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Decolonising Midwifery Education in Aotearoa: A Case Study Approach
Get PDFThe bicultural nature of Aotearoa (New Zealand) creates a strong foundation for the unique environment that supports the weaving of indigenous knowledge throughout midwifery education, and in turn creating a platform for decolonisation. Te Tiriti o Waitangi/ The Treaty of Waitangi serves to inform the direction that midwifery education and midwifery practice must take by underpinning these frameworks.
The revised midwifery curriculum and reaccreditation that supported the immersion of Indigenous knowledge throughout the midwifery degree at Wintec is currently in its fifth year. It was identified that there needed to be a more explicit focus of cultural safety and responsiveness, therefore in support of this Mātauranga Māori (Māori knowledge) was carefully embedded and linked to learning outcomes. This is in direct support of Te Tiriti o Waitangi and a move towards a Te Tiriti honouring programme. Topics that relate to tikanga Māori (customs), Te Ao Māori (Māori worldview) and Te Reo Māori (language) are respectfully taught, providing opportunities for understanding and growing competencies for midwifery tauira.
Understanding colonisation in its global context alongside its role in the history of Aotearoa supported by Te Tiriti o Waitangi knowledge, is vital in the process of decolonisation. Tauira are encouraged to explore and reflect on these factors throughout their degree, supporting their growing cultural safety and awareness of relationships. An anti-racism workshop in the final year of the degree adds another layer to the work of decolonisation and equips tauira with tools to be active in their allyship.
This personal and curricula journey empowers tauira to become culturally safe and responsive midwives, positively impacting the health of whānau Māori.
Through a case study approach the effectiveness of the interweaving of indigenous knowledge, Te Tiriti o Waitangi and Anti-Racism praxis will be explored, with the purpose of unpacking the learnings as a tool for social transformation within the process of decolonisation.
These changes promote the professional development of educators and the empowerment of tauira to uphold Indigenous rights, while providing care in partnership that is respectful. Decolonising Midwifery Education in Aotearoa: A Case Study approach’ will be explored and unpacked
Retention of User Edits in Content Analysis Output Combination and its Utilisation in Digital Repositories
Get PDFThis thesis investigates how repeated applications of content analysis algorithms applied to a document corpus can be incorporated with human corrections in such a way that the corrections are not erased should the corpus be re-processed. Diarisation (who speaks when) is the focal content analysis type, however the edit-aware concepts apply to other areas such as OCR and Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR). As a means for experimentation, an enriched audio player is built to provide the ability to visualise diarisation data. This web tool is further developed to allow for the editing of speaker region bounds and speaker names, the locking of corrected regions, and the comparison between two diarisation outputs. Sequence merging and region conflict concepts are also explored and implemented. The audio tool is integrated into the Greenstone Digital Library Software, which is used as an example digital library framework. The concepts explored are outlined in a way that allows the strategies to be transferable to alternative content analysis systems or digital libraries
Extracting remotely sensed water quality parameters from shallow intertidal estuaries
Get PDFSentinel-2 imagery is potentially ideal for providing a rapid assessment of the ecological condition of estuarine water due to its high temporal and spatial resolution and coverage. However, for optically shallow waters, the problem of isolating the effect of seabed reflectance from the influence of water properties makes it difficult to use the observed surface reflectance to monitor water quality. In this study, we adopt a methodology based on Lyzenga’s model to estimate water quality properties such as the dominant wavelength and diffuse attenuation coefficient (Kd) of shallow estuarine waters. Lyzenga models the observed reflectance (R) using four parameters: total water depth (z), sea-bed reflectance (Rb), water reflectance (Rw) and Kd. If Rb is known a priori and multiple observations of R are available from different total water depths, we show that Lyzenga’s model can be used to estimate the values of the remaining two parameters, Kd and Rw. Observations of R from different water depths can either be taken from the same image at different proximal locations in the estuary (“spatial method”) or from the same pixel observed at different tidal stages (“temporal method”), both assuming homogeneous seabed and water reflectance properties. Tests in our case study estuary show that Kd and Rw can be estimated at water depths less than 6.4 m. We also show that the proximity restriction for the reflectance correction with the temporal method limits outcomes to monthly or seasonal resolution, and the correction with the spatial method performs best at a spatial resolution of 60 m. The Kd extracted from the blue band correlates well with the observed Kd for photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) (r2 = 0.66) (although the relationship is likely to be estuary-specific). The methodology provides a foundation for future work assessing rates of primary production in shallow estuaries on large scales
Seismically-induced down-sagging structures in tephra layers (tephra-seismites) preserved in lakes since 17.5 cal ka, Hamilton lowlands, New Zealand
No full textWe analysed numerous soft-sediment deformation structures (SSDSs) identified in seven unconsolidated, up to 8-cmthick, siliceous tephra layers that had been deposited in ~35 riverine-phytogenic lakeswithin the Hamilton lowlands, northern North Island, New Zealand, since 17.5 calendar (cal) ka BP. Based on sediment/tephra descriptions and X-ray computed tomography scanning of cores taken from ten lakes, we classified these SSDSs into elongated load structures (i.e., down-sagging structures) of different dimensions, ranging from millimetre- to decimetre-scale and centimetre-long dykes. Down-sagging structures were commonly manifested as intrusions of internal tephra beds of very fine to medium sand into underlying organic lake sediments.
