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Bitcoin forks: What drives the branches?
No full textDespite frequent Blockchain splits stemming from Bitcoin, few studies have examined the determinants of Bitcoin fork returns. In this paper, we investigate the relationships between the returns of Bitcoin forks and a range of common risk factors, including Bitcoin, currency, network and equity-based factors. From a statistical perspective, we find consistent and significant associations between fork returns, their Bitcoin counterparts, and equity markets. Other common factors, such as the equity small-minus-big factor and changes in the Japanese Yen, are found to have occasional links with fork returns. From an economic perspective, Bitcoin returns are the predominant driver of fork returns, accounting for essentially all of the explained variation. These findings are confirmed using orthogonalised common factors and with an alternative methodology, quantile regression. This research broadens our understanding of Bitcoin forks, indicating that a change in blockchain protocol is insufficient to sever links with the Bitcoin parent
Using convolutional neural networks to value game positions in professional basketball
Get PDFMany professional sports are currently midway through their own “Data Revolutions”, with advances in analytics being driven by the intense competition for even the most minor advantages, although typically being focused on offensive actions within a game, rather than statistics or metrics pertaining to a player’s defensive abilities.
A significant portion of defensive duties is positioning one’s self to prevent opponent actions from occurring at all, and often defensive actions such as tackles or steals are indicative of defensive mistakes rather than an example of good defending.
In other areas, Deep Learning models have shown an uncanny ability to identify trends and perform tasks typically considered too complex for software, and better left to humans. Various Deep Learning models have been designed and developed to estimate the value of positions in multiple sports, and shown to be very promising.
This thesis attempts to contribute to this by investigating the use of Convolutional Neural Networks to estimate the value of basketball possessions. The model predicts both the terminal actions and the expected value of a possession, and achieves good results relative to the closest published literature in similar tests.
Finally, we show how such a model may be utilised to produce metrics describing a player’s positioning ability as a potential tool for player scouting or coaching
An interface of mātauranga Māori and archaeology to generate a whakapapa of pā tawhito
Get PDFMātauranga Māori (Māori knowledge, epistemology) is foundational to iwi-Māori pasts and is essential to generating new knowledge about those pasts. Archaeology (the study of the physical remains of past human activity) is also an invaluable tool in understanding human history in Aotearoa New Zealand. Few studies have explored an interface between the two forms of knowledge, yet such an approach has great potential to develop new insights about the past that are relevant to descendants today.
This thesis explores an interface between mātauranga Māori and archaeology to develop a whakapapa (relational genealogical framework) of the development of pā with a case study in Waikato. The word “pā” can refer to any tangata whenua (Indigenous people of the land, i.e., local Māori) settlement or village, but commonly refers to fortified forms, including villages, food stores and places of refuge. Many pā tawhito (historically occupied pā) have physical evidence that may simultaneously enhance descendant identity and well-being through ancestral connections and be a source of potential archaeological information. Researchers have recorded over seven thousand pā across the country (on the New Zealand Archaeological Association’s ArchSite database) at a much higher density than similar fortifications elsewhere in Oceania. Despite this proliferation, only limited and imprecise archaeological findings demonstrate when tangata whenua began constructing pā in their fortified form. We also do not sufficiently understand pā construction sequences through space and time.
This thesis is part of a broader Marsden-funded research project named ‘Rua Mātītī Rua Mātātā: A multidisciplinary investigation into the spatial-temporal role of pā in the development of Māori culture’. This project aimed to create a regional history of Waikato pā at the interface of archaeological science and mātauranga Māori. One side of the project included archaeological surveys and excavations in partnership with Waikato, Ngāti Apakura and Ngāti Maniapoto marae. This thesis focuses on the mātauranga Māori associated with pā in these areas and the broader Waikato region, and how tangata whenua and researchers may theoretically interface that information with archaeological knowledge.
The thesis has five research questions – each targeting a different facet of the whakapapa of pā in Waikato: (1) Why do kōrero (oral histories) include pā? (2) To what extent can we relate calendar years to whakapapa (tribal genealogies)? (3) When did warfare and pā construction develop in Waikato based on whakapapa? (4) Why did warfare and pā construction in Waikato develop at these times? (5) How do descendants relate to pā today?
