Selective growth of ZnO micro- and nano-structures on fs-laser processed metallic Zn substrates for large area applications
No full textThe synthesis of large area micro- and nano-structured ZnO surfaces has been successfully achieved through a two-step process. It involves the irradiation of Zn metal sheets with femtosecond laser pulses (350 fs at 1030 nm) at high repetition rates (100–500 kHz), and fast scanning speeds (cm/s). Subsequently, the irradiated sheets are thermally treated in an Argon flux at 380 °C, a temperature significantly lower than that typically required for growing micro- and nanostructures in ZnO. Fs-laser irradiation promotes the initial development of topography and the localized oxidation of the metal. This enables the further growth of micro- and nanostructures at preferential sites with good crystalline quality and luminescent properties. Analysis of the material at different processing steps shows that the initial laser-induced oxidation is crucial in defining ZnO growth mechanisms upon thermal treatment, and determining the final properties. We have tested the potential use of these structures as reusable photocalyst. The ease of catalyst recovery in photocatalysis experiments and the degree of degradation achieved may be considered as key performance indicators. Photocatalytic activity tests performed with a Rhodamine B solution showed degradation values up to 43 % over 90 min. The morphology of the samples remains unaltered after photocatalysis experiments.The authors are grateful to MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 for the financial support through grants PID2020–112770RB-C21, PID2019–106631GB-C43 and CPP2022–009910, UCM under project PR3/23–30813, and project S2018/NMT-4411. RA acknowledges the funding from a Marie Skłodowska-Curie Postdoctoral grant (No 101149132)