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Dual-task decrements in mono-, bi-, and multilingual participants: evidence of multilingual advantage
Get PDFEvidence suggests that language processing in bilinguals is less left-lateralized than in monolinguals. We explored dual-task decrement (DTD) for mono-, bi- and multilinguals in a verbal-motor dual-task paradigm. We expected monolinguals to show greater DTD than bilingual participants, who would show greater DTD than multilingual participants. Fifty right-handed participants (18 monolingual, 16 bilingual, 16 multilingual) completed verbal fluency and manual motor tasks in isolation and concurrently. Tasks were completed twice in isolation (left-handed, right-handed) and twice as dual-tasks (left-handed, right-handed); participants’ motor-executing hands served proxy for hemispheric activation. Results supported the hypotheses. Completing dual-tasks incurred greater cost for manual motor tasks than for verbal fluency tasks. Negative cost of performing dual-tasks diminished as number of languages spoken increased; in fact, multilingual individuals demonstrated a dual-task advantage in both tasks when using the right hand, strongest in the verbal task. Dual-tasking had the greatest negative impact on verbal fluency of monolingual participants when the motor task was completed with the right hand; for bi- and multi-lingual participants, the greatest negative impact on verbal fluency was seen when the motor task was completed with the left hand. Results provide support for the bi-lateralization of language function in bi- and multilingual individuals
The impact of COVID-19 (Coronavirus) on children and young people with Down syndrome in the United Kingdom
Get PDFThe COVID-19 pandemic had a profound impact across the globe. Evidence suggests children with Special Educational Needs and Disabilities and their families experienced impacts on well-being and disruptions in support from education and health services. This study investigated the impact of measures associated with the COVID-19 pandemic on children and young people (CYP) with Down syndrome in the United Kingdom, specifically changes in speech, language and communication abilities, behavior, social, emotional and mental health and access to education and healthcare services. Forty-six parents/carers of CYP with Down Syndrome (aged 2-25 years) completed an online survey between June and September 2020. Parents/carers frequently reported deterioration in speech, language and communication, literacy and attention skills since the onset of the pandemic. Deterioration in social and emotional wellbeing and behavior, including greater reliance on adults were also reported for some CYP with Down syndrome. Parents reported challenges with home-schooling and reductions in support from education and community services. Preferences for support during COVID-19 were for professional support or from other parents. These findings have implications for the support that is now needed for CYP with Down syndrome and their families and for periods of social restrictions in the future
Acute cardiometabolic and exercise responses to breakfast omission versus breakfast consumption in adolescent girls: a randomised crossover trial
Get PDFGirls often begin to skip breakfast during adolescence. This study compared the acute effect of breakfast omission versus consumption on cardiometabolic risk markers and perceived appetite and mood during rest and/or exercise in adolescent girls classified as habitual breakfast consumers. Girls (aged 13.2 ± 0.7 years) completed two 5.5 h conditions in a randomised crossover design: breakfast omission (BO) and standardised breakfast consumption (BC). A standardised lunch was provided at 3 h. Incremental cycling exercise was performed at 5 h. Blood and expired gas samples were taken at regular intervals. Whilst pre-lunch plasma glucose, insulin, and Metabolic Load Index incremental area under the curve (IAUC) were significantly lower in BO versus BC, post-lunch differences were reversed and larger in magnitude. Peak plasma glucose and insulin were significantly higher in BO versus BC. Pre-lunch perceived fullness and hunger were significantly lower and higher, respectively, in BO versus BC. Perceived energy and concentration were lower, and tiredness was higher, in BO versus BC. Exercise peak fat oxidation and Fatmax were unaffected. The lower physical activity enjoyment in BO versus BC approached significance. To conclude, acutely omitting breakfast adversely affects cardiometabolic risk markers and exercise enjoyment among adolescent girls who habitually consume breakfast
Empowering and integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) into Principles of Responsible Management Education (PRME): using AI & PRME teaching and learning activities
No full textThe integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into educational frameworks has the potential to revolutionize various fields, including the Principles of Responsible Management Education (PRME). This research paper explores the opportunities and challenges of empowering and integrating AI into PRME, with a focus on promoting responsible management education and practices. The paper delves into how AI can help with PRME-related teaching and learning such as enhanced learning experiences, personalized education, and teaching and learning data intelligence. Additionally, the paper discusses how AI can facilitate the integration of real-world, industry-relevant cases and simulations into PRME curricula, fostering practical skills and critical thinking among students. However, alongside the benefits, the paper also examines the challenges and ethical considerations associated with AI integration in PRME-related teaching and learning activities. It addresses concerns related to data privacy, algorithmic bias, and the need for human oversight and accountability. Ethical frameworks and guidelines for responsible AI usage in education are explored, emphasizing the importance of transparency, fairness, and inclusivity in AI-enabled learning environments. This paper aims to explore the role of Artificial intelligence (AI) in empowering PRME-related teaching and learning activities. It focuses on enhancing students’ capabilities