Mixed methods included a thematic analysis of kōrero about pā and pakanga (warfare) from unpublished reo Māori (Māori language) manuscripts, Māori Land Court records, published sources and research interviews; the application of a Chronological Network Analysis (CNA) using ChronoLog software to relate whakapapa to calendar years; and a qualitative thematic analysis of research interviews with several Tainui descendants.
The review of textual information identified previously unrecognised primary reo Māori written texts for the vast majority of published twentieth-century Tainui kōrero authorities. Identifying these commonly uncited sources is a considerable contribution for future historians. Using a functionalist analysis of these sources, I argue that kōrero refer to pā as both real historical places and symbols of mana hapū (authority in collectives of extended families) in areas of land, their depth and breadth of occupation, socio-political changes and the strength of a community. Relating calendar years to whakapapa demands a historicisation of those structures, which is possible if one accepts the postmodern perspective that neither archaeology nor kōrero tuku iho (intergenerational oral histories) generate empirical or objectively true histories. Nonetheless, pursuing new and comprehensive understandings of the past is valuable.
A CNA model generated a 40-year median birthdate estimate span for over one thousand individuals born during the thirteenth to nineteenth centuries. Based on this whakapapa structure, kōrero pakanga (warfare histories) up until the battle of Mātakitaki in 1822 had five periods of higher frequency: 1420–1540, 1550–1580, 1600–1640, 1690–1730 and 1780–1822 CE. More conservative estimates combine the second and third periods, but the others are consistent. Smaller scale increases and decreases in the frequency of kōrero pakanaga were also present based on localised histories. The earliest kōrero pakanga correlate, if not slightly precede, the earliest known radiocarbon dates of pā fortification in approximately 1500 CE. Relative densities of kōrero pakanga and recorded archaeological pā also generally correlate by district.
Utu (rebalance) was the most common cause of warfare in kōrero across all periods. Meanwhile, conflict over mana rangatira (authority, influence, control) between related communities were more common in earlier kōrero pakanga. Warfare between more distantly related groups was more common from the 1600s and was commonly driven by utu and the occasional competition over whenua (land) and rawa taiao (resources). Contrary to anthropological literature, conflicts rarely resulted in conquest. Furthermore, there was a general increase in conflict size and political complexity in the later periods. The most recent layers of pā whakapapa are relationships held by living descendants who formed the qualitative interview group. I generated three themes based on interview responses: (1) pā (and wāhi tūpuna or ancestral places generally) are spaces of connection and identity affirmation; (2) colonising projects challenge those connections; and (3) descendants have kaitiakitanga (guardianship, through whakapapa) obligations to those places.
This thesis provides a whakapapa of pā, their origins, development, and importance to ngā kanohi ora (living descendants). It is only one among many potential interfaces between different ways to conceive and explain changes in time and space. The chosen method of exploring the interface treats it as multi-vocal, blurred, and complex. It exemplifies the potential avenues for fruitful knowledge generation between Western Science and Indigenous Knowledge Systems (in this case, mātauranga Māori). It also challenges the entrenchment of problematic terminology, such as “Prehistory” in Aotearoa New Zealand and demands space for, not only the protection of important wāhi tūpuna, but also the Crown’s development of resourcing, legislation, and policy to facilitate the exercise of kaitiakitanga. The results open potential ways in which archaeology may feedback into kōrero tuku iho in ways that are appropriate to the chronological whakapapa foundation of mātauranga ā-hapū
Academic identity development: Insights of doctoral students from Pakistan
No full textThe development of doctoral students’ academic identity is an emerging area of research. However, there is limited research that has investigated the roles and activities which contribute to the transitions students undergo in the journey towards the formation of an academic identity. Research of this nature has become especially relevant as a number of countries, especially developing countries, are seeking ways to engage and socialise doctoral students into a professional or academic identity during their studies.
Pakistan is an example of a country which is trying to address these concerns. There has been an increase in doctoral enrolments in Pakistan, the site of this study, and the resulting growth in the number of those with PhDs has intensified competition for academic positions. The Higher Education Commission is struggling to provide sufficient support and resources to ensure doctoral programmes prepare graduates for professional roles and develop their academic identities. Recent reports indicate that doctoral students are facing numerous challenges which hinder their successful socialisation and academic identity development.
