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'If I don't look good, it just doesn't go up': A qualitative study of young women's drinking cultures and practices on Social Network Site.
No full textBACKGROUND: Young women in the UK often partake in a culture of intoxication in the pursuit of pleasure and friendship fun. Experiences of intoxication and drinking spaces remain highly gendered and relative to men, women continue to find their behaviours in drinking spaces more constrained and scrutinised. Simultaneously, young women now express themselves via Social Network Sites (SNS), where they display drinking experiences and where they perform, negotiate and display contemporary femininities. METHODS: The research explored young women's experiences of drinking and intoxication, the use of SNS in their drinking cultures and the display of drinking practices on SNS through group interviews (n=12) with women (n=37) aged 16-21 from one city in the North-West of England, UK. RESULTS: The practice of uploading drinking photographs to SNS played an important role in displaying young women's popularity, enhancing friendship fun and belonging, and in positioning the hyper-sexual feminine look as the norm in drinking spaces. Both intoxication and the hyper-sexual and feminine look challenged traditional notions of respectable femininity, while the highly groomed feminine look itself was threatened by drunkenness. As such, young women invested much work and effort in self-surveillance and in managing the display of their drinking behaviours on SNS. CONCLUSION: The dilemmas in contemporary femininity created by the juxtaposition of hyper-sexual femininity and the culture of intoxication are reproduced on SNS. Controlling and restricting certain content on SNS with the aim of achieving the 'right' feminine self-presentation resulted in a narrowly set of body oriented and behavioural feminine attributes being presented as the norm, and an overly positive online representation of young women's drinking experiences
Gender Differences in Risk and Protective factors for Resolved Plans and Preparations for Suicide among University Students
No full textBackground. Identifying the psychological predictors of suicide risk is essential because these variables may be amenable to change in treatment, unlike demographic or historical factors. Aims. The aim of this study was to examine the predictors of past two-week suicidal ideation for males and females separately. Method. Participants were 1184 healthy adults who completed an online survey. Results. A significant association between suicidal ideation and gender was found, such that mean levels were significantly higher in females than males. Separate regression analyses accounted for significant amounts of variance in suicide ideation, 54% for males and 68% for females. Moreover, the analyses revealed that suicide resilience Factor 2 (Emotional Stability) was a protective factor for both males and females; however, defeat, goal disengagement, and depression were independently associated with suicide ideation in males but not females. By contrast, entrapment, perceived burdensomeness, and hopelessness Factor 3 (Future Expectations) were significant risk factors only in females. Conclusions. The findings have clinical and practical implications, which may guide future practice, and supports the notion of targeted prevention and intervention strategies
The effect of speed of compression on the properties of compacts.
No full textA high speed hydraulic press has been developed into a computer controlled high speed compression Simulator, capable of reproducing displacement time profiles seen on any production tabletting machine. The system has been validated to monitor punch displacements to ?12pm and loads to ?O.05% of full scale. Confidence in the results obtained using the Simulator were enhanced by comparison with other operational Simulators. The established Simulator was then used to investigate the
effects of compression on ibuprofen. Ibuprofen was found to consolidate mainly by plastic deformation with a lesser contribution from the melting of asperities. A significant amount of pressure induced melting and subsequent fusion bonding occurred at higher pressures. Ibuprofen was found to be sensitive to the magnitude and rate of application of the compression pressure. The extent of plastic flow exhibited by ibuprofen during compression was, found to decrease as the compression speed increased. Lamination and capping of ibuprofen compacts at high compression speeds was considered to be due to a combination of air entrapment and the inability of the compact to withstand the stresses of decompression.