The tephra layers commonly exhibited an upper silt bed, which was not directly affected by deformation. Dry bulk density and grain size distribution analyses of both the organic lake sediment and the internal tephra beds provided evidence for the deformation mechanism of down-sagging structures and their driving force:
the organic lake sediment and the upper silt bed are less liquefiable, whereas the very fine to medium sand internal tephra beds are liquefiable. The tephra layers and encapsulating organic lake sediments formed three layer (a–b–a) density systems, where ‘a’ denotes the sediment unit of lower density. We infer that downward directed deformation was favoured by the a–b–a density system with the upper, less-liquefiable, silt bed within the tephra layer preventing upward intrusion during the liquefaction process. The spatial distribution and ages of SSDSs within the lakes provided some evidence that liquefaction of the older tephra layers, i.e., Rerewhakaaitu, Rotorua, and Waiohau tephras, deposited 17.5, 15.6, and 14 cal ka BP, respectively, was triggered by a seismic source to the northeast of the Hamilton lowlands (i.e., Kerepehi and/or Te Puninga faults). In contrast, the liquefaction of the younger tephra layers, i.e., Opepe, Mamaku, and Tuhua tephras, deposited 10.0, 8.0, and 7.6 cal ka BP, respectively, may have been triggered by movement on local faults within the Hamilton lowlands, namely the Hamilton Basin faults, or by distant faulting at the Hikurangi subduction margin east of North Island
Ultimate pH and storage related changes to sheepmeat odour and flavour
Get PDFMissing appendix FGas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), gas chromatography/olfactometry and a trained sensory panel were used to study the effects of meat ultimate pH on the odour and flavour of cooked sheepmeat. As part of methods development, supercritical carbon dioxide elution was evaluated as an alternative to thermal desorption of volatile compounds from Tenax-T A traps, but this technique did not offer any significant advantage. In a separate study, the sensory panel and an emerging technology, an electronic nose, were used to investigate the changes in cooked meat odour and flavour arising from long term storage of chilled lamb legs in a carbon dioxide atmosphere.
Pre-slaughter injection of adrenalin was used to produce sheepmeats of normal (5.66), moderate (6.26) and high (6.81) ultimate pH. Meat with a moderate or high ultimate pH had a significantly lower overall cooking odour and flavour intensity, as assessed by the sensory pane, than sheepmeat of a more acceptable pH (5.66). Panellists also found that desirable odour and flavour notes decreased and undesirable ones increased as ultimate pH increased. Purge-and-trap GC/MS of fat rendered during cooking identified 57 (out of a total of 325) volatile compounds that significantly decreased in concentration with increasing meat pH. The most common of these compounds were aldehydes. GC/olfactometry identified 54 odour-active compounds, 10 of which were also found to be responsive to changes in meat ultimate pH. Most of these compounds were again aldehydes.
High ultimate pH raw meat which was titrated with hydrochloric acid to pH levels close to that of low ultimate pH had odour and flavour intensities comparable to those of normal (low) ultimate pH meat. Most of the volatile compounds found by GC/MS analysis to decrease in concentration with increasing ultimate pH did not have a reduced concentration after this downward pH adjustment. These results and parallel analyses of soluble protein, free amino acids and free fatty acids led to the conclusion that pH-related changes in the odour and flavour of cooked sheepmeat are probably mediated by direct pH effects during the cooking process, rather than by a pH-related development of odour and flavour precursors in raw meat before cooking begins.
Meat pH values of lamb legs increased significantly between 4 and 14 weeks storage in the CO₂ aging. Sensory panellist found there were significant storage time effects in “overall”, “sheepmeat”, and “sweet” odours of cooked meat. Panellists also detected a significant decrease in “sweet” and “roasty” flavours in the CO₂-packed lamb legs stored at -1.5°C compared with vacuum packed controls stored frozen (-35°C). Of particular concern, after 14 weeks chilled storage in CO₂, the intensity of a “livery/offaly” flavour was significantly higher than for the frozen-stored control.