This narrative study aimed to scope doctoral students’ expectations and experiences during their doctoral journey and transition towards an academic identity. The research focused on doctoral students in the field of Education. Six students from a prestigious Pakistan university were recruited through purposive sampling. All the participants were near to completing their PhD; they were working on their data analysis or waiting for their examination reports. All the participants intended to pursue academic careers upon completion of their studies. Each participant completed two online narrative interviews. Thematic analysis of the narrative interviews was completed using a guiding framework which integrated a doctoral socialisation perspective, a stage approach of doctoral education, and role identity theory. This framework provided rich opportunities to examine the role identity development of each of the students.
The analysis of each case revealed that students’ academic identity development happened through shifts in their prominent role identities across three key institutional milestone stages. The students outlined different socialisation experiences and identification based on the prominent roles in each milestone stage. These prominent roles were consistent with their increasing competence, confidence, and independence to perform a range of academic activities. The first coursework stage developed students’ prominent role identity as that of a learner. They developed a prominent role identity as an emerging researcher in stage two when crafting and presenting their research proposal. In the final stage, when they were writing their dissertation, students developed a prominent role identity as an emerging academic. In this stage students continued and expanded the researcher role and engaged in a range of academic activities (teaching, writing research papers, attending research conferences, managing research journals and research projects) beyond those involved in their dissertation work. The combination and dynamic development of multiple role identities (learner, emerging researcher, and emerging academic) served to prepare these doctoral students for an academic and professional identity. Importantly, while students had a learner role identity in all stages, the focus of their learning moved from mastering prescribed content to application and then production of knowledge.
Cross case analysis identified that social interaction, personal motivation and the nature of academic writing were the dominant aspects in the composition and development of students’ role identities. Social interaction was the key means through which students could gain support and validation from others for their different role identities. Motivation was a personal dimension which drove students’ courage and persistence to engage in academic activities and seek to meet the expectations of each role identity. The writing aspect provided students with evidence for self-evaluation and evaluation by others in relation to their progress within the different role identities.
The study contributes to understanding of the complex socialisation processes doctoral students experience and the various roles they perform as they progress through their doctoral journey. Findings suggest that creating more opportunities for doctoral students to engage in learning activities and extend their interactions with teachers, peers, supervisors, and experts within an academic community would assist them to gain the competence, confidence, and the independence needed to perform relevant academic activities
Pedalling on: An autoethnographical journey of creative discovery
No full textMy research is about exploring ways to use the sustain pedal in works by CPE Bach, JC Bach,
Haydn and Mozart specifically. During their lifetimes, pedalling was considered to be a novelty
on the fortepiano and was not seriously notated in the detailed style of later composers such as
Beethoven and Schumann.
The thesis explores ways to use the sustain pedal in keyboard works by CPE Bach, JC Bach,
Haydn and Mozart, and also early Romantic Period composers like Beethoven, Schumann and
Schubert. This artistic exploration is shaped and documented using an autoethnographic
methodology, and the repertoire showcased in each recital is a mix of solo and chamber music.
At the centre of this research is Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach’s treatise on keyboard playing
entitled Essay on the True Art of Playing Keyboard Instruments from 1753. In it, Bach states
that “the undamped register of the pianoforte is the most pleasing and, once the performer
learns to observe the necessary precautions in the face of its reverberations, the most delightful
for improvisation
Analysis of fracture, fatigue, and metallurgical properties of dissimilar TIG & RFW Welds: S355J2/SS316L and Ti-64/Ti-1023
No full textWeld joints comprising dissimilar metals with varying compositions are widely utilized across numerous contemporary industrial sectors such as aerospace, automotive manufacturing, shipbuilding, oil and gas, power generation, and medical device production. They offer cost efficiency, performance enhancement, weight reduction, design flexibility, and functionality. However, welding dissimilar metals with varying compositions poses complexity due to compositional gradient and differences in microstructure, leading to variations in properties across the joint. Gaining insight into the influence of parameters in welding on material properties for manufacturing defect-free welded joints is crucial. Nonetheless, there is a considerable gap in knowledge in understanding the relationship between welding parameters, microstructure, fracture toughness, and fatigue in dissimilar material joints.
