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Identification of sustainability’s threshold concept(s) among multi-discipline engineering students
Get PDFThis mixed-methods study investigated and validated the sustainability threshold concept among multi-disciplinary engineering students, taking into account students’ perceptions and the impact of the sustainability threshold concept on student understanding of sustainability in their respective disciplines, while employing the constructivism paradigm. Sustainability education faces numerous obstacles, and under these conditions, some disciplines struggle to connect sustainability to their field. This study utilised threshold concept theory and liminality to develop a new model to help connect students’ perception, liminality, sustainability, and key competencies in sustainability education. Three years of data collection in the midst of pandemic led to the development of a questionnaire for 100 students enrolled in a multidisciplinary sustainability course. In addition, a total of 25 participants were interviewed across a variety of disciplines. Findings indicate that there is a correlation between student perceptions and learning about sustainability; more advanced students (fourthyear) viewed sustainability as less relevant than novice students (first-year). Through the development of a novel model based on the threshold concept, this study contributes to a better understanding of students’ perceptions and experiences of sustainability education. This study sheds light on both the opportunities and challenges of teaching sustainability in engineering education. It also emphasises the importance of students’ perspectives in learning about sustainability
Mental Health and Wellbeing for Young People from Intersectional Identity Groups: Inequity for Māori, Pacific, Rainbow Young People, and Those with a Disabling Condition
Get PDF‘Intersectionality’ describes the converging effects of ethnicity, gender, sexuality, disability, and other social group characteristics that influence life experiences. We draw on a representative study of year 9-13 students in Tai Tokerau, Tāmaki Makaurau, and Waikato (Youth19) to explore differences in mental health and wellbeing outcomes for young people from a selection of intersectional identities (Māori, Pasifika, Rainbow, and young people with a Disabling Condition). We found a pervasive pattern of inequity for young people who have intersectional identities compared to those from the majority groups (i.e. Pākehā, non-disabled, cis-heterosexual youth). Intersectional youth had higher levels of inequity and faced a greater array of inequities. There was evidence of an additive effect for some indicators. Thematic analysis of open-text survey responses found the need for positive inclusive environments, and support for all young people, including those at the intersections of identity. Drawing on the findings, we offered several systemslevel policy recommendations, including strategies to improve inclusiveness and reduce discrimination
Flood protection based on historical records is flawed – we need a risk model fit for climate change
Get PDFFlood-related disasters are on the rise, exacerbated by the worsening climate crisis, despite substantial investments in protective measures. Recent extreme weather events have demonstrated that even areas considered relatively safe can be susceptible to flooding. This calls into question the adequacy of our existing flood management strategies.
Historically, flood management has focused heavily on constructing higher levees and expanding drainage systems. While these measures contain water effectively most of the time, they can lead to catastrophic floods when they exceed their original design capacity. Moreover, they operate under the flawed assumption that future flooding can be reliably predicted based on historical flood data. This false sense of security encourages development in flood-prone regions.
The increasing unpredictability of rainfall patterns and intensities due to climate change has rendered these historical design assumptions inadequate. As a result, a significant "residual risk" persists, even after infrastructure improvements and plans for future enhancements.
To illustrate this, consider wearing a seatbelt while driving. The seatbelt reduces harm in the event of an accident but doesn't guarantee complete protection from injury. Now imagine road conditions deteriorating, weather becoming more unpredictable, and traffic volumes increasing. Some might opt not to drive due to the heightened risk, but for those already on the road, it's too late. This parallels how many countries continue to manage floods—often by constructing higher levees or larger drainage systems. However, this incremental development often lacks the strategic investment and infrastructure capacity required to safely manage excess water volumes during failures.
While housing development is essential, current flood risk assessments often neglect both current and future flood risk. Planning controls and additional infrastructure costs are frequently criticized as "red tape," further increasing residual risk. Recent weather-related disasters, such as Cyclone Gabrielle in New Zealand and wildfires in the northern hemisphere, have underscored the need to understand and manage residual risk. However, the recognition and incorporation of residual risk management in planning policies vary from one country to another, with many lacking clear national directives.
In New Zealand, for instance, there is limited national-level guidance on flood risk management. Still, flood risk professionals are increasingly aware of the rising residual flood risk, primarily due to climate change and continued development in flood-prone regions designated as "protected." There is consensus that current flood risk management practices need improvement.
Overcoming these challenges requires acknowledging and managing the growing residual risk linked to climate change. A more informed approach involves implementing robust guidelines against ill-advised development in flood-prone areas unless accompanied by infrastructure investments that reduce residual risk. Resilience-building measures, such as creating "sponge cities" and increasing space for water in flood risk management, are gaining traction. To break the cycle of disaster recovery and financial losses, planning must prioritize residual risk considerations in response to more frequent flooding and inevitable infrastructure failures
Leaf-level coordination principles propagate to the ecosystem scale.