When ibuprofen was mixed with a second material and compressed, the consolidation mechanism and properties of the compacts formed were found to follow complex relationships. The relationships were dependant on the proportion of each material and the speed of compression. For ibuprofen microcrystalline cellulose mixtures positive interactions were considered to occur due to bonding between the two materials. For ibuprofen and lactose mixtures the interactions observed were considered to be a balance between the plastic deformation by the ibuprofen relieving the applied load preventing the cri tical force required for fracture of the lactose being attained, and the lactose fragments bearing the applied load reducing plastic flow by ibuprofen. The Simulator was then employed to investigate different aspects of tabletting machine design. A simple ibuprofen microcrystalline cellulose mixture and a commercial ibuprofen formulation were compressed to a constant load and then to a constant thickness and the properties of the compacts compared. Tablets prepared under a constant maximum applied load, with fill weights varied over the B.P uniformity of weight limits, had relatively constant disintegration times and radial tensile strengths. This was considered an advantage over the tablets prepared to a constant thickness which showed considerable varia?tion under the same conditions. The second aspect of tabletting machine design to be investigated was the use of relatively high precompression pressures using a commercially available paracetamol granulation. The maximum compression pressure exerted during the tableting cycle was found to be the major factor contributing to the tensile strength of the tablets. The use of a second compression either before or after the main compression was found to produce a significant increase in tablet tensile strength. The greater the magnitude of the second compression, the greater its effect on tensile strength. The contribution of a second compression towards the tablet tensile strength was attributed to the effective increase in dwell time it generated. The orientation of the greater and lesser compression pressures during tableting was found to influence the tablet tensile strength. Stronger tablets resulted if the greater pressure was exerted first. This was considered to be a function of temperature increases within the tablet and the disruptive effects of the second compression
The Korean War and the Post-war Prisoner of War Regime, 1945–1956
Full text linkThis paper examines the framework for the treatment of prisoners of war that emerged after 1945. It focuses on one of the key elements of the post-war prisoner of war (POW) regime, the role of neutral bodies – state authorities acting as ‘protecting powers’ or humanitarian agencies such as the International Committee of the Red Cross – in supervising the implementation of the 1949 POW convention. It examines the importance of neutral supervision for the POW regime, and shows how the events of the Korean War affected the willingness of states to comply with their obligations under the new convention
End of life care: The experiences of advance care planning amongst family caregivers of people with advanced dementia - A qualitative study
No full textBackground: End of life decisions for people with advanced dementia are reported as often being difficult for families as they attempt to make appropriate and justified decisions.
Aim: To explore the experiences of advance care planning amongst family caregivers of people with advanced dementia.
Design: Qualitative research including a series of single cases (close family relatives).
Methods: A purposive sample of 12 family caregivers within a specialist dementia unit was interviewed about their experiences of advance care planning between August 2009 and February 2010.
Results/Findings: Family caregivers need encouragement to ask the right questions during advance care planning to discuss the appropriateness of nursing and medical interventions at the end of life.
Conclusions: Advance care planning can be facilitated with the family caregiver in the context of everyday practice within the nursing home environment for older people with dementia
The genesis and presentation of anxiety in disorders of autonomic over excitation.
Full text linkINTRODUCTION: We investigated the genesis and presentation of previously-reported anxiety in disorders of autonomic overexcitation in relation to interoception, body vigilance and trauma to test our hypothesis that patients with the postural tachycardia syndrome (PoTS), vasovagal syncope (VVS) and essential hyperhidrosis (EH) represent atypical anxiety phenotypes in whom affective symptoms are more related to apprehension and vigilance of physiological (interoceptive) feedback than neurotic or trauma-related factors. METHODS: The Anxiety Sensitivity Index, Body Vigilance Scale, Self-consciousness Scale, Childhood Traumatic Events Scale and heartbeat tracking tasks were completed by 23 healthy controls, 21 PoTS, 20 EH and 20 VVS patients. Interoceptive accuracy (IA) was assessed during supine rest (9min), isometric exercise (3min), cold pressor (90s) and head up tilt (HUT) (9min). RESULTS: In comparison to controls, PoTS, VVS and EH patients reported increased symptoms of somatic anxiety but not of social anxiety/self-consciousness or trauma. Autonomic patients' IA was diminished and consistently underestimated even during autonomic arousal compared to controls. Controls and EH IA negatively correlated with somatic anxiety/hypervigilance, whereas PoTS and VVS IA and somatic anxiety/vigilance positively correlated. CONCLUSIONS: Affective symptoms in PoTS, VVS and EH appear to be driven by anxiety and vigilance of physical sensations/symptoms, rather than trauma or neurosis. Increased somatic vigilance/anxiety in PoTS and VVS may be due to interoception being anxiogenic in these cohorts. Diminished interoception may be due to a common central dysregulation, as both sudomotor and cardiovascular forms of autonomic dysfunction had comparable IA deficits. These findings provide a possible therapeutic pathway for psychological symptoms in PoTS, VVS and EH
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