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Ecologías de la saturación. Investigación atística: Space Debris: Constelaciones de desechos
No full textEl lanzamiento del Sputnik en 1957, el primer satélite de la humanidad, inauguró una nueva era en la conquista del espacio exterior; pero también marcó el inicio de un nuevo tipo de contaminación invisible a nuestros ojos, la contaminación espacial. Desde entonces, nuestro planeta se ha rodeado de numerosos satélites encargados de estudiar nuestro clima, predecir catástrofes, ayudarnos a res- ponder preguntas científicas importantes para la evolución humana y mantenernos continuamente conectados y vigilados. La vida útil de estos satélites se ve amenazada por la saturación de objetos que rodean la Tierra. Los choques accidentales entre objetos que orbitan el espacio exterior pueden producir nubes de desechos que se mueven a gran velocidad, con el consiguiente riesgo de colisión para futuras misiones espaciales. Cuanto mayor es la conectividad planetaria, más aumenta la con- taminación espacial. Este escenario de saturación nos conecta con premisas conceptuales, como el ambiente artificial, la ecología sin naturaleza o el hiperobjeto; puntos de anclaje de diversos autores relacionados con el Antropoceno, que serán examinados en este texto, y que servirán de pilar teórico para la propuesta artística que presentamos.
La investigación artística que lleva por título, Space Debris :: Constelaciones de desechos, analiza y evidencia el enorme enjambre de basura espacial que gira alrededor de la Tierra en sus cuatro órbitas principales. Basándose en datos extraídos de fuentes científicas, identifica las principales once potencias responsables de la acumulación exponencial de desechos espaciales, clasifica y categoriza los datos, y visibiliza cómo se distribuye toda esta constelación de desechos espaciales en el cosmos mediante una instalación escultórica inmersiva e interactiva.Sin financiación0.3* JCR 20220.173 Q1 SJR 20220,17 C1 IDR 2022UE
Cognitive versus emotional modulation within a Stroop paradigm in patients with schizophrenia
No full textBackground: Schizophrenia is a complex disorder involving deficits in both cognitive and emotional processes. Specifically, a marked deficit in cognitive control has been found, which seems to increase when dealing with emotional information.
Aims: With the aim of exploring the possible common links behind cognitive and emotional deficits, two versions of the emotional Stroop task were administered.
Method: In the cognitive-emotional task, participants had to name the ink colour (while ignoring the meaning) of emotional words. In contrast, the emotional-emotional task consisted of emotional words superimposed on emotional faces, and the participants had to indicate the emotional valence of the faces. Fifty-eight participants (29 in-patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and 29 controls) took part in the study.
Results: Patients and controls showed similar response times in the cognitive-emotional task; however, patients were significantly slower than controls in the emotional-emotional task. This result supports the idea that patients show a more pronounced impairment in conflict modulation with emotional content. Besides, no significant correlations between the tasks and positive or negative symptoms were found. This would indicate that deficits are relatively independent of the clinical status of patients. However, a significant correlation between the emotional-emotional task and cognitive symptoms was found.
Conclusions: These findings suggest a restricted capacity of patients with schizophrenia to deal with the attentional demands arising from emotional stimuli.Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (PSI2018-098876-B-100Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI16/00359)Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI19/00766)5.4 Q1 JCR 20221.622 Q1 SJR 2022No data IDR 2022UE
Effects of combined treatment with transcranial and peripheral electromagnetic stimulation on performance and pain recovery from delayed onset muscle soreness induced by eccentric exercise in young athletes. A randomized clinical trial
No full textBackground: There is a common interest in finding a common consensus in the approach of athletes suffering from DOMS with the aim of accelerating recovery and thereby enhancing performance. The objective of this study was to observe the effects of a paired-associative transcranial and peripheral electromagnetic stimulation on young athletes suffering from DOMS, induced by 1 h of eccentric and plyometric exercises.
Methods: Forty-eight young athletes participated in this randomized control trial: 13 were assigned to the peripheral group (P); 12 were in the control group (Cont); 11 were assigned to the transcranial group (T) and 12 were included in the paired-associative group (Comb). The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) of pain perception and the mechanical Pressure Pain Threshold (PPT) were the tools used to analyze the symptoms of DOMS. On the other hand, the Half Squat (HS) test evaluated with an accelerometer, and the 30 m sprint velocity (30-mSP) test were used to observe the evolution of the sports performance of the lower limbs. All evaluations were performed before and after the eccentric exercise session that caused DOMS, as well as at 24–48, and 72 h afterward.