to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs hereafter). It explores how AI could offer a framework for integrating the SDGs into business curricula and pedagogy, with the aim of developing the capabilities of students to contribute to the achievement of the SDGs. It focusses on how we guide business schools in incorporating sustainability and social responsibility into their curricula and practices. By incorporating the SDGs into business curricula, PRME could provide students with the knowledge, skills, and values they need to become responsible leaders and global citizens. Through PRME, students learn about the interconnectedness of economic, social, and environmental issues, and are encouraged to think critically about the role of business in society. Students will learn about the challenges and opportunities of sustainable development, and are equipped with the tools they need to create innovative and sustainable solutions to global problems
Tacit knowledge and the role of the dental educator
Get PDFIntroduction: This article seeks to explore tacit knowledge in the context of the practice and the role of a dental educator in a workplace learning environment. Material and Methods: The key theoretical ideologies which underpin the definition of tacit knowledge have been outlined and practical examples to enable conceptualisation. The role tacit knowledge plays in procedural knowledge, performance of a skill and diagnosis and decision-making has been explained in further detail. Approaches to maximise the educational output of learning opportunities by using tacit knowledge and how an awareness of tacit knowledge can complement reflection have been considered. Results: It is acknowledged that workplace learning is of mutual benefit to the dental educator, trainee and clinical team and that the development of the educator to make tacit knowledge explicit, can be achieved through peer observation, amongst other methods. Conclusion: Tacit knowledge is a key element underpinning learning in the workplace; the use of this knowledge can be applied in an advantageous manner, from both an educational and a personal developmental perspective.</p
Strengthening pathways to high quality maternity care for migrant women in Europe: taking an equity lens
No full textOutline of the overall workshop Compared to non-migrants, migrant women are less likely to have adequate information about maternity care, experience suboptimal communication with care staff, and are less involved in decisions about their care due to difficulties in understanding information, socio-cultural beliefs, and experiencing racism. Some migrant groups (i.e. forced migrants) are also at particularly high risk of poor perinatal outcomes including mental illness, morbidity, and mortality due to larger contextual factors including poverty and poor access to host country healthcare services. In recent years, there have been increasing efforts to improve maternity care for migrant and refugee women across Europe. However, evidence is sparse and strategies to strengthen maternity care pathways are limited. We will present research aimed at improving maternity care amongst migrant women across various European contexts, including Germany, the UK, and Denmark. We will consider how equity and co-production play an important role in improving these pathways. This will include a presentation from an Expert-by Experience (a forced migrant mother), and a panel discussion with audience participation. SPECIFIC AIMS AND COMPONENT PARTS Based on recent empirical evidence, including new findings from a European-wide systematic review, this workshop aims to critically discuss the best approaches to improve maternity care pathways (including mental health care provision) for migrant women in Europe. We will take an equity lens by focusing on co-creation, holistic approaches, and the impact of wider socio-economic, political, and structural factors. Component Parts The Pregnancy and Obstetric Care for Refugees research team, led by Prof. Theda Borde, will present new insights on different maternity care pathways amongst forced migrants in Germany, and the role that institutional ‘othering’ and socio-political factors play in shaping women’s experiences and mental health.Dr Kerrie Stevenson will present the preliminary results of a systematic review identifying effective interventions to improve maternity outcomes for migrant women in high-income countries. This review will also assess the use of co-production in intervention studies.Dr Shuby Puthussery will discuss the power of co-production in pathway development, based on findings from a community-based intervention to enhance antenatal care initiation and uptake in a low-income and ethnically diverse area in the UK.Dr Maria Marti Castaner will focus on the importance of holistic approaches to maternity care by presenting the qualitative findings of an evaluation of a nurse home visiting program for refugees in Denmark. In the discussion, panellists and the audience will consider the most effective and equitable ways to strengthen maternity care pathways for migrant women by reflecting on the evidence presented and experiences from the field. Key questions How does ‘othering’ impact maternity care pathways for forced migrant mothers and how it can be tackled?Which maternity care interventions are most effective in improving maternal health outcomes and equity for migrant women?What role can Experts by Experience play in co-producing maternity care interventions and improving pathways to maternity care?How can maternity care pathways strengthen their focus on prevention of perinatal mental health problems by addressing wider socioeconomic factors
Role-model, reoffer, reward: a thematic analysis and TDF mapping of influences on families’ use of evidence-based vegetable feeding practices
