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Yield of annealing on the properties of the Ti-5Al-2.5Fe alloy produced by Powder Forging
Get PDFThe high cost of titanium alloys can be reduced using alternative manufacturing techniques and using cheap alloying elements. In this study, the Ti-5Al-2.5Fe alloy, a cheaper α + β alloy than the workhorse Ti-6Al-4V, was produced by powder metallurgy combined with hot thermomechanical deformation by means of forging. The forged alloy was subsequently subjected to a heat treatment at 750 °C for several annealing times in order to modify the microstructure and tailor the mechanical properties. This study demonstrates that, regardless of the forging temperature used, annealing of the forged Ti-5Al-2.5Fe alloy improves both the strength and the ductility. Generally, the longer the annealing time, the higher the gain in strength and ductility with respect to the forged alloy. Moreover, annealing is significantly more beneficial to improve the ductility rather than the strength of the powder-forged Ti-5Al-2.5Fe alloy
Extractable organics and colour in a bleached kraft mill effluent land application system and recipient ground waters
Get PDFThis thesis describes a study of the behaviour of extractable organics and colour in a land application system used to treat highly coloured, organic-rich, alkali extraction stage and foul condensate effluents from a traditional bleached kraft mill. The land application system comprised 44 unlined seepage basins, totalling 86 ha in area, into which approximately 10,000 m³ d⁻¹ effluent was loaded for approximately eight months of each year. The study aimed to determine (1) the effectiveness of the system for treating major effluent organics, including monoterpenes, fatty acids, resin acids, chlorophenolics, and colour, and (2) the effects of the system on organic contamination of sediments, aquifer materials, and ground waters.
The study was carried out in four parts, investigating: (i) the behaviour of extractable organics and colour in the effluent drains and seepage basins; (ii) the penetration of extractable organics into the sediments beneath the seepage basins; (iii) the organic chemistry of shallow ground waters beneath the seepage system, and of deeper off-site ground waters; and (iv) behaviour of extractable organics and colour in laboratory soil-column simulating the land application process. In addition, a review of land application of pulp mill effluents was carried out, and analytical methods for determining extractable organics in effluents, sediments, and ground waters were developed.
Concentrations of extractable organics and chlorophenolics were reduced by >95% over a 40 day period in the seepage basins. Removal rates decreased in the order fatty acids > chlorophenolics ≈ monoterpenes > resin acids. Resin acids underwent reductive and oxidative transformations, producing transient intermediates including 13-abietenoic acid and 13β-hydroxyabietanoic acid. A suite of relatively stable transformed species, dominated by the saturated compound abietanoic acid, remained in the seepage pond after 40 days. Colour removal over the same period was approximately 25%.
High concentrations of effluent-derived extractable organics were found in surficial sediments beneath the seepage basins. Major compounds were resin acids, largely saturated species, and diterpene hydrocarbon transformation products. Diterpene hydrocarbons were dominated by retene, fichtelite, and dehydroabietin. Surficial sediments contained concentrations of total resin acids and diterpene hydrocarbons of up to 10,000 mg kg⁻¹. Concentrations dropped with depth, but high levels were found in discrete zones at depths of up to 5 m beneath the surface. This indicated that effluent movement was occurring through permeable conduits rather than via uniform infiltration through the soil, and was consistent with the fractured geology of the site.
Ground waters taken from seven well clusters, sampling depths between 2 and 15 m beneath the seepage basins, contained elevated sodium and chloride concentrations (200-400 mg L⁻¹) and spatially variable colour levels (100-2000 CPU). Effluent-derived extractable organics were also found in variable concentrations. Major compounds were methyl-substituted 2-cyclopentenones, resin acids, and diterpene hydrocarbons. Resin acids and diterpene hydrocarbons were the generally dominant compound classes, concentrations totalling 20-2600 μg L⁻¹. Preliminary assessment of chlorophenolics found low levels, totalling 2-4 μg L⁻¹ in the most contaminated ground waters. The results indicated that contamination of shallow ground water was occurring, but the nature and level of this contamination was highly spatially variable. As found for the sediment studies, these findings were consistent with effluent infiltration through heterogeneous, fractured, sub-surface geology.
The hydrogeology of the area was determined to be dominated by ground water movement through fractured zones in four major ignimbrite aquifers. Wells were placed at depths between 9 and 110 m, and at distances from immediately adjacent to 2.7 km from the seepage area to sample ground water from these zones. Contamination was found largely within the highly fractured, high flow zones of two of these units, the Marshall A and, to a lesser extent, the Marshall B ignimbrite aquifers. Concentrations of effluent-sourced extractable organics (largely resin acids and diterpene hydrocarbons) and colour were highest immediately beneath the seepage area, maximum concentrations of 110 μg L⁻¹ total resin acids and diterpene hydrocarbons, and 900 CPU colour being found. Concentrations dropped rapidly with distance
from the ponds, decreasing by approximately 90% within about 100 m from the seepage area. There was evidence for retardation of organics relative to sodium and chloride in the off-site aquifers.
