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Cultural adaption, translation, preliminary reliability and validity of psychological and behavioural measures for adolescents living with HIV in Botswana:A multi-stage approach
Get PDFHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a significant public health issue among young people living in Botswana. There is a need for reliable and valid psychological and behavioural measures of causally important constructs for this population. We developed a new HIV knowledge measure for use with 10–19-year-olds living with HIV and translated and adapted additional tools measuring HIV adjustment, HIV disclosure cognitions and affect, HIV communication beliefs, antiretroviral (ART) adherence, and self-esteem, using a multi-step process. This included (1) item generation for the HIV knowledge questionnaire, (2) translation including back-translation and expert review, (3) cognitive interviewing, (4) reliability testing (5) preliminary validity analysis. The HIV Knowledge Questionnaire for Adolescents living with HIV, the Illness Cognition Questionnaire, the Adolescent HIV Disclosure Cognition and Affect Scale, the HIV Communication Beliefs Scale, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale showed acceptable or good reliability and some evidence of validity for adolescents living with HIV in Botswana
Palaeoenvironmental and chronological context of hominin occupations of the Armenian Highlands during MIS 3:Evidence from Ararat-1 cave
Get PDFArchaeological and palaeoenvironmental evidence from the Armenian Highlands and wider southern Caucasus region emphasises the significance of Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage 3 (c. 57–29 ka) as a crucial period for understanding hominin behaviours amidst environmental fluctuations. Ararat-1 cave, situated in the Ararat Depression, Republic of Armenia, presents potential for resolving emerging key debates regarding hominin land use adaptations during this interval, due to its well-preserved lithic artefacts and faunal assemblages. We present the first results of combined sedimentological, geochronological (luminescence and radiocarbon), archaeological and palaeoecological (macrofauna, microfauna and microcharcoal) study of the Ararat-1 sequence. We demonstrate sediment accumulation occurred between 52 and 35 ka and was caused by a combination of aeolian activity, cave rockfall and water action. Whilst the upper strata of the Ararat-1 sequence experienced postdepositional disturbance due to faunal and anthropogenic processes, the lower strata remain relatively undisturbed. We suggest that during a stable period within MIS 3, Ararat-1 was inhabited by Middle Palaeolithic hominins amidst a mosaic of semi-arid shrub, grassland, and temperate woodland ecosystems. These hominins utilised local and distant toolstone raw materials, indicating their ability to adapt to diverse ecological and elevation gradients. Through comparison of Ararat-1 with other sequences in the region, we highlight the spatia
Effect of Skin Pigmentation and Finger Choice on Accuracy of Oxygen Saturation Measurement in an IoT-based Pulse Oximeter
Get PDFThe pulse oximeters are widely used in hospitals and homes for measurement of bloodoxygen saturation level (SpO2) and heart rate (HR). Concern has been raised regarding a possible bias in obtaining pulse oximeter measurements from different fingertips and the potential effect of skin pigmentation (white, brown and dark). In this study, we obtained 600 SpO2 measure-ments from 20 volunteers using three UK NHS-approved commercial pulse oximeters alongside our custom-developed sensor and used the Munsell colour system (5YR and 7.5YR cards) to classify the participant skin pigmentation into three distinct categories (white, brown and dark). The statistical analysis using ANOVA post-hoc tests (Bonferroni correction), Bland-Altman plot and correlation test were then carried out to determine if there was a clinical significance in measuring SpO2 reading from the different fingertips and highlight if skin pigmentation affects the accuracy of SpO2 measurement. The results indicate that although the three commercial pulse oximeters had different mean and standard deviations, these differences had no clinical significance.<br/
Big brands impact small islands:Sources of plastic pollution in a remote and protected archipelago