Get PDFChildren’s vegetable intake is low, despite benefits for immediate and long-term health. Repeatedly reoffering vegetables, role-modelling consumption, and offering non-food rewards effectively increase children’s vegetable acceptance and intake. However, a number of barriers prevent families from reoffering previously-rejected vegetables. This study used the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) and the COM-B model of behaviour to explore barriers and enablers to reoffering, role-modelling and offering non-food rewards among parents of 2-4-year-old children. Twenty-five semi-structured interviews were conducted, from which eleven core inductive themes were generated: ‘Child factors’, ‘Eating beliefs’, ‘Effectiveness beliefs’, ‘Past experience’, ‘Current family behaviours’, ‘Harms’, ‘Knowledge’, ‘Need for change’, ‘Parent effort’, ‘Parent values’ and ‘Practical issues’. The codes underpinning these themes were inductively mapped to 11 of the 14 TDF domains, and five of the six COM-B components. Previously-reported influences on families’ vegetable feeding practices were confirmed, including concerns about child rejection of foods/meals, cost of vegetables, and food waste. Novel findings included some parents’ perceptions that these practices are pressurising, and that certain beliefs/knowledge about children’s eating behaviour can provide a “protective mindset” that supports families’ perseverance with reoffering over time. Future interventions should be tailored to better reflect the diversity of needs and previous experiences of feeding that families have, with some families likely to find that troubleshooting and further signposting is appropriate for their needs while others might benefit from more persuasive and educational approaches. The mapping of codes to the TDF and COM-B will facilitate the identification of appropriate intervention functions and behaviour change techniques when designing new interventions to support families with increasing their children’s vegetable intake
Portugal
No full textThis chapter assesses the main changes and challenges in the Portuguese National Health Service (NHS) over the last four decades, and their impact on the public and other actors such as the state, the medical profession and other healthcare workforce. To achieve this, a brief overview of the current socio-demographic context of the country is presented, followed by an introduction to the Portuguese NHS, its structure and organisation. The main health policy reform strategies in primary, secondary and continuing care services are addressed. Health policymaking in the context of the 2008 financial crisis and the Covid-19 pandemic is also discussed. The chapter finishes by looking at the extent to which the Portuguese healthcare system is sustainable and will continue to be in a post-pandemic society. The analysis will be undertaken by using an approach which emphasises market conditions and power relations within and between professions and the state in the provision of services. This neo-Weberian perspective is complemented by a neo-institutionalist framework, in which the role and logics played by transnational governance structures are prominent
The effectiveness of structured sport and exercise interventions in enhancing the mental health of adolescents with mild to moderate mental health problems: a systematic review
Get PDFBetween 10% and 20% of adolescents globally have a diagnosed mental health disorder and a big proportion of individuals experience their first mental health problem during adolescence. However, limited research has investigated how an adult-led structured sport and exercise intervention can be used to support adolescents with mild to moderate mental health problems. A systematic review of the literature (five databases) was performed. Included studies (qualitative and quantitative) explored structured sport and exercise interventions aiming to help adolescents (aged 10–19 years) experiencing mild to moderate mental health problems. From 3506 studies screened, nine met the inclusion criteria (RCT = 6 and non-RCT = 3) following the PICOS, TIDieR frameworks and assessing quality of studies using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Activities included a group-based circuit training, high-intensity interval training, dance, group-based aerobic exercise, mindfulness-based Tai Chi Chuan and rugby. All included studies showed clinical improvements in adolescents’ anxiety or depression (anxiety, n = 5 and depression, n = 7). There is evidence that structured sport and exercise interventions can support adolescents with mild to moderate mental health problems. However, more research is needed to understand the mechanisms of how these outcomes are achieved, specifically using well-designed interventions tailored to specific exercises/sports, populations, and mental health outcomes
Institutions and macroeconomic indicators: entrepreneurial activities across the world
Get PDFPurpose: Entrepreneurial activity is a phenomenon that boosts the economic growth of countries and improves social welfare. The levels of economic development in countries have significant effects on these entrepreneurial activities. This research examines which institutional and macroeconomic variables explain early-stage entrepreneurial activities in developed and developing economies. Methodology: We conducted panel data analysis on data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor and International Monetary Fund surveys covering 2009–2018. Findings: To begin with, our results reveal that cognitive, normative, and regulatory institutions, as well as macroeconomic factors, have differential effects on early-stage entrepreneurial activity in developed and developing countries. Moreover, our findings indicate a stronger positive impact of cognitive, normative, and regulatory institutions on early-stage entrepreneurship in developed countries compared to developing countries. Finally, our results suggest that macroeconomic factors play a more significant role in early-stage entrepreneurial activity in developing countries than in developed countries. These findings have important implications for institutional theory, macroeconomics, and the entrepreneurship literature. Originality: This study provides a better understanding of the components that help explain the differences in entrepreneurship between developed and developing countries regarding institutions and macroeconomic factors. In this way, it contributes to developing entrepreneurship literature with the theoretical achievements of combining institutional theory and macroeconomic indicators with entrepreneurship literature
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