Results: The AS group improved the symptoms of the induced DOMS, since significant positive differences were observed in the VAS and PPT compared to the other groups (p < 0.001). In addition, the AS group showed a significant improvement in the HS and the 30-mSP tests (p < 0.001). Based on the results a treatment with both peripheral and transcranial electromagnetic stimulation improves recovery and performance in athletes at 72 h, although these data would need to be verified in future research with a larger sample size.
Conclusion: Paired-associative electromagnetic stimulation improved DOMS symptomatology, velocity, and sports performance in the lower limbs.Sin financiación4.0 Q2 JCR 20220.891 Q2 SJR 2022No data IDR 2022UE
Effectiveness of a respiratory rehabilitation program including an inspiration training device versus traditional respiratory rehabilitation: a randomized controlled trial
No full textBackground: In the context of COVID-19, respiratory training is vital for the care and recuperation of individuals. Both exercise-based and instrumental respiratory training have been employed as interventions to enhance respiratory function, providing relief from symptoms in those impacted by the virus. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of two different respiratory rehabilitation programs. Methods: A total of 200 participants affected with COVID-19 respiratory sequels were recruited, with a block randomization regarding sex to ensure equal and appropriate applicability of the results. An experimental controlled and randomized study was conducted, with participants engaging in a 31 days respiratory rehabilitation program, (a) experimental group, inspiratory training device combined with aerobic exercise and (b) traditional respiratory exercises combined with aerobic exercise. Results: Both groups improved in cardiorespiratory parameters, with a decrease in systolic and diastolic pressure, dyspnea and lower limbs fatigue, and increased oxygen saturation, 6 min walking distance, diaphragmatic thickness, forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume during the first second, peak expiratory flow rate, forced inspiratory vital capacity and maximal inspiratory pressure. Comparison between groups showed statistically significant differences in all variables except for oxygen saturation, 6 min walking distance and diaphragmatic thickness. The results of this study support the use of specific inspiration training devices for respiratory rehabilitation in COVID-19 sequels.Sin financiación2.7 Q2 JCR 20220.695 SJR Q1 2022No data IDR 2022UE
Equivalence Class Formation in Adults with Severe Behavioral Problems
No full textStimulus equivalence is a behavioral phenomenon that has been related to complex human behavior (e.g., remembering,
cognitive functioning, and symbolic behavior). As a rule, people diagnosed with severe mental disorders (e.g., schizophrenia,
bipolar disorder) that exhibit delusional and hallucinatory behavior, and disorganized speech have shown cognitive impairment (e.g., processing speed, reasoning/problem solving). Not enough research has analyzed the stimulus equivalence performance in this population. This study aims to investigate the stimulus equivalence performance in adults diagnosed with
severe mental disorders. In particular, this study analyzes the many-to-one (MTO) and one-to-many (OTM) training structures
efects, and the simultaneous (SIM) and the simple-to-complex (STC) training and testing protocol efects on equivalence
class formation in this population. To achieve it, we analyzed the behavior of 18 participants diagnosed with severe mental
disorders in three diferent conditions (Condition 1 OTM/SIM; 2 MTO/SIM; and 3 MTO/STC). Behavior consistent with
stimulus equivalence was found in 11 out of 13 participants who had fnished the study (5 participants decided to leave before
completing the tasks). STC yielded better results than the SIM protocol. No diferences were found between MTO and OTM
training structures. Implications and suggestions for further research have been discussed.CRUE-CSIC agreementSpringer Nature1.3 Q4 JCR 2022;0.465 Q2 SJR 2022No data IDR 2022UE
Critical appraisal beyond clinical guidelines for intraabdominal candidiasis
No full textBackground: Regardless of the available antifungals, intraabdominal candidiasis (IAC) mortality continues to be high and represents a challenge for clinicians.