Laboratory simulations of effluent infiltration through seepage site soils were carried out under two application regimes (permanently flooded, and flood-dry cycle) to determine the range of treatment possibilities occurring in the seepage system. Leachate chemistry was monitored over an approximately two year period, and soil extractives measured at the end of the study. Mass balance was used to estimate effluent treatment efficiency. The flood-dry (aerobic) application regime resulted in essentially compete degradative removal of extractable organics.
Under the flooded (anaerobic) regime, extractable organic removal was limited for all constituents other than fatty acids, which were >90% removed. Resin acids were strongly retained by the soil, approximately 72% remaining in the soil at the end of the study. Approximately 25% was recovered in the leachate. Monoterpenes were highly mobile, moving rapidly through the soil. A relatively stable suite of transformed compounds was found in the leachates. Monoterpene removal was estimated to be approximately 55%. Under flooded conditions, transformation rather than degradative removal of extractable organics occurred.
Colour intensification, rather than reduction, occurred at times in both application regimes. At the end of the study, colour removal in the flood-dry cycle regime was 2%, and in the flooded regime an increase of 51% was measured.
In summary, the study found that the land application system resulted in large decreases (>95%) in the concentrations of extractable organics, but little overall treatment of effluent colour. Ground waters affected by effluent infiltration were highly variable in composition, but in general contained elevated colour levels, and moderate-to-low concentrations of extractable organics. Resin acids and diterpene hydrocarbons were the dominant class of extractable organics found in sediments and ground waters beneath the seepage system
Understanding how ableism impacts inclusion of autistic children in ECE in New Zealand
Get PDFResearch shows that, despite the promise of inclusive early childhood education (ECE) in national and international legislation, disabled children and their families are still marginalised in ECE (Lyons, 2021; Macartney, 2011, 2019; Purdue, 2009). Recent work in Critical Disability Studies (CDS) and Disability Studies in Education (DSE) has connected this ongoing marginalisation of disabled children to the bias associated with ableism. Ableism is influenced by the ideology of normalcy, which produces the notion of a ‘normal’ child, and simultaneously conceptualises a disabled child as ‘other’ in relation to their rights and participation. However, ableism and its impact on excluding disabled children and their families in ECE have been given little acknowledgement (Love & Beneke, 2021; Macartney, 2019). To address this gap, this study investigates whether and how ableism operates in an ECE setting in New Zealand, in order to understand its impact on the inclusion of autistic children and their families. Additionally, this study explores how disability awareness and critical reflection on their practices can help teachers support inclusive practices for autistic children. The study also analyses key policy documents in early childhood education and special education.
This study adopted the theoretical frameworks of Disability Studies in Education (DSE) and ableism. DSE challenges ableist ideologies and practices that dehumanise disabled children and focuses on the role of educational settings and broader society in supporting inclusion (Baglieri & Bacon, 2020). The research uses two data sets i) two policy documents, Te Whāriki (Ministry of Education (MoE), 2017) and Success for All (MoE, 2010), and ii) a case study within an ECE setting. The methods used to collect case study data included individual interviews with staff as well as a parent of an autistic child; video recordings and observations of interactions with autistic children in the ECE setting; a teachers’ focus group discussion; and analysis of documents written and used in the ECE setting. The analytical tools of thematic analysis and Fairclough’s (1995, 2003) approach of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) were used to identify the discourses of ableism within both data sets. The thesis examines how these discourses as social practices disrupted the inclusion of autistic children.
The findings indicate evidence of ableism operating in ECE policies and interactions in the ECE setting via the dominant discourses of developmental psychology, the medical model of disability, special education, and neoliberalism, and indicate that these discourses inform disablist practices that negatively impact the inclusion of autistic children. The findings also highlight that disability awareness and providing space, time and collaborative support to teachers for critically reflecting on their practices can positively change their thinking towards autistic children and empower them to affect changes in their teaching. A key argument is that the theoretical understanding developed in this study draws attention to the importance of the DSE framework in recognising and challenging ableism and reorienting thinking around inclusion in ECE policy and practice. Accordingly, the study offers theoretical ideas that can be used to work against ableism and promote inclusive practice for autistic and other disabled children.
Te tātari i te kaupapa
No full textThe primary objective of this thesis focuses on the linking of the National Qualifications Framework and standards-based assessment as an emancipatory mechanism for Māori in Kaupapa Māori schooling and the wider Māori community in New Zealand.