Get PDFRemote islands are disproportionately affected by plastic pollution, often originating from elsewhere, so it is important to understand its origins, to stop debris entering the ocean at their source. We investigated the origins of beached plastic drink bottles in the Chagos Archipelago, a large remote Marine Protected Area (MPA) in the Indian Ocean. We recorded the brands, countries of manufacture, types of drink, and ages of plastic bottles and their lids. The prevalent type of drink was water, with items mostly manufactured in Indonesia, China, and the Maldives. The main brands were Danone and the Coca-Cola Company. We deduced that 10 % of the items originated from ships passing the archipelago, including all the items manufactured in China. The identification of the brands creating plastic pollution in remote MPAs with high biodiversity supports extended producer responsibility, one of the proposed policy development areas of the Global Plastics Treaty
Design-led solutions for reducing airline food waste:A participatory approach to develop behaviour change interventions
Get PDFThe Changing Reputation of Saladin in the Latin West, c.1170 to c.1220
Get PDFIt is an apparent paradox that the Latin West’s perception of Saladin, the Ayyubid sultan who conquered Jerusalem in 1187, changed so drastically over a few years. From being identified as one of the heads of the seven-headed dragon of Revelation 13, by the end of the Third Crusade Saladin’s image began to take on a much more positive aspect, with the virtues of mercy and especially generosity writ large. The lengthy diplomatic exchanges of the Third Crusade did much to bring these (and other) recognisably chivalric attributes to the attention of the crusaders and thereby effect the transformation noted above. The article closely traces this evolution across a wide range of sources from the twelfth and early thirteenth centuries
Braverman and Labor and Monopoly Capital:A Retrospective
Get PDFThis paper appraises the work of Harry Braverman (1920–76), specifically his classic, Labor and Monopoly Capital, published in 1974 and remaining an influential reference for what has become the labour process approach to the study of work in capitalist societies. Labor and Monopoly Capital (LMC) reshaped what was then known as industrial sociology in the English-speaking world and was impactful across a range of disciplines, including history, organisation and management studies, comparative political economy, and labour geography. It is widely regarded as the foundational text of labour process theory (LPT). Fifty years after the initial publication of LMC, that theoretical approach is not only alive and well, but in the past decade, undergone something of a resurgence, influencing global communities of scholars. The paper takes a close look primarily at the text in its context, examining the genesis of the arguments, the distinctive biography of the author, and the structure of the book drawing out its major and minor themes, including a critical assessment of sources and evidence. We argue that the enormous impact of LMC can be explained by its successful challenge to existing orthodoxies about trajectories in work, technology, and management dominant in the social sciences and orthodox Marxism. This is followed up with a discussion of the reception, diffusion, and development of LMC comparatively and across different geographic domains and academic disciplines. As the debate on LMC eventually became a much broader programme of theory and research on the labour process, we consider some of the key points of differentiation from one of the foundational texts. Whilst acknowledging its enduring legacy, the final section argues that there is only a route forward from, rather than back to Braverman, given the profound changes to global capital and labour in the 50 years since LMC appeared.<br/
Kinematic Evolution of the Huincul High, Neuquén Basin (Argentina) - sequential restoration and analysis of inversion structures
Get PDFRe-shaping the Imagined Community:Postal Maps and the Making of National Space for Modern China
Get PDF大清郵政局在1896 年成立，隔年正式掛牌運作。在1903 年，一幅名為《大清郵政公署備用輿圖 (China–Postal Working Map）被印製作為內部參考資料。因為這中間受到庚子拳亂的影響，郵政的拓展受到阻礙，所以從這份地圖上看到郵政據點稀疏, 大多集中在沿海地區和主要城市。下一份單張的全中國郵政地圖是在1913 年發行。這時候的中國已經改幟換代，成為以袁世凱為首的中華民國。從這張全國郵政地圖來看，郵政路線和據點有非常明顯的擴張，也與鐵路緊密結合。分省的郵政輿圖也在1907年和1919 年出版。1919 年的中華郵政輿圖（Postal Atlas of China）甚至公開對外銷售。各個郵區陸續出版的單張郵政地圖也可以讓民眾購買。在中國彌漫著收回主權和廢除不平等條約的氛圍下，郵政地圖享有權威的話語權。郵政地圖所勾勒出來的對國家的想像，在民國時期的國族論述的建構上扮演一個非常重要的角色。對於市民或政府，郵政地圖不但是一種知識的代表也是現代國家想像共同體的延伸。以一條從甘肅丹噶爾（湟源）到青海玉樹的新郵路的擴展為例，可以看出開闢郵路的不易以及從地圖上對國家社群的想像。但在1934 年郵政地圖的權威因為一幅雲南的郵政圖而受到挑戰。常年由郵局體制裡面的外籍人員所負責的地圖製作，因此被南京政府的參謀本部陸地測量總局和內政部監督核准。自此正式宣布地圖製作的話語權被納入南京政府
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