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Factors in Terrorist Risk Assessment:A Rapid Evidence Assessment of the Extremism Risk Guidance (ERG22+) factors
Get PDFPurposeSince 2011, the Extremism Risk Guidance (ERG 22+) has been the primary risk assessment framework used for terrorist and violent extremist offenders in England and Wales. The aim of this study was to conduct a rapid evidence assessment to examine the research literature on the ERG22+ factors and to identify possible significant new and emerging knowledge around potential new factors.Design/methodology/approachSearches were conducted of the Google Scholar database to identify relevant literature published between 2012 and 2020. 29 documents were identified which examined new radicalisation models and frameworks, 339 were identified which explored to some extent one or more of the current ERG factors, and a further 138 articles were identified which focused on potentially relevant additional issues/factors.FindingsMost of the ERG factors were the focus of substantial research activity between 2012-2020. Six factors, however, received very little research attention. Potential implications of these trends are considered. Ten research themes were identified with the potential to either form new factors or which could play a significant role in the updating or revision of some existing factors. Originality/valueThis paper is the first rapid evidence assessment on the ERG22+ risk factors. It provides an important picture of the published scientific research of potential relevance in this area and helps to inform the review process for the ERG22+. <br/
The History of the EU Budget
Get PDFThe budget of the European Union has four pillars: its expenditure, its financing, its link to funds outside the budget and its audit. This paper looks at the origins of the budget, its development through multiannual planning and annual budgeting. It does so amid the European Parliament’s changing powers over the budget and the evolution of its financing and of the audit process. Since the very first European Community in 1952, there has been a tension over budgeting among the European institutions and the Member States and a close link between reforms to expenditure and those to the financing. During the last decade, the development of a galaxy of new funds and instruments, both separate from and related to the budget, have added to the complexity of the European Union’s financial arrangements
Intergroup cooperation in the United States and Japan:Revisiting Yuki's (2003) theory on the cultural difference in the conceptualization of group boundaries
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Carter, Porter, Herrera:Overcoming Mythology to Achieve Agency (Sometimes) Effectively
Get PDFThis article explores the work of three fiction authors examining how they allow protagonists to bring originality to their use of stable mythological content to form new ways of organizing social relations. Across the three, the protagonist is led toward a pivotal moment, confronted by symbolic objects and figures that pose a real danger, from which some improvise, escape and form a more satisfying life. Fiction demonstrates how agency is possible, that humans can play with any given identities and roles and establish a different social order, at least sometimes effectively. Given the constraining power of mythology, this article builds on three core problems identified by Barthes to show how these writers can: first, undermine the naturalization of figures; second, challenge the notion that since order is largely given, then intentionality and agency are futile; and third, overcome how facts or veracity in myth-driven meaning lack any historical specificity by instead portraying direct experiences that produce their own identities, categories and relations. These findings are significant because the writers step outside politics to develop ideas about how political relations can be made differently through will, ability to experiment and enjoy experiments’ outcomes, and by living with greater multiplexity of perspectives
A Tunable Depth Microwave Photonic Notch Filter Based on Polarization Control of Stimulated Brillouin Scattering
Get PDFIn this paper, we report a frequency tunable, suppression depth tunable, narrow Microwave Photonic notch filter based on the State of Polarisation (SOP) control of Stimulated Brillouin Scat-tering (SBS) in SMF. SBS gain is highly dependent on the SOPs of the pump and probe signals with a maximum gain when their SOPs are the same, and a minimum when they are orthogonal to one another. We exploit this phenomenon to create a tunable depth notch filter by adjusting the gain and loss of SBS for RF cancellation with a photodiode. We develop and present a math-ematical model explaining the polarisation dependent gain and the transfer function of the proposed filter. Experimental results demonstrate a tunable notch filter with a notch depth tuning range of 0-40dB with a frequency range of 2-26.5GHz. The -3dB width of the filter was recorded as 37MHz at its maximum depth, with a low 4MHz recorded in shallower notches. The notch depth is tuned by a polarisation controller that controls the SOP of the pump signal. This configuration has applications in dynamic notch filtering of signals such as Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) removal where control over the notch depth is of great importance. The proposed tunable depth notch filter would provide unique benefits for satellite, aerospace, telecom-munications and beyond communication technologies
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