Main body: This opinion paper discusses alternative antifungal options for treating IAC. This clinical entity should be addressed separately from candidemia due to the peculiarity of the required penetration of antifungals into the peritoneal cavity. Intraabdominal concentrations may be further restricted in critically ill patients where pathophysiological facts alter normal drug distribution. Echinocandins are recommended as first-line treatment in guidelines for invasive candidiasis. However, considering published data, our pharmacodynamic analysis suggests the required increase of doses, postulated by some authors, to attain adequate pharmacokinetic (PK) levels in peritoneal fluid. Given the limited evidence in the literature on PK/PD-based treatments of IAC, an algorithm is proposed to guide antifungal treatment. Liposomal amphotericin B is advocated as first-line therapy in patients with sepsis/septic shock presenting candidemia or endophthalmitis, or with prior exposure to echinocandins and/or fluconazole, or with infections by Candida glabrata. Other situations and alternatives, such as new compounds or combination therapy, are also analysed.
Conclusion: There is a critical need for more robust clinical trials, studies examining patient heterogeneity and surveillance of antifungal resistance to enhance patient care and optimise treatment outcomes. Such evidence will help refine the existing guidelines and contribute to a more personalised and effective approach to treating this serious medical condition. Meanwhile, it is suggested to broaden the consideration of other options, such as liposomal amphotericin B, as first-line treatment until the results of the fungogram are available and antifungal stewardship could be implemented to prevent the development of resistance.Sin financiación15.1 Q1 JCR 20223.577 Q1 SJR 2022No data IDR 2022UE
Contrageopolíticas de la guerra de Ucrania
No full textEl 24 de febrero de 2022 las tropas rusas cruzaron la frontera ucraniana e invadieron este país vecino, aparentemente para emprender una campaña de "desnazificación" de aquel territorio y auxiliar a los contingentes de población rusa que lo habitan. Bajo esta justificación se esconde, en realidad, el proyecto de Vladimir Putin de recuperar la que Rusia considera como su "zona de seguridad", vengando así la supuesta "humillación" sufrida por el país tras la descomposición de la Unión Soviética. Con independencia de la identificación de culpables y de responsabilidades, el inicio de la Guerra de Ucrania ha movido a reflexionar sobre el tablero internacional en el momento presente, construido sobre un abanico amplio de provisionalidades territoriales y conflictos localizados que ha ido desestabilizando la sociedad global en las dos últimas décadas. Lo que parecería pues, a simple vista, un episodio sorpresivo en el contexto de las controvertidas relaciones entre los países de la Europa del Este, se convierte así en el punto culminante de las tensiones acumuladas a lo largo del tiempo, cuyos efectos trascienden el escenario europeo oriental para alcanzar al conjunto del mundo. En ello ha jugado un papel nada despreciable la escalada de la globalización, que no solo ha favorecido la interconexión de territorios y pueblos alejados entre sí, sino también su interdependencia, de modo que, siguiendo el proverbio, el batir de las alas de una mariposa en los ex territorios soviéticos ha puesto al conjunto de la Humanidad frente a su realista imagen en el espejo de la dependencia energética.
