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Volcanic ash beds in the Waikato district
No full textThis report lies somewhere between the "pathfinder" variety and the completed account for the reason that the results of detailed mapping and identification are still being prepared for publication. For the younger beds less than 36,000 years we now know both the source and the distribution, but for the older ashes commonly referred to as the Hamilton ash, sources are unknown and a knowledge of distribution restricted to the Waikato district. The principal source is the Okataina volcanic centre with Taupo as a subsidiary (Healy, 1964; Thompson, 1964 :44), and on this information, current mapping into the Waikato district proceeds from the east.
Under the circumstances of partly completed work it seems prudent to discuss relevant ash beds already known (Vucetich and Pullar, 1963:65-6; 1964:45-6) to introduce briefly current work by the same authors and by W. T. Ward, and then to relate all of this to previous work portrayed in a soil-forming ash shower map by Taylor (1953)
The climate of the Waikato Basin
No full textThe topography of the Waikato Valley and its position in relation to the large-scale weather system give it warm humid summers, mild winters and a moderate rainfall with a winter maximum.
Some typical meteorological situations affecting the valley are described and the individual climatic elements are considered in detail
A systems approach to the description and interpretation of the landsurface of the northern half of the North Island, New Zealand
No full textThe paper examines a framework of approach within which landsurface analysis may be undertaken in the humid-temperate northern half of the North Island, New Zealand; an area exhibiting a wide range of lithologies and surface cover, with evidence of recent and current tectonic and volcanic activity, and undergoing active geomorphic processes'. The largely theoretical formulations of W. M. Davis, W. Penck and L. C. King are considered briefly and are rejected on both theoretical and practical grounds. General systems theory encompasses certain concepts and systems properties which have been applied by a number of geomorphologists. The open system property of dynamic equilibrium is examined, and is found to be inapplicable to the total landsurface of this region. The concepts of environment and sub-system are introduced and their relevance to the region illustrated by a physical hillslope model. Dynamic equilibrium is considered to be a possible state of certain hillslope sub-systems. Construction of a mathematical model to describe the total landsurface or the entire hillslope system is not feasible until hillslope sub-systems have been analysed. The form of a linear regression model applicable to hillslope sub-systems is introduced, and it is suggested that the pattern of the residuals from regression may be used as a statistical technique to assist in identifying .significant system boundary conditions, and to provide a quantitative indication of the influence of historical factors
Notes on the hydrology of the Waikato River
No full textThe catchment area of the Waikato River is 5,500 square miles. If its source is accepted as being the Upper Waikato, then its distance to the sea at Port Waikato including its journey through Lake Taupo is 266 miles. It rises, together with the Whangaehu, the Rangitikei and the Wanganui, between the volcanic region of Ruapehu 9,000 ft. above sea level and the Kaimanawa Ranges 5,000 ft. above sea level.
The river flows northwards for 34 miles into Lake Taupo, losing its identity into the Tongariro for the last 26 miles to the lake. It emerges from Lake Taupo resuming its proper name and, still flowing northwards, passes for more than 100 miles through a series of lakes formed by hydroelectric dams to Cambridge. From here it continues through a deeply incised channel to Ngaruawahia where it is joined by its major tributary, the Waipa River. From Ngaruawahia to the mouth, a distance of 60 miles, shallow lakes and peat swamps predominate on both sides of the river, many of them protected and drained and developed into rich dairy farms. From Mercer, 35 miles downstream of Ngaruawahia, where slight tidal effects are discernable at low flows, the river changes its general northerly direction to a westerly one and, still 9 miles from the mouth, enters the delta. Here it is fragmented into many channels before emptying into the broad expanse of Maioro Bay and finally emerges by two fairly narrow channels into the sea on the west coast, 25 miles south of Manukau Heads
Editorial
No full textThe production of yet another new journal requires some explanation although there need be no apology. The Earth Science Journal is intended to answer the need, caused by increasing specialisation by other journals, for a place in which to publish articles and research reports which are of wide interest to earth scientists, and which cross the boundaries of the traditional disciplines. To this end contributions of reports on research, essays, notes and letters will be welcomed from geologists, geomorphologists, pedologists, climatologists, oceanographers, ecologists and physical geographers
The alleged absence of ubiquinone from elasmobranchs
No full textIt has recently been suggested (Diplock & Haslewood, 1964) that certain lower vertebrates such as elasmobranchs and crocodylians are lacking in ubiquinone. Also, in a study of the lesser-spotted dogfish (Scyliorhinus caniculus) (Class Elasmobranchii, Order Selachii) Diplock & Haslewood (1965) were unable to demonstrate the biosynthesisof ubiquinone. In view of the fact that in all other vertebrate species so far examined the presence of ubiquinone is well authenticated (Crane, 1965), including in such a closely related animal as the shark (Nazir & Magar, 1964), these results seemed somewhat surprising. However, in view of these findings it seemed that a study of the respiratory enzyme systems of these organisms might be worth while. As a preliminary to this work an investigation on the alleged absence of ubiquinone from elasmobranch tissues was carried out
Māori medical student and physician exposure to racism, discrimination, harassment, and bullying
No full textIMPORTANCE: Discrimination, bullying, and harassment in medicine have been reported internationally, but exposures for Indigenous medical students and physicians, and for racism
specifically, remain less examined.