Argued from an eclectic theoretical approach incorporating Kaupapa Māori theory, it espouses a position which rejects structural inequalities that perpetuate the subordinate positioning of Māori people through the development of culturally responsive assessment theories and practices in written language for teachers and children in Kura Kaupapa Māori which purport a culturally responsive pedagogy.
The thesis also links curriculum, assessment and pedagogy using Kaupapa Māori theory which provides insights into Māori views of emancipation in education
Sport team leadership coaching and captaincy in elite level rugby union football
Get PDFA wide range of literature exists on coaching but it is concerned predominantly with the high school and college levels, is based upon athlete or coach perceptions, or is confined to observations of training or competition. As leaders of sports teams, coaches and captains have rarely been studied at the highest level of national or international sports competition.
In the present study, the team leadership roles of the coach and captain in elite rugby union football in New Zealand were examined using participant observation and other qualitative research methods. Elite was defined as New Zealand rugby’s highest internal level of competition: (a) the national provincial championships and (b) international test matches of the national team, the All Blacks.
The study explored the roles of the elite rugby coach and captain in vivo in a wide variety of team situations. It was felt that this could provide first-hand information on particular team leader behaviours, on what a coach and captain actually do, and how they are perceived by those around them. The main objective, however, was to use grounded theory techniques to create a model of elite rugby team leadership that might guide developmental programmes on such leadership.
The research phases undertaken were those of participant observation with a Provincial Team for five matches, a survey of provincial teams’ coaches and captains on their leadership associated with actual matches, three years’ participant observation with the All Blacks (including observation in eight test match weeks), multiple perspectives on elite team leadership from past rugby test players in New Zealand and overseas, and interviews with national team leaders in sports other than rugby.
Participant observation, interviews, questionnaires and document analysis generated data from the research settings. These data were considered in terms of symbolic interactionism and subjected to a grounded theory process. This led to a set of elite rugby team leadership categories and properties which, in turn, generated a comprehensive set of theoretical propositions.
The propositions became the basis for a model of elite rugby team leadership. This model was then considered as the basis for a programme to develop elite rugby team leaders. Significant aspects of the research findings which have not featured in previous research literature included the coach’s vision, team culture, centrality of the game plan, match week build-up, the importance of the captain’s playing example, the coach's ability to utilise teaching precepts, the coach’s personal qualities, and the need to develop and evaluate team leaders. The model, and the developmental programme principles emanating from it, are seen as relevant for developing elite level leaders in team sports other than rugby
Using gamification to support positive health behaviour change: A kaupapa Māori approach
Get PDFAs our lives become increasingly technology-dependent, healthcare practitioners and researchers recognise the opportunities to deliver effective digital healthcare initiatives to improve patient outcomes. Gamification is one such technological approach to consider. While some important work has been done in gamification, to date, there have been few gamified healthy lifestyle intervention studies undertaken within an Indigenous or minority population. Therefore, this research extends the current knowledge of gamification with a focus on an Indigenous population.
Māori are the Indigenous People of New Zealand, and as in many other colonised countries, Māori are over-represented in obesity statistics; a factor which contributes to significant health inequities, such as a higher incidence of chronic illness among Māori people. Gamification may be an effective means of supporting positive lifestyle choices (e.g., increased physical activity) to reduce the prevalence of chronic illness. This research takes a Kaupapa Māori approach to address the research question: How can gamification support positive health behaviour change? Kaupapa Māori is a philosophical Māori-centric approach that ensures tino rangatiratanga (the right to self-determination). The research approach follows Māori tikanga (customary practices) and recognises the importance of Te Reo Māori (Māori language) and Te Ao Māori (a Māori worldview).
This research followed a design science research (DSR) process and consisted of two phases: Phase One was a prototype design phase, and Phase Two evaluated the prototype. Phase One involved a series of co-design hui (focus groups) to explore the social context and health aspirations of Māori and to ideate potential solutions. Phase One found that normative beliefs strongly influence effective gamification design preference for Māori and that culturally-tailored design is effective for Māori; a notion that contradicts previous Western-oriented gamification implementations. Phase Two consisted of a cross-sectional survey and regression analysis to evaluate the prototype designed during Phase One. Major findings from Phase Two show that three critical factors predict whether Māori users would use the gamified intervention: Perceived Ease-of-Use; Māori-Centric Design; and the use of Whakataetae (competitive) persuasive design strategies.