Quienes se acerquen a la lectura de esta obra encontrarán un análisis coral y detenido sobre los presupuestos que definieron el final de la Guerra Fría y el inicio del mal llamado "Fin de la Historia". Se procede asimismo a una definición de la naturaleza de la democracia, y la caracterización de los regímenes que, cubiertos de un barniz democrático, se alejan de los postulados esenciales de aquella para encubrir estados totalitarios de facto. Igualmente, se centra el interés en las claves geopolíticas para entender la Guerra de Ucrania y sus derivaciones en otras regiones vinculadas a la Europa del Este. Para concluir, no se ignora la voz de los principales afectados por todo conflicto bélico, a saber, los colectivos marginales y desfavorecidos, los niños, y la que suele ser primera víctima en cualquier coyuntura de guerra: la verdad.SIN FINANCIACIÓNSin financiaciónSPI 2022UE
Afrontamiento del miedo a hablar en público mediante realidad virtual y aceptación psicológica
No full textTesis inédita presentada en la Universidad Europea de Madrid. Escuela de Doctorado e Investigación. Programa de Doctorado en Biomedicina y Ciencias de la SaludEl presente trabajo surge a raíz de la necesidad de mejora de las destrezas de presentación oral que se encuentran entre las más relevantes y necesarias para los titulados universitarios del siglo XXI. El miedo a hablar en público (MHP) es muy frecuente en muchos estudiantes y afecta a distintas áreas vitales (social, académica, laboral, familiar...) donde el desarrollo de estas competencias adquiere un papel básico y fundamental para la persona. Su abordaje desde la perspectiva cognitivo-conductual (TCC) tradicional planteaba como objetivo la reducción de la ansiedad y los pensamientos negativos asociados. Desde la Terapia de Aceptación y Compromiso (ACT), el objetivo ya no es el control de eventos privados, sino la mejora de la flexibilidad y aceptación psicológica, de manera que la persona se exponga y se mantenga en la situación de hablar en público focalizándose en comunicar eficazmente sin trata de controlar dicha ansiedad y pensamientos. El uso cada vez más extendido de tecnologías innovadoras como la realidad virtual (RV), y las ventajas de su aplicación tanto en la práctica clínica como en el contexto educativo, junto a la falta de evidencia empírica del uso combinado de ambas modalidades de tratamiento (flexibilidad psicológica y RV), motivó el diseño de un programa de intervención enfocado en promover la flexibilidad psicológica basada en ACT integrada en la exposición en vivo (EV) y en la RV como alternativa de afrontamiento del MHP.
Se presenta un estudio pormenorizado divido en tres etapas diferenciadas en las que se fue avanzando hasta el desarrollo de un ensayo clínico controlado aleatorizado. En primer lugar, se realizó un estudio descriptivo y correlacional que permitió analizar la relación existente entre inflexibilidad psicológica, fusión cognitiva, MHP, ansiedad social, autoverbalizaciones positivas y negativas, autoeficacia e inquietud al hablar en público, así como conocer el papel predictor de la flexibilidad psicológica en el MHP. Los resultados reflejaron el carácter predictivo y relacional entre el MHP, ansiedad social e inflexibilidad psicológica y apoyaron la necesidad de promover la flexibilidad psicológica a la hora de diseñar intervenciones eficaces dirigidas al abordaje del MHP, que puedan incrementar la efectividad de los programas tradicionales cognitivo-conductuales a través de un enfoque conductual-contextual. Seguidamente, se implementó un estudio piloto (n=4) que aportara datos sobre la efectividad o utilidad de un tratamiento basado en ACT en combinación con RV y EV para el abordaje del MHP. Los resultados apoyaron la viabilidad y utilidad de la intervención sin encontrar grandes diferencias entre las condiciones RV y EV En concreto, se encontraron reducciones estadísticamente significativas tanto en RV como en EV para el MHP y ansiedad social. También se encontraron reducciones en las valoraciones subjetivas de ansiedad, interferencia global y satisfacción al hablar en público, resultados que se mantuvieron a los 3 meses de finalizar la intervención. Dichos resultados propiciaron el desarrollo del ensayo clínico aleatorizado con una muestra más amplia de 37 estudiantes universitarios, con el objetivo de analizar la eficacia de una intervención centrada en promover la flexibilidad psicológica en el MHP a través de las dos modalidades de exposición mencionadas (EV y RV). Tras la retroalimentación aportada por el estudio piloto se hicieron los ajustes pertinentes en el protocolo de intervención y se incorporó un grupo control, además de más medidas de autoinforme, de observación conductual y psicofisiológicas. El ensayo clínico mostró cambios significativos en la dirección esperada tanto para las medidas subjetivas, como para las medidas de autoinforme (inflexibilidad psicológica, fusión cognitiva, MHP, ansiedad social, autoverbalizaciones negativas, autoeficacia e inquietud al hablar en público) y observación conductual (ansiedad conductual y conductas de aproximación a la ansiedad), resultando eficaces ambas condiciones de intervención, sin encontrarse grandes diferencias entre ellas. Los cambios se mantuvieron a los 3 meses e incluso siguieron mejorando en el MHP y la autoeficacia percibida. En definitiva, esta investigación supone un avance en la creación de protocolos eficaces y novedosos en el marco de la flexibilidad psicológica que avalen la idoneidad de su aplicación en estudiantes universitarios para superar el MHP, unido a las ventajas en términos de eficiencia terapéutica reduciendo los posibles costes que supone la EV, podría ser de gran ayuda a nivel clínico y educativo a la hora de desarrollar competencias claves que faciliten la superación de determinadas barreras psicológicas en el mundo académico y laboral.This study arises from the need to improve oral presentation skills that are among the most relevant and necessary for university graduates of the 21st century. Fear of public speaking (FPS) is very common in many students and affects different vital areas (social, academic, work, family…) where the development of these skills acquires a basic and fundamental role for the person. The cognitive-behavioral (CBT)perspective was posed and utilized as an anxiety reducing method, as well as a reductive method against negative thoughts. In the Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), the objective of the past was the central control of private events, but as of present, the focus is on the improvement of flexibility and psychological acceptance. The focal aspect of ACT presently, is for the person to be able to be communicate and present publicly effectively and fluently, without the adverse effects of anxiety and fearful thoughts.
