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The interplay between ADHD and school shift on educational outcomes in children and adolescents: a cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis
No full textMany countries implement double-shift schooling systems, offering morning or afternoon shifts. Given attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with circadian preference for eveningness, this study hypothesised that young people with ADHD would have worse educational performance than those without ADHD, particularly when attending school in the morning shift. Data were drawn from a Brazilian school-based cohort (n = 2,240, 6–14 years old, 45.6% female; 50.2% in the morning shift; 11.2% with ADHD). ADHD was determined by child psychiatrists using semi-structured interview. Educational outcomes were measured cross-sectionally and three years later (80% retention), including standardised performance test of reading and writing (primary outcome), and parent-reported performance in school subjects and negative school events (repetition, suspension, or dropout). Regression models, adjusted for demographic and cognitive factors, tested the hypotheses, with sensitivity analyses using continuous ADHD symptom measures. Attrition was addressed with inverse probability weighting. ADHD and morning shift were associated with lower reading and writing ability and with higher odds for negative school events cross-sectionally. ADHD predicted lower performance in school subjects and higher negative school events longitudinally. Contrary to our hypothesis, interaction was observed only cross-sectionally, indicating that ADHD symptoms were positively associated with the primary outcomes only in the afternoon shift. Morning shift performance remained consistently low regardless of ADHD symptom levels. These findings suggest that while studying in the afternoon shift benefits children with lower attentional problems, the morning shift does not exacerbate educational difficulties for those with ADHD or higher ADHD symptoms
Engineering Vulnerability: in pursuit of climate adaptation, by Sarah E. Vaughn, Durham, NC, Duke University Press, 2022, xiv + 256 pp., $27.95 (paperback), ISBN: 978-1-4780-1810-0
No full textRereading Ujamaa, rethinking freedom
No full textThis article examines the compatibility of Ujamaa's conceptualization of freedom with the limits of the sovereign state. This is done by examining popular enactments of Ujamaa in Tanzania in the 1960s, which resulted in what, for a moment, was a quasi-utopian realization of post-colonial freedom. It analyses the ways in which Julius Nyerere, in turn, was inspired by these popular practices and attempted to codify and advance their spread. Viewing this back-and-forth communication as a multidirectional means of theorizing the ideals of Ujamaa, including its radical conceptions of freedom, the article examines how such imaginations were eventually interfered with and restricted by the state, and how they might be revisited today
Capturing emergency contraceptive pill use: critical reflections on measurement and reporting
No full textEmergency contraceptive pills (ECP) are an essential and unique postcoital method of preventing pregnancy. Trends in supply data show that sales of ECP are increasing at faster rates globally than many other contraceptives. Yet nationally representative survey data suggest that ECP use has remained relatively static overtime, suggesting significant measure and reporting issues. Accurate measurement of ECP use is critical for informing policies and programs that provide people the choice and freedom to exercise their reproductive rights. There is an urgent need for a revision of ECP measurement to better capture the realities of people's contraceptive needs and desires. In this commentary, we outline the key reasons why surveys may be underreporting and misreporting ECP. We focus on issues around current method‐specific measurements, definition issues around “use” and problems with survey questions and prompt phraseology. We illustrate the importance of recognizing other postcoital methods and strategies that people use when trying to prevent a pregnancy, and the implications this has for ECP measurement. As ECP use evolves, we offer recommendations for survey revisions and further research that can ensure that ECP measurement is robust and able to provide accurate reporting in the future
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No full textStartups and national security - lessons from Northeast Asia for Europe
No full textJapan, South Korea and Taiwan have positioned startups not only as engines of economic growth but as key pillars of national security. Robyn Klingler-Vidra and Ramon Pacheco Pardo argue this approach offers valuable lessons for Europe
Hidden in plain sight: the "locations in the sky" where Apartheid lives on
No full textTucked away on the rooftops of apartment buildings in Johannesburg’s leafy, wealthy suburbs are cramped rooms that continue to house predominantly Black live-in domestic workers. Despite being just a floor away from their employers, they remain worlds apart in how they experience the building, writes Annabel Fenton, who identifies three distinct forms of discrimination faced by these workers
Can the conversation about Netflix's Adolescence produce meaningful change?
No full textNetflix’s series Adolescence has been hailed as a landmark television show for exploring the impact of misogynistic online content being viewed by schoolboys. But it will take more than public conversation to meaningfully tackle misogyny, writes Kayleigh Gibson
Context, implementation, and mechanisms of impact of a stepped-care WHO psychological intervention for migrants with psychological distress
No full textMigrants often experience psychological distress due to pre-, peri- and post-migration stressors. Scalable interventions like Doing What Matters in Times of Stress (DWM) and Problem Management Plus (PM+) have been developed to address these challenges. This study evaluates a stepped-care program combining DWM and PM+ for migrants in Italy, examining its context, implementation, and mechanisms of impact. A mixed-methods process evaluation was conducted alongside a randomized controlled trial (RCT), following the Medical Research Council (MRC) framework. Post-trial qualitative data were collected through individual interviews with intervention participants (n = 10) and stakeholders (n = 10), as well as a focus group with intervention providers (n = 8). Thematic analysis was performed using NVivo. Cultural stigma and practical barriers influenced engagement, while community leaders fostered trust and participation. Interventions were feasible and acceptable. Digital delivery improved accessibility for some but posed challenges for those with low technological literacy or private spaces. The stepped-care approach supported gradual engagement with mental health strategies, enhancing self-care and emotional awareness, while provider relationships were key to sustaining motivation. The stepped-care model alleviated psychological distress and was well-received. Findings underscore the need for cultural sensitivity, digital accessibility and community engagement to optimize migrant mental health support
Improving the resilience of the UK labour force in a 1.5°C world
No full textClimate change is already having a measurable impact on labour forces across the globe, with far reaching implications for economic growth, in addition to worker health, firm profitability, poverty and inequality, and food security, to name but a few. This study quantifies the impacts of heat stress on the UK labour force, focusing on labour supply, labour productivity, the health of workers, and the extent to which and how adaptation and adaptive capacity is reducing the negative impacts of extreme heat. We collected data in 2024 during the UK summer, just after a period of anomalous heat, surveying over 2,000 people in the UK labour force, when their recollection of the heat episode was fresh in their memories. Using microeconometric analysis and controlling for a rich set of demographic, occupational, and adaptation covariates, our results clearly show that workers do perceive their health to be harmed by heat stress, and workers and employers rely on a wide range of adaptation measures to protect their health that are at least partially effective. Our results suggest that a 1°C positive temperature anomaly from the long-term average increased the probability of a worker reducing their hours by 9.9% and their effort by 9.5%. However, for workers who received advanced alerts of heat episodes, those probabilities are 6.2% and 6.7% respectively, suggesting that adaptation is only partially effective. In the case of worker health, advanced alerts reduced the probability of workers reporting adverse health effects due to heat episodes by approximately 5 percentage-points