The electronic nose could detect differences in headspace volatiles of both raw and cooked minces from meat subjected to the different storage treatments. The results suggest that, under these experimental conditions, the electronic nose was more discerning and possibly gave more reproducible results than sensory panellists. What relationship the electronic nose’s measurements have to human perception of odour has yet to be determined.
The multidisciplinary approach used in this thesis has helped to explain some of the variations in meat flavour quality important to the New Zealand meat industry
Gender and Climate Change vulnerability: A Case Study of a Coastal Community in Pramuka Island, the Seribu Islands
Get PDFClimate change poses a significant threat to people’s lives and livelihoods around the globe, and communities of small low-lying islands of the developing world are especially vulnerable. As a growing scholarship demonstrates, the impacts of climate change on people’s lives vary along gender lines, among other factors. Thus, understanding the gendered implications of climate change risks and impacts is essential to inform policies that are responsive to the needs of vulnerable groups. This chapter explores the implications of climate change impacts for the lives of women and men on a small and vulnerable coastal community on Pramuka Island, a part of the group of Seribu Islands, Jakarta, Indonesia. The study examines how changes in women’s and men’s employment, income, and time management reflect the ways in which environmental changes, including climate change, shape the everyday lived experiences of vulnerable local communities of small islands
Evaluating health promotion: the strategic evaluation framework
Get PDFMissing appendix 2 and 3The objective of this study was to produce a framework for evaluating health promotion that is both practical and theoretically defensible. There were six steps in developing this framework. First, the evaluation and health promotion literature was examined for lessons relevant to health promotion evaluation. Second, the author was involved as an evaluation researcher in a series of health promotion projects (five of which are reported here). Third, key practical, methodological, political and theoretical issues arising from these evaluation projects were identified and addressed. Fourth, taking these issues into account, an initial framework for health promotion evaluation was developed. Fifth, the framework was exposed to health promotion practitioners at a series of workshops run by the author and colleagues. Sixth, the strategic evaluation approach was further refined in the light of the Author’s continuing involvement in health promotion evaluation practice. Six elements make up the resulting Strategic Evaluation Framework for Health Promotion: a checklist for health promotion programme planning and evaluation; a matrix of health promotion strategies; a schema for health promotion programme objective setting; a set of criteria for selecting the type and level of evaluation for different projects within an overall programme; a model of where health promotion strategic evaluation fits within the social problem cycle; and lastly a strategic approach to determining priority health promotion evaluation research methods. Together, these address key issues which need to be dealt with in health promotion evaluation. Based on the belief that evaluation decisions should be strategically driven, this approach is particularly relevant in health promotion areas where issues are strongly contested by powerful stakeholders. This decision as to what and how to evaluate comes from examining the strategic priorities of the sector in which the programme is located. This is in contrast to more generalised calls for programme evaluation which demand similar evaluation types for all health promotion programmes regardless of the current strategic needs of the sector
"The milk of human kindness?": Responding to precarity and hunger with the private sector and a return to charity
Get PDFThis research investigated the phenomenon of free school milk in Aotearoa New Zealand as an exemplar for broader shifts in understandings of poverty and hunger, responsibility and citizenship. The provision of free milk to school children has occurred in two distinct periods in the history of Aotearoa New Zealand. The first school milk initiative was introduced in 1937 to bolster childhood nutrition after the deprivations of the Great Depression, as part of the formation of the welfare state. This first free milk scheme lasted until 1967. The re-introduction of school milk nationally in 2013 occurred amidst public concerns about growing numbers of hungry children in schools and the consequent proliferation of ad hoc food in schools schemes.
The theoretical framework of community psychology provides a broad framework for an interdisciplinary project that contextualises the material and symbolic object of school milk. The everyday lifeworlds of those experiencing hardship was part of this investigation, both historically and in the present period. Narrative psychology methods were applied to the collection and analysis of empirical materials that relate to hunger and responses to hunger in the 1930s, and the 2000s. A narrative approach provided continuity across three categories of empirical materials, incorporating an historical analysis; a contemporary media and policy analysis; and extended semi-structured interviews with parents feeding their families on low incomes. The analysis incorporated complexity and identified structures of feeling, which are tacit but knowable sets of historically and culturally constructed understandings that shape responses to hungry children and their parents.