Get PDFFundamental axes of variation in plant traits result from trade-offs between costs and benefits of resource-use strategies at the leaf scale. However, it is unclear whether similar trade-offs propagate to the ecosystem level. Here, we test whether trait correlation patterns predicted by three well-known leaf- and plant-level coordination theories - the leaf economics spectrum, the global spectrum of plant form and function, and the least-cost hypothesis - are also observed between community mean traits and ecosystem processes. We combined ecosystem functional properties from FLUXNET sites, vegetation properties, and community mean plant traits into three corresponding principal component analyses. We find that the leaf economics spectrum (90 sites), the global spectrum of plant form and function (89 sites), and the least-cost hypothesis (82 sites) all propagate at the ecosystem level. However, we also find evidence of additional scale-emergent properties. Evaluating the coordination of ecosystem functional properties may aid the development of more realistic global dynamic vegetation models with critical empirical data, reducing the uncertainty of climate change projections
Māori wards in Tauranga Moana and Aotearoa: Liminal local government democracy
Get PDFThis thesis focuses on Māori representation within the highly contested arena of local government democracy in Aotearoa New Zealand. Limitations of the current Eurocentric model of local government democracy are considered at various spatial scales. Legislative changes to enable councils to establish Māori wards were launched in the early 2000s. Māori wards are defined locations where those on the Māori electoral roll vote for Māori ward candidates, resulting in dedicated Māori representation at elected member level. Until 2021 when the legislation was amended to remove the ability for public referenda to challenge council decisions on establishing Māori wards, however, little change occurred. Since then, 35 councils have established Māori wards for the 2022 local body elections.
The research asks how, and in what ways, do Māori wards decolonise local government and encourage greater Māori representation? To explore this question, the empirical chapters are framed around three key aspects of liminality; the in-between positioning of Māori wards reflecting a time of change; this liminal space being a time where unease and discomfort is experienced by some as Indigenous disparity is addressed; and the threshold positioning of Māori wards as a place of opportunity and creativity, where new ideas and practices may be considered. Geographical concepts of (un)belonging, exclusion and deep colonising reveal challenges for Māori participation at the level of local government decision-making.
The research uses an Indigenous methodological framework, Te Ara Tika, based on a framework of Kaupapa Māori, and developed specifically for non-Māori researchers. Māori wards have been widely debated in the media, particularly at the time of changes to the Māori ward legislation in 2021. Thematic analysis of 122 media representations of the Māori ward debate constitutes part of the empirical evidence. Fourteen individual interviews with local government representatives, including elected Council members from Tauranga Moana and members of Te Rangapū Mana Whenua o Tauranga Moana Partnership, were conducted. Additionally, participant observations took place at three public meetings on Māori wards.
The way the current form of local government representative democracy impacts Māori representation is identified. The research demonstrates how local government continues to act as a tool of colonialism by privileging Western worldviews, institutions, and systems. The research finds that Māori wards are liminal democratic options that are both decolonising and deep colonising. Evidence shows that the liminal space of Māori wards is an opportunity to consider options for a way forward to reimagine local government as a place of belonging underpinned by Te Tiriti o Waitangi and Te Ao Māori principles.
The research builds on decolonisation literatures that seek to unsettle the hegemony of Eurocentric institutions and systems within colonised countries such as Aotearoa. Providing a critical spatial perspective on the intersection of democracy, colonisation and Indigeneity, this thesis advances decolonising geographical knowledges. In particular, this research advances debates about democratic processes, exposing ways in which colonially-based local authority democratic mechanisms contribute to under-representation issues. A reimagined local government allows current hegemonic approaches to be rethought and provides insights for a shift towards genuine decolonising processes
Investigating bioinformatic pipelines for De novo variant identification in New Zealand dairy cattle
Get PDFNew Zealand is the biggest single entity for milk and milk product export in the world and being the country’s main industry, keeping track of bovine mutations allows influence of the national herd’s health and the ability to breed cattle better suited to the current farming and climate needs. With advances in next-generation sequencing of whole genomes, research understanding and tracking germline de novo mutations (DNMs) is attainable. However, current techniques being used to identify and study candidate DNMs are unvetted and experimental. Some of these techniques include bioinformatic software packages such as DenovoCNN, DenovoGear, PedFilter, and RUFUS.