This research contributes to gamification literature by identifying the gamification elements that most significantly impact behavioural intention toward gamified health applications for Māori; knowledge that may be transferable to other Indigenous populations. The importance of implementing a competitive strategy contradicts previous literature on collectivist cultures and guides the development of future gamified interventions. This research also contributes to theoretical and practical knowledge by demonstrating that effective persuasive strategies are not universal; Māori-centric design is a self-determined approach that keeps the needs of the target audience central to the design of a solution. This research provides theory-driven practical guidelines for design processes and design decisions that are driven by the needs and aspirations of Māori
Hegemonic Whiteness: An Autoethnographic Examination
Get PDFWhiteness is a hegemonic force in New Zealand society. It is responsible for perpetuating racial discrimination against Māori and other ethnic minority groups. The core argument of this thesis, is that discussions concerning racial equity need to focus on hegemonic whiteness, as opposed to racial discrimination in order to make more visible where the responsibility for social change to achieve racial equality lies. In order to demonstrate the need for this specific emphasis this thesis highlights nuanced experiences of hegemonic whiteness through the use of autoethnography as a research methodology. An autoethnographic approach was used as a means of grounding the literature in lived experiences, and resisting the dominance of empirical research methodologies in educational settings. The literature reviewed was an in-depth investigation of texts concerning hegemony and whiteness. Taking a story-telling approach, the literature concerning hegemony was examined so as to show some of Gramsci’s life and thought, before detailing the notion of hegemony itself. The literature on whiteness was drawn from critical and tribal race theory. Literature was also reviewed that demonstrated how the concept of whiteness exists embedded within New Zealand’s context as a result of colonisation. Whiteness as hegemony, was made clear through a discussion highlighting the way in which white norms and values are dominant within New Zealand society, and are thus hegemonic. In order to challenge the normalising influence of whiteness within power structures links to policy were made, to highlight the influence of hegemonic whiteness, within political institutions. Overall this thesis argues that it is imperative to foster a more equitable and inclusive society, which can only occur if hegemonic whiteness is acknowledged and addressed by the dominant group in society
Sexual orientation and gender identity change efforts for young people in New Zealand: Demographics, types of suggesters, and associations with mental health
No full textSexual orientation and gender identity change efforts (SOGICE) are harmful practices, yet who suggests them to young people and what impacts are associated with these suggestions have received limited attention in the literature. The present study explored whether certain suggesters, and the frequency of categories of suggesters (including religious leaders, family members, and health professionals), were associated with suicidality and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). The study also explored whether particular demographics of young people were more likely to report SOGICE experiences. Data were collected through an online survey of New Zealand gender- and sexuality-diverse youth. The sample (n = 3948) had an age range of 14–26 (mean age = 18.96), and approximately half (52.4%) were transgender or gender-diverse. Odds of suicidality and NSSI were highest when religious leaders suggested SOGICE and when more than one type of suggester was reported. SOGICE was more likely to be reported by transgender and gender-diverse youth, statutory care- and homelessness-experienced youth, and young people reporting current material deprivation. Implications for targeted mental health services and education for young people and the community are discussed
Pregnancy in a new home: Refugee mothers in New Zealand
No full textPurpose: Pregnancy signifies a delicate phase for women and is associated with potential adverse negative outcomes. Refugee woman are more at risk of experiencing heightened stress and negative pregnancy outcomes. As the population of refugee women in New Zealand continues to grow, it becomes imperative to comprehend their unique challenges, needs, and available supports during their pregnancy in New Zealand. Despite this, no research on this topic has been conducted in New Zealand. Therefore, the current research aims to explore what are the needs and challenges of former refugee woman in New Zealand during their pregnancy and how are they being supported?
Methods: A thematic analysis was conducted on eight semi-structured interviews to understand the experiences of former refugee mothers. Participants consisted of four former refugee mothers who had recent given birth in the last three years at New Zealand and four service providers who had supported refugee mothers during their pregnancy.
Results: The study identified six key themes critical to supporting pregnant refugee women in New Zealand. These encompassed the need for language assistance, guidance in navigating
available systems, fostering relationships, cultural awareness within services, and recognizing the interconnected nature of their challenges, which often resulted in inadequate support for some pregnant refugee women. Additionally, the research highlighted a sense of appreciation among refugee mothers for the services provided by New Zealand.
Conclusion: This study highlights the need for a holistic approach when supporting pregnant refugee woman and the significance of developing tailored community programs to educate and provide opportunity for socialisation
E ia, e ia
No full textPoi, Lyrics composed by Te Kahautu Maxwell, Musical score composed by Te Whānau Mitai. Performed by Ōpōtiki Mai Tawhiti (Kapa Haka group) (3mins)
Waiata ā Tira: Aroha
Whakaeke: Pinepine Te Kura, Hau Te Kura
Mōteatea: Te Ao o Te Pārerā
Waiata ā Ringa: E pā to reo, Te Matatini, Herewini Parata
Poi: E ia e ia
Haka: Te Kōtiritiri, Te Kōtaratara
Whakawātea: Ōranga Tōiti, tōnui kōrer