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Stuck in a bad job? The dynamics of poor-quality employment in Chile, 2004–2019
No full textThis paper studies whether workers become “stuck” in poor-quality employment, or whether poor-quality employment can serve as a “stepping stone” towards better job opportunities in the Chilean labor market. It does this from a multidimensional and longitudinal perspective, taking into account the intensity of the deprivation that workers face. In particular, it examines how workers move between good and bad jobs, and between these jobs, unemployment and inactivity and also discusses the respective determinants of these changes. The results of this analysis show that the deprivation levels among women in the labour market are persistently higher those of men, and that workers do indeed become stuck in bad jobs. Thus, the paper presents a methodology for measuring chronic deprivation in the labor market, an issue on which neither the literature on job quality nor the literature on poor-quality employment (or bad jobs) has focused. It concludes by discussing the policy implications of this research
Knowledge brokers at the science–policy interface: insights from biosecurity and environmental management
No full textDetermining appropriate mechanisms for transferring and translating research into policy has become a major concern for researchers (knowledge producers) and policymakers (knowledge users) worldwide. This has led to the emergence of a new function of brokering between researchers and policymakers, and a new type of agent called Knowledge Broker. Understanding these complex multi-agent interactions is critical for an efficient knowledge brokering practice during any given policymaking process. Here, we present (1) the current diversity of knowledge broker groups working in the field of biosecurity and environmental management; (2) the incentives linking the different agents involved in the process (knowledge producers, knowledge brokers and knowledge users); and (3) the gaps, needs and challenges to better understand this social ecosystem. We also propose alternatives aimed at improving transparency and efficiency, including future scenarios where the role of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies may become predominant in knowledge-brokering activities
Is this Europe? EU law’s rendering of European society
No full textThe question to what extent EU law is constitutive of European society as articulated in Article 2 TEU is, at its core, a question about the nature, scope and limits of EU law. This article suggests certain clear limits to EU law’s ability to make the European society visible in law, or legible for law – let alone composable through law. The article is entitled ‘Is this Europe?’ as a direct challenge to the widely held belief that EU law is somehow constitute of European integration; that EU law contains all that European integration is, can and will be. Sure, the Europe that we see when analysing cases, treaties and legislation matters. But the ‘real’ Europe – the one that is felt, experienced, lived – resides in what happens due to, in spite, or irrespective of those cases, treaties and legislation. For EU law to remain sensitive to its society, then, EU law needs to reformulate the expectations it has of itself and create an analytical framework that allows it to transcend its immanent nature. This requires three changes to the way we ‘do’ EU law. First, more sensitivity to the material and relational context in which EU law operates. Second, creating space for forms of lay knowledge that are rooted in social praxis. Third, more ambition and playfulness in the way we – as scholars – ‘speak’ EU law
Copyright and AI in the UK: opting-in or opting-out?
No full textThe interface between copyright law and artificial intelligence (AI) is currently the object of global attention. The UK government’s recent public consultation on policy to ensure that ‘the UK’s legal framework for AI and copyright supports the UK creative industries and AI sector together’ is an example of this wider interest, as countries engage in a form of regulatory competition for the most attractive environment for AI development. The option endorsed by the UK government in the consultation document remains close to the EU model, proposing ‘a data mining exception which allows right holders to reserve their rights, supported by transparency measures’. We argue that this approach is a missed opportunity for a more straightforward innovation policy that avoids the problems of rights reservation. Opt-outs from training are difficult to implement technically, they increase costs and create barriers to market entry. Instead, we suggest that there should be much clearer scope for permitted research before market entry within the traditional opt-in framework (avoiding the EU split between commercial and non-commercial research). This should be combined with transparency obligations (triggering potential licensing) and an equitable remuneration provision that enables creatives (authors, artists, performers) to receive a share of licensing revenues negotiated between AI developers and intermediaries (publishers, producers). We review evidence on current licensing practices and consider related legal issues, including data protection, image rights and the sui generis database right
Priorities for consent-based and well-supported climate relocations