This thesis aimed to investigate and test two of these identification pipelines, DenovoGear and PedFilter using next-generation sequencing data from bovine trios. Output data was generated by writing scripts and extracting data from six trios into Excel workbooks or manual IGV validation of selected candidate DNMs. Of the total 714,393 candidates identified across PedFilter and DenovoGear, only 161 of them were identified by both programs. After Integrative Genomic Viewer validation, 50% of these candidates were deemed to be true positives while only 12% were deemed false positives. Data analysis shows neither technique is 100% accurate and they both should be used with secondary filtering and confirmation of the identified DNM candidates. It was also apparent that the different techniques would be better suited to different study situations. For example, (1) For smaller studies (e.g., 3–15 trios), with limited data available to them, using DenovoGear with a secondary software program for filtering would be best (2) If sufficient samples are available to provide a simulated population data set, PedFilter has higher accuracy than DenovoGear on its own (3) For fast analysis without requiring heavy filtering of the output data use a combination of both PedFilter and DenovoGear.
Lastly, it is clear that further developments and more testing is required in this area of research before a set standard of practice or guidelines can be recommended and implemented. It is suggested to testing DenovoCNN and Rufus or branching out to other packages to trial like SynthDNM, DNMFilter_INDELs or HAPDeNovo
Finding synaptic couplings from a biophysical model of motor evoked potentials after theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation
No full textOBJECTIVE: We aimed to use measured input-output (IO) data to identify the best fitting model for motor evoked potentials. METHODS: We analyzed existing IO data before and after intermittent and continuous theta-burst stimulation (iTBS & cTBS) from a small group of subjects (18 for each). We fitted individual synaptic couplings and sensitivity parameters using variations of a biophysical model. A best performing model was selected and analyzed. RESULTS: cTBS gives a broad reduction in MEPs for amplitudes larger than resting motor threshold (RMT). Close to threshold, iTBS gives strong potentiation. The model captures individual IO curves. There is no change to the population average synaptic weights post TBS but the change in excitatory-to-excitatory synaptic coupling is strongly correlated with the experimental post-TBS response relative to baseline. CONCLUSIONS: The model describes population-averaged and individual IO curves, and their post-TBS change. Variation among individuals is accounted for with variation in synaptic couplings, and variation in sensitivity of neural response to stimulation. SIGNIFICANCE: The best fitting model could be applied more broadly and validation studies could elucidate underlying biophysical meaning of parameters
Combined digestion and bleaching of New Zealand flax /harakeke fibre and its effects on the mechanical, thermal, and dynamic mechanical properties of poly(lactic) acid matrix composites
No full textIn this study, New Zealand flax (harakeke) fibre was initially modified through digestion in an alkali solution followed by bleaching with hydrogen peroxide and sodium silicate with the aim of improving thermal and mechanical performance of its composites, through increased interfacial bonding. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and lignin analysis showed that the combination of bleaching and alkali treatment resulted in a higher cellulose content than digestion alone. Fibre inclusion was found to increase the crystallinity of PLA, likely due to heterogeneous nucleation on the treated fibres, which in turn helped to improve the composite strength. The highest tensile strength, tensile modulus and thermal stability were achieved with the bleached fibre which is believed to be due to better fibre distribution and stronger interfacial interaction. This was supported by the adhesion factor and effectiveness coefficient calculated using the data obtained from dynamic mechanical analysis
Electrical performance of current commercial supercapacitors and their future applications
No full textFrom the first patent of supercapacitors, the industry has experienced the commercialization of supercapacitors happening rapidly after the year 2000. Within the last 5 years, the electronics industry has gained access to at least four different types of commercially available supercapacitor families, namely, electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLCs), hybrid supercapacitors, battery capacitors and pseudo capacitors. Over the same period after year 2000, there has been huge developments in the electrochemistry of supercapacitors based on new materials such as graphene and mechanisms such as tailoring pore sizes for electrolyte ion exchange to increase volumetric energy density. This paper compares the characteristics of three different types of supercapacitors for large energy applications and how supercapacitors can be useful in future DC-DC converters in renewable and micro-grid applications
Impact and significance of human factors in digital information security
No full textIn this paper, we present a study on the impact and significance of human factors in digital information security. The study focuses on digital data breaches and seeks to find out how human factors within the context of data breaches in cyberspace impact information security. Data breach in cyberspace is a major privacy and security concern that affects the integrity of information security, and thus the underlying reasons for such data breaches demand investigation. An incident of data breach may occur due to several reasons. The root cause for a data breach may yield either from technological or human factors, or both. While technological factors are mostly predictable, human factors may not be. Besides, human factors are dynamic and cannot be fully quantified. This opens the opportunity for an attacker to compromise systems by exploiting human factors. The presented study seeks to find the extent to which human factors are contributors for data breaches. Analyses on 101 real life incidents of data breaches are carried out, and the reasons behind those breaches are explored to understand the implications of human factors in these breaches