This study focuses on investigating how parameters in welding influence the microstructure and fracture toughness of welds between two dissimilar materials i.e. structural steel (S355J2) and stainless steel (SS) (316L) using Rotary Friction Welding (RFW) and Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding. Additionally, the study explores how parameters in welding affect the microstructure and fatigue characteristics of welds between two dissimilar titanium alloys i.e. Ti-6Al-4V (Ti-64) and Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (Ti-1023) using RFW. To achieve the project objectives, dissimilar welding preforms of S355J2 and SS316L are meticulously prepared using corresponding pipe pup pieces and welded via RFW and TIG processes. A comprehensive series of tests are conducted, including microstructural analysis, tensile, hardness, and fracture toughness characteristics are accomplished using compact tension (CT) specimens extracted from various zones of both dissimilar weld joints. For titanium, dissimilar weld joints are fabricated using a round bar of Ti-64 and Ti-1023 via RFW, and tests, including microstructural analysis, tensile, hardness, and stress-controlled high cycle fatigue (HCF), are performed.
Results reveal significant microstructural variations in both dissimilar welding processes for the S355J2 and SS316L as well as the Ti-64 and Ti-1023 alloys. RFW joint between S355J2 and SS316L shows less instability in hardness across the weld with the highest hardness of 208 HV1 in the thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ) of S355J2. Noticeable changes in hardness are observed across the TIG weld with 419 HV1 at the weld centre line (WCL) due to chromium carbide precipitation and 284 HV1 at the TIG heat affected zone (HAZ) of S355J2 is attributed to martensite formation. Both welds exhibit superior tensile characteristics, with the RFW weld displaying ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 540 MPa and yield strength (YS) of 367 MPa, while the TIG weld shows UTS of 526 MPa and YS of 300 MPa. Tensile failures predominantly occur on the S355J2 side, exhibiting ductile features. Both welds show nearly identical fracture toughness (KQ) values, closely matching those of the parent metal, whereas, in terms of crack tip opening displacement (CTOD), RFW-WCL shows superior performance with 0.35 mm compared to TIG-WCL's 0.32 mm. Notably, the HAZ of S355J2 in the TIG weld exhibits the lowest CTOD of 0.31 mm. Fractography exhibits ductile failure, except for the TIG WCL, which displays cleavage fracture.
In the RFW joint between Ti-64 and Ti-1023, the highest hardness of 342 HV1 occurs at the WCL, gradually diminishing on either side of the weld, attributed to formation of hard microstructural phases and the growth of secondary alpha (αs) phases. The weld exhibits remarkable tensile properties, comparable with those of the parent metal, with a UTS of 826 MPa and an YS of 792 MPa. Tensile failures primarily manifest on the Ti-1023 side, demonstrating ductile characteristics. The HCF test, conducted at a frequency of 40 Hz with a R value of 0.1, reveals a fatigue strength of the weld at 550 MPa, surpassing that of the Ti-64 parent metal. In all HCF specimens, crack initiates at the surface, with those under higher stress exhibiting a narrow crack propagation area characterized by coarse fatigue striation marks indicative of dominant tensile overloading, while specimens under lower stress reveal a wider crack propagation area with quasi-cleavage facets and very fine fatigue striations.
Overall, the study findings establish that the RFW process yields a robust dissimilar weld joint between different materials S355J2 / SS316l and Ti-64 / Ti-1023
Making sense of diversity’s complexity: Leadership’s agency for diversity management
No full textThis research examines leadership’s role in their organisation’s diversity management efforts. The management of a diverse workforce in today's organisations is becoming increasingly complex. It needs to go beyond considering not only the surface-level dimensions of diversity, but also the hidden and dynamic deep-level diversity dimensions in organisations, that are considered complex systems. Surface-level diversity dimensions include gender, age, race, ethnicity, and accessibility. Deep-level diversity dimensions are the hidden values, worldviews, personality, and experiences of individuals in organisations. In today's socio-cultural context, the heightened awareness and interest in matters relating to equity, diversity, and inclusion (EDI) is driving organisations to seek ways to address how to manage their diverse workforce that will unlock the benefits that diversity has promised. Diversity management approaches that only consider surface-level dimensions are no longer adequate. To unlock further the benefits of diversity consistently in organisations today, diversity management approaches must include deep-level diversity characteristics. This shifts diversity management approaches that have managed the various surface-level diversity characteristics to approaches of managing for diversity that require an organization-wide approach. Diversity management today requires the senior leadership team to play a strategic role. As organisations adopt a more holistic and systemic approach to their diversity management efforts, it requires the leadership to strategically manage their organization’s diversity management efforts. This goes beyond the diversity initiatives such as creating policies, initiatives, events and programs that celebrate diversity to behaviours that foster a diverse and inclusive workplace. However, the strategic diversity leadership in their organisation's diversity management efforts has not been fully explored. This thesis seeks to explore two research questions. Firstly, it seeks to identify the factors that influence the three leadership dimensions of diversity management and the factors influencing the leadership’s strategic role in their organisation’s diversity management efforts. Secondly, it seeks to map the three leadership dimensions into an emergent model of leadership agency for diversity management.