Innovative technologies that are currently used in clinical applications and setting, is for example, virtual reality (VR). VR is an innovation that is widespread in the clinical practice realm, as well as in education. However, VR, and other similar applications, lack important empirical evidence, and also the flexibility that is often afforded with psychologically based applications, and thus, motivated the design of an intervention program focused on promoting psychological flexibility based on ACT and integrated live exposure (LE) and VR as an alternative to coping with FPS.
A detailed study is presented and divided into three different stages in which progress was made until the development of a randomized controlled clinical trial. The initial step was a descriptive and correlational study that was conducted, which allowed us to analyze the relationship between psychological inflexibility, cognitive fusion, FPS, social anxiety, positive/negative self-talk, self-efficacy, restlessness when speaking in public, and the predictive role of psychological flexibility (FPS). The results reflected the predictive and relational characteristics between the FPS, social anxiety, and the psychological inflexibility that supported the need to promote psychological flexibility when designing effective interventions aimed at addressing FPS. FPS was shown thru the study, to increase the effectiveness of traditional cognitive- behavioral through a behavioral-contextual approach. In the second, step, a pilot study (n=4) was implemented to provide data on the effectiveness or usefulness of a treatment based on ACT in combination with VR and LE for the approach to FPS. The results supported the feasibility and usefulness of the intervention without finding large differences between the VR and LE conditions. Specifically, statistically significant reductions were found in both VR and LE for FPS and social anxiety. Reductions were also found in subjective assessments of anxiety, global interference, and satisfaction when speaking in public, results that were maintained 3 months after the end of the intervention.
These results led to the development of a randomized clinical trial with a larger sample of 37 university students, with the objective of analyzing the efficacy of an intervention focused on promoting psychological flexibility in the MHP through the two exposure modalities (LE and VR). After the feedback provided by the pilot study, the pertinent adjustments were made to the intervention protocol and a control group was incorporated, in addition to more self-report, behavioral observation, and psychophysiological measures. The clinical trial showed significant changes in the expected direction for both subjective measures, self-report measures (psychological inflexibility, cognitive fusion, FPS, social anxiety, negative selfreports, self-efficacy, and public speaking restlessness) and behavioral observation (anxiety and behaviors approaching anxiety), without finding large differences in terms of efficacy between both exposure conditions. The changes were maintained at 3 months and even continued to improve in the FPS and perceived self-efficacy. In conclusion, this investigation represent a progress in the creation of effective and innovative protocols within the framework of psychological flexibility that guarantee the suitability of their application in university students to overcome the FPS, together with the advantages in terms of therapeutic efficiency, reducing the possible costs that LE entails, It could be of great help at a clinical and educational level when it comes to developing key competencies that facilitate overcoming certain psychological barriers in the academic and work world.No data 2022UE
Shared decision-making quality and decisional regret in patients with lowrisk superficial basal cell carcinoma: A prospective, multicenter cohort study
No full textTo assess the SDM process of patients and physicians when deciding lr-sBCC therapy as well as the factors that may influence the SDM process.
Methods: A prospective, multicenter cohort study was conducted over 18 months, from October 2018 to April 2020, in 3 tertiary university hospitals and 1 private hospital.