OBJECTIVE: To examine the prevalence of racism, discrimination, bullying, and harassment for Māori medical students and physicians in New Zealand and associations with demographic and clinical
characteristics.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cross-sectional study used data from an anonymous national survey of Māori medical students and physicians in New Zealand in late 2021 and early 2022.
Data were analyzed from March 2022 to April 2024.
EXPOSURES: Age, gender, marginalized status (ie, in addition to being Māori, belonging to other groups traditionally marginalized or underrepresented in medicine), year of medical school, year of
graduation, and main work role.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Direct and witnessed racism, discrimination, bullying, and harassment were measured as any experience in the last year and ever. Any exposure to negative
comments about social groups and witnessing discriminatory treatment toward Māori patients or whānau (extended family). Considering leaving medicine, including because of mistreatment, was
measured.
RESULTS: Overall, 205 Māori medical students (median [IQR] age, 23.1 [21.6-24.3] years; 137 [67.2%] women) and 200 physicians (median [IQR] age, 36.6 [30.1-45.3] years; 123 [62.8%] women)
responded. Direct and witnessed exposure to racism (184 students [91.5%]; 176 physicians [90.7%]) and discrimination (176 students [85.9%]; 179 physicians [89.5%]) ever in medical education,
training, or work environments was common. Ever exposure to witnessed and direct bullying (123 students [66.5%]; 150 physicians [89.3%]) and harassment (73 students [39.5%]; 112 physicians
[66.7%]) was also common. Most respondents reported witnessing Māori patients or their whānau being treated badly in clinical settings, in direct interactions (67 students [57.8%]; 112 physicians
[58.9%]) or behind their backs (87 students [75.0%]; 138 physicians [72.6%]). One-quarter of Māori medical students (45 students), and 37.0%of physicians (61 physicians) had considered leaving or taken a break from medicine because of these experiences. Additional marginalized statuses were significantly associated with any direct experience of mistreatment in the last year for students and physicians. Exposure to some forms of mistreatment were also significantly associated with higher likelihood of thinking about leaving or taking a break from medicine for physicians.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this study, Māori medical students and physicians reported high exposure to multiple forms of racism, discrimination, bullying, and harassment in medical
education, training, and work environments, requiring an urgent response from medical institutions
Seismic geomorphology of shallow-water lacustrine deltas in the Paleocene Huanghua Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, eastern China
Full text linkThe most important sedimentary facies comprising shallow-water lacustrine deltas are distributary channels, and these form abundant ribbon-shaped sand bodies that are excellent petroleum reservoirs. However, distributary channel sandstones are notoriously difficult to correlate and characterize in the subsurface based on well data alone. Here, we show how seismic geomorphology can be used to map lacustrine deltaic sedimentary successions in the First Member of the Kongdian Formation within the Zilaitun Oilfield, Huanghua Depression (China). Using core and wireline logs, this study identified distributary channels as the dominant sedimentary facies. Together with mottled gray-green or maroon mudstones and locally shingled progradational seismic reflection architecture, this indicates that deltas were built in a weakly-oxidized shallow-water lacustrine environment. Next, core observations were linked to seismic data to produce a successive series of stratal slices and root mean square amplitude attribute (RMSAA) maps. The RMSAA maps allowed distributary channel, mouth bar, and beach bar facies to be identified and mapped across the study area. Two patterns of distributary channels emerged from the data: (1) a distributive pattern with a lower concentration of distributary channels; and, (2) an anastomosing deltaic pattern with a high concentration of bifurcated distributary channels. Based on the seismic geomorphological analysis we show that the succession records three phases of delta evolution - retrogradation, aggradation, and progradation - which combine to form 3rd-order sequences. From a petroleum reservoir point of view, the distributive pattern yields narrower, thicker, and less connected sand bodies than the anastomosing pattern. This is consistent with observations from modern shallow-water lacustrine delta systems, providing independent support for the interpretation and highlighting the effectiveness of using seismic geomorphology