Drawing from the literature review, three dimensions addresses leadership’s strategic inclusive leadership. Leadership accountability, leadership approach and leadership focus for diversity management describe different facets of the leadership’s strategic role. Central to addressing leadership’s strategic role is to further the understanding the factors that influence leadership in their organisation’s diversity management efforts. Leadership agency describes the capacity and authority of senior leadership team to influence, to make strategic decisions and take action to meet their organisation’s outcomes and goals. In the case of diversity management, leadership agency describes identifying and understanding the factors that influence leadership in their strategic inclusive leadership.
The research questions of this study identified the factors influencing leadership agency in three dimensions of diversity across the different levels of the organisation. It also proposes an emergent model that maps an organisation's leadership agency for diversity management that provides a visual and practical model of leadership’s agency for diversity management. The study uses complexity theory as its theoretical base within an interpretive philosophical base and constructivist paradigm to examine leadership agency for diversity management. This research provides insights into leadership agency for diversity management in today's organisations through a multiple case study method. Using qualitative methodology, ten organisations participated in this research to determine leadership agency for diversity management.
This study makes original contributions by addressing the leadership’s strategic role in diversity management through the lens of complexity. It also contributes to the research into organisational diversity management theories by developing a practical emergent model that highlights the crucial role of leadership agency in achieving positive diversity management outcomes, especially addressing the complexity of diversity. The study uses a multilevel lens to explore how leadership approaches managing their diverse workforce. It proposes an emergent model of leadership agency for diversity management as a tool that can help organisations gauge their level of agency. This study underscores the importance of intercultural sensitivity development in future research on leadership’s agency for diversity management. Further theoretical development is necessary to enhance these findings' validity and reliability and identify leadership agency practices that support effective diversity management in organisations
A comparison of pop-up velocity between younger and older recreational surfers
No full textBackground: The pop-up is the physiological task that places a surfer on a wave. The aim of every recreational surfer is to catch as many open-faced, rideable waves as possible with pop-up velocity being crucial to this. Recent research shows a clear trend of an aging surfing demographic all of whom have the potential to experience an age-related reduction in their pop-up velocity. A slower pop-up would likely limit wave-riding options for these older surfers; therefore, the primary purpose of this study was to determine if age reduces pop-up velocity in intermediate recreational surfers. We hypothesised that pop-up velocity between younger and older recreational surfers would exhibit no statistically significant difference as a result of older surfers having developed efficient movement patterns and skill sets over many years that offset any age-related muscular decrement Methods: Fourteen intermediate recreational surfers (13 males and 1 female) were placed into two groups based on age, a younger group (25.2 ± 9.0 years old, 9.7 ± 10.9 years of surfing experience) and an older group (51.8 ± 6.6 years old, 30.0 ± 9.1 years of surfing experience). The cohort had at least two years surfing experience and did not follow a specific dry-land resistance training programme. Participants completed a simulated pop-up in a controlled laboratory setting with pop-up velocity captured by dual Kistler force plates. A countermovement jump test was also completed by each participant to assess lower-body power and velocity. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), coefficient of variation (CV0, and typical error (TE) were calculated to determine inter-group reliability between the older and younger surfers’ pop-up velocity tests and between pop-up tests featuring simulated paddling strokes and those without. An independent samples t-test was conducted to examine the differences between the two age groups’ pop-up velocity and between pop-up tests featuring simulated paddling strokes and those without. The strength of correlation between surfer age and relative maximal power was assessed with Pearson’s r. Results: The test showed good (ICC 0.75-0.90) reliability and no apparent difference between paddle and non-paddle and the older and younger cohorts; however, the CVs all exceeded 10%. The younger group demonstrated significantly quicker surf pop-ups (1.12±0.16 vs 2.03±0.52 s; p = 0.0009; d = 2.21 [1.10, 4.20]) and relative maximal power (53.8±12.9 vs 41.2±2.2 W·kg−1; p = 0.0252; d = 1.28 [2.84, 0.23]) than the older group. Interestingly, the negative coefficient (slope) that described the overall relationship between age and leg power observed (m= -0.53) was attenuated when looking at surfers over the age of 35 (m=-0.10). Discussion: Loss of pop-up velocity can be expected in older surfers but the typical age-related decline in muscle capability may be offset by surfing. The incorporation of dry-land resistance exercise including power and strength training is recommended to improve pop-up velocity and thus wave wave-catching ability and enjoyment in older surfer. These findings demonstrate positive ramifications of participation in surfing and can support longevity in older recreational surfers. Conclusion: Age clearly had a negative influence on pop-up velocity