No full textClimate-related planned relocations are happening globally yet vary significantly. Drawing on diverse case studies, we present a framework to showcase these differences and identify advocacy priorities and research needs across contexts to ensure more consensual and well-supported relocation practices
Conceptualizing age‐appropriate social media to support children's digital futures
No full textIs there really a ‘right age’ for social media? As governments rush to regulate children's digital lives, age‐based bans and ‘age‐appropriate’ design regulations are gaining international momentum. However, these are often based on theoretically dated ‘ages and stages’ models and blunt age thresholds. This article examines three seemingly divergent yet surprisingly convergent approaches. First, emerging regulatory frameworks are embedding ‘age‐appropriate’ design and bright‐line age limits. Second, social science research on children's digital experience, offers valuable documentation of developmental variability across ages but provides limited policy‐ready guidance and often lacks developmental theory. Third, a normative child rights framework grounded in the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child's principle of ‘evolving capacities’ urges a balance between protection and participation rights in ways that take into account children's variable capacities and increasing autonomy. Given the often fraught and contested nature of the debates over digital policy, we call on developmental psychologists to scrutinize proposed age thresholds, map developmental evidence to diverse contexts, and bring contemporary theory and robust evidence to inform policy. Without this input, decisions that matter to children's digital lives will be left to political expediency and corporate interests, overlooking or even undermining children's rights and developmental needs
A two-way heterogeneity model for dynamic networks
No full textAnalysis of networks that evolve dynamically requires the joint modelling of individual snapshots and time dynamics. This paper proposes a new flexible two-way heterogeneity model towards this goal. The new model equips each node of the network with two heterogeneity parameters, one to characterize the propensity to form ties with other nodes statically and the other to differentiate the tendency to retain existing ties over time. With n observed networks each having p nodes, we develop a new asymptotic theory for the maximum likelihood estimation of 2p parameters when np → ∞. We overcome the global non-convexity of the negative log-likelihood function by the virtue of its local convexity, and propose a novel method of moment estimator as the initial value for a simple algorithm that leads to the consistent local maximum likelihood estimator (MLE). To establish the upper bounds for the estimation error of the MLE, we derive a new uniform deviation bound, which is of independent interest. The theory of the model and its usefulness are further supported by extensive simulation and the analysis of some real network data sets
Validating a comprehensive financial literacy questionnaire for Kuwaiti youth: a factor analysis study
Get PDFThis study aims to validate a questionnaire designed to measure financial literacy among youth in Kuwait. The instrument was developed using items sourced from various existing tools and tailored to the Kuwaiti context, with a focus on youth aged 18–25 years. The questionnaire was initially divided into seven domains, covering different aspects of financial literacy, including budgeting, savings, investments, debt management, financial planning, risk awareness and digital financial tools. A sample of 1064 participants completed the questionnaire. Exploratory factor analysis (PCA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were employed to evaluate the structure, reliability and validity of the instrument. The results of the CFA confirmed that financial literacy can be grouped into four distinct domains: Consuming Behaviour (CB), Information Literacy (IL), Financial Practices (FP) and Investment Behaviour (IB). These four domains emerged as the most reliable and validated constructs for measuring financial literacy among youth in Kuwait. The study successfully developed and validated a comprehensive tool for assessing financial literacy among Kuwaiti youth. The confirmed domains provide a robust framework for future research and policy development aimed at enhancing financial literacy education and interventions in Kuwait
Making sense of the 1990s: choices, pathways, and missed opportunities
No full textThis introductory chapter lays out the volume’s analytic framework and core themes. It starts by looking at the “mixed outcomes” that emerged out of the 1990s. These are the choices, successes, and missed opportunities that the volume’s authors explore and seek to explain. The chapter then introduces the volume’s themes and summarizes the essays that probe them across a variety of geographic and functional settings. The chapter summaries are organized to highlight key features of liberal order-building in the 1990s, as well as areas of agreement and disagreement over what was achieved, and at what cost. The chapter concludes by considering the volume’s implications for understanding the challenges that China, Russia, and the antiglobalist backlash within the West pose to the liberal order today