Results: This study included 107 patients. There was a weak positive correlation between Shared Decision-Making Questionnaire-Patient version (SDM-Q-9) and Shared Decision-Making Questionnaire-Physician version (SDM-Q-Doc) (Spearman's correlation coefficient [rs] [105] = 0.21; P = .03). Most patients (71%) chose a nonsurgical treatment after the SDM process. Patients with higher satisfaction with the SDM had lower decisional conflict and decisional regret (P 80 years had higher rates of significant decisional conflict.
Conclusion: This study suggests that some patients may prefer less invasive therapies for lr-sBCC. The SDM process may reduce decisional conflict and decisional regret.Universidad Europea Fondos de InvestigaciónNo data JCR 20221.162 Q1 SJR 2022;No data IDR 202
Estereotipos de género en imágenes generadas mediante inteligencia artificial
No full textEste estudio tiene como objetivo la identificación de sesgos de género en profesiones por parte de imágenes generadas mediante DALL-E 2, aplicación para la creación de imágenes sintéticas basadas en inteligencia artificial (IA). Para ello se utiliza un muestreo probabilístico estratificado en el que se delimitan segmentos a partir de 37 profesiones o prompts, replicando el estudio de Farago, Eggum-Wilkens y Zhang (2021) sobre estereotipos de género en el ámbito laboral en humanos. En el desarrollo del estudio intervienen 2 codificadores que introducen las profesiones manualmente en el generador de imágenes. DALL-E 2 genera 9 imágenes por cada consulta y se toma una muestra de 666 imágenes, con un nivel de confianza del 99% y un margen de error del 5%. A continuación, se evalúa cada imagen de acuerdo a una escala Likertde 3 niveles (1. No estereotipado; 2. Moderadamente estereotipado; 3. Fuertemente estereotipado). Nuestro estudio demuestra que estas creaciones replican estereotipos de género relacionados con el trabajo. Los resultados aquí descritos exponen que el 21,6% de las imágenes de profesionales generadas mediante IA, se representan comple-tamente estereotipadas con respecto al sexo femenino y el 37,8% con respecto al masculino. Si bien estudios anteriores realizados con humanos apuntan la existencia de estereotipos de género en el ámbito laboral, nuestro trabajo demues-tra que la IA, no sólo replica este estereotipado, sino que lo refuerza e incrementa. Así, mientras que las investigaciones sobre sesgo de género llevadas a cabo en humanos demuestran un fuerte estereotipado en el 35% de los casos, la IA ofrece fuerte estereotipado en el 59,4% de los casos. Los resultados del presente estudio subrayan la necesidad de una comunidad de desarrollo de IA diversa e inclusiva, que establezca las bases hacia una IA más justa e imparcialThis study explores workplace gender bias in images generated by DALL-E 2, an application for synthesising images ba-sed on artificial intelligence (AI). To do this, we used a stratified probability sampling method, dividing the sample into segments on the basis of 37 different professions or prompts, replicating the study by Farago, Eggum-Wilkens and Zhang (2020) on gender stereotypes in the workplace. The study involves two coders who manually input different professions into the image generator. DALL-E 2 generated 9 images for each query, and a sample of 666 images was collected, with a confidence level of 99% and a margin of error of 5%. Each image was subsequently evaluated using a 3-point Likert scale: 1, not stereotypical; 2, moderately stereotypical; and 3, strongly stereotypical. Our study found that the images generated replicate gender stereotypes in the workplace. The findings presented indicate that 21.6% of AI-generated images depicting professionals exhibit full stereotypes of women, while 37.8% depict full stereotypes of men. While previous studies conducted with humans found that gender stereotypes in the workplace exist, our research shows that AI not only replicates this stereotyping, but reinforces and increases it. Consequently, while human research on gender bias indicates strong stereotyping in 35% of instances, AI exhibits strong stereotyping in 59.4% of cases. The results of this study emphasise the need for a diverse and inclusive AI development community to serve as the basis for a fairer and less biased AIMinisterio de Ciencia e Innovación de España - “Flujos de desinformación, polarización y crisis de la intermediación mediática (Disflows) (PID2020-113574RB-I00)”4.2 Q1 JCR 20220.872 Q1 SJR 20222,05 C1 IDR 2021UE