The ecological consequences of stream sedimentation for freshwater macroinvertebrates in the Te Awanui/Tauranga Harbour catchment
No full textSedimentation is a significant stressor in streams and rivers globally. The natural sediment regime
paradigm posits that human activities have greatly altered the natural transport of sediment in river
networks and that land-uses leading to increased bank erosion and surface runoff have resulted in
large quantities of fine sediment being deposited in streams and rivers. In New Zealand, land
conversion from native forest to pastoral agriculture has dramatically increased riverine sediment
loads, making deposited fine sediment (DFS) a major stressor that negatively impacts stream
ecosystem health. Consequently, DFS is an important attribute managed under the National Policy
Statement for Freshwater Management 2020. However, uncertainties remain in how best to
monitor the effects of DFS, and what impacts different land-use types have on stream ecosystems
in addition to the adverse influence of sedimentation.
In my study, I surveyed 24 stream sites allocated evenly to three land-use types (native forest,
pastoral agriculture, and horticulture, e.g. kiwifruit orchards) in the Tauranga Harbour basin. I
measured habitat attributes, including DFS, and sampled stream macroinvertebrate communities
at each site. Using macroinvertebrate data, I calculated and compared taxonomic and trait-based
metrics as indicators of ecosystem health across land-use types. I used a variety of metrics,
including the Macroinvertebrate Community Index (MCI) and its quantitative equivalent, the
QMCI, the Average Score Per Metric (ASPM) index, and community-weighted mean trait
abundances, including facets of functional diversity to assess impacts on stream health.
I found that human land uses negatively influenced stream health, indicated by greatly reduced
MCI, QMCI, and ASPM scores. Although DFS explained most of the negative influences on
macroinvertebrate communities in pastoral and horticultural streams, there were differences
between native forest and horticultural streams not accounted for by DFS that contributed to
declines in ecosystem health. I also found that sediment-specific macroinvertebrate metrics
(sediment ‘decreasers’) were the best indicators of DFS impacts on stream health. Contrary to my
predictions, I did not find that functional diversity was strongly reduced by land use or DFS,
although several key traits responded to these stressors. Notably, life history trait modalities
involving the number of reproductive cycles per year and oviposition site responded strongly to
DFS and land use, indicating potential mechanisms contributing towards the impacts of these
stressors on macroinvertebrate communities.
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My study points to the need to continuously manage the deposition of fine sediment in streams to
help mitigate the adverse effects of human land use. Future research should further explore the
role that fine sediment and other stressors associated with human land uses play in the degradation
of streams ecosystems in the Tauranga Harbour basin. Quantifying land use and land cover
(LULC) attributes using geospatial tools will help further explore the relationship between
catchment properties and macroinvertebrate responses. Additionally, issues regarding trait
syndromes, trade-offs, and database inconsistencies must be addressed to better understand the
mechanistic links between specific macroinvertebrate traits and fine sediment
Recurrent concept drifts on data streams
No full textIn an era where machine learning permeates every facet of human existence, and data evolves incessantly, the application of machine learning models transcends mere data processing. It involves navigating constant changes exemplified by the phenomenon of concept drift, which often affects model performance. These drifts can be recurrent due to the cyclic nature of the underlying data generation processes, which could be influenced by recurrent phenomena such as weather and time of the day. Stream Learning on data streams with recurrent concept drifts attempts to learn from such streams of data. The survey underscores the significance of the field and its practical applications, delving into nuanced definitions of machine learning for data streams afflicted by recurrent concept drifts. It explores diverse methodological approaches, elucidating their key design components. Additionally, it examines various evaluation techniques, benchmark datasets, and available software tailored for simulating and analysing data streams with recurrent concept drifts. Concluding, the survey offers insights into potential avenues for future research in the field