This investigation found that approaches to hungry children and families around the period that school milk was re-introduced in 2013 were situated within neoliberal narratives that emphasised children in schools as targets for compassion without acknowledgement of the historical, social, political and economic context for contemporary food insecurity. A dominant settler context that values self-reliance and aspiration in a presumed land of plenty shapes persistent notions of the ‘deserving and undeserving poor’. Diversified non-state responses to hunger and increased targeting in the contemporary period reflect historical assumptions that are further amplified within the neoliberal characterisations of ‘welfare dependent’ parents. Neoliberal narratives also build and sustain the notion that the market can provide the appropriate solution to hunger in schools. My research found that although both the 1937 and 2013 schemes occurred in contexts of poverty and hunger, there are important differences between the two schemes. During the 1930s, milk in schools formed part of a society-wide effort to reduce the harms of poverty for families and their children. In contrast, the promotion of school milk in 2013 avoided connection to either poverty or parents, treating schools as spaces carved out for commercial interests. In rendering parents and whānau invisible, and prioritising the child as a future consumer, milk in schools reflects the position of many contemporary responses to hungry children. What is distinctive about school milk in Aotearoa New Zealand is its symbolically important role in drawing attention away from contemporary precarity and towards a nostalgic imagined past.
The use of mobile technology apps when teaching and learning geometry in Sri Lankan secondary schools
Get PDFIn the last decade, there has been rapid development of digital technologies (DT), and their adoption in mathematics education has been widely discussed in the research literature. The Sri Lankan curriculum stipulates the use of digital technologies in learning, but the practice differs among most teachers. The purpose of this study was to explore different perspectives surrounding the use of mobile technology applications (apps) by pre-service mathematics teachers with a focus on the pedagogical approaches used when teaching geometry to year ten students in Sri Lanka. The interpretive paradigm was selected as the most appropriate philosophical basis and paradigm for underpinning the study. It enables the interpretation of the identification of any pattern, permits insights into the pre-service teachers’ beliefs and knowledge, and outlines the research setting (block-teaching) of GeoGebra being used for teaching and learning (social processes). Pre-service teachers’ knowledge about the use of GeoGebra for teaching and learning geometry was analysed with the technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) framework.
This study followed the mixed method approach. Two case studies were conducted in two teacher education institutes (TEIs) in Sri Lanka to examine pre-service teachers’ beliefs and knowledge of the use of apps in geometry after their block-teaching experience. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used for the data collection. Two case studies conducted with the survey questionnaire were followed by semi-structured focus group interviews with pre-service teachers and individual interviews with teacher educators. The purposive sample of 163 pre-service mathematics teachers and eight mathematics teacher educators from pre-service TEIs in Sri Lanka participated in the study. Findings have revealed that pre-service teachers not only need an understanding of geometry for GeoGebra, but their beliefs about DT and their geometry content knowledge have played crucial roles as they influence both their interpretation and engagement. The study proposes four ways that apps can influence mathematics pre-service teachers’ perspectives. Namely, pedagogical (which focuses on teaching and learning geometry); technological (the affordances of GeoGebra and features of the dynamic geometry environment (DGE) relevant to the curricula); epistemological (understanding about GeoGebra for the development of geometrical concepts); and political (which considers context, including policy, social, and cultural settings). These aspects were identified as being relevant to the use of apps in the selected geometry content during the block-teaching practices. Findings from this study also suggested that it may contribute to the literature in the field by the identification and consideration of metacognitive technological pedagogical content knowledge (M-TPACK) relevant to the selected geometry concepts
Biogeography and Genetic Diversity of Terrestrial Mites in the Ross Sea Region, Antarctica
Get PDFFree-living terrestrial mites (Acari) have persisted through numerous glacial cycles in Antarctica. Very little is known, however, of their genetic diversity and distribution, particularly within the Ross Sea region. To redress this gap, we sampled mites throughout the Ross Sea region, East Antarctica, including Victoria Land and the Queen Maud Mountains (QMM), covering a latitudinal range of 72–85 °S, as well as Lauft Island near Mt. Siple (73 °S) in West Antarctica and Macquarie Island (54oS) in the sub-Antarctic. We assessed genetic diversity using mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene sequences (COI-5P DNA barcode region), and also morphologically identified voucher specimens. We obtained 130 sequences representing four genera: Nanorchestes (n = 30 sequences), Stereotydeus (n = 46), Coccorhagidia (n = 18) and Eupodes (n = 36). Tree-based analyses (maximum likelihood) revealed 13 genetic clusters, representing as many as 23 putative species indicated by barcode index numbers (BINs) from the Barcode of Life Datasystems (BOLD) database. We found evidence for geographically-isolated cryptic species, e.g., within Stereotydeus belli and S. punctatus, as well as unique genetic groups occurring in sympatry (e.g., Nanorchestes spp. in QMM). Collectively, these data confirm high genetic divergence as a consequence of geographic isolation over evolutionary timescales. From a conservation perspective, additional targeted sampling of understudied areas in the Ross Sea region should be prioritised, as further diversity is likely to be found in these short-range endemic mites