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Biological functions are causes, not effects: A critique of selected effects theories
Get PDFThe theory of Selected Effects (SE) is currently the most widely accepted etiological account of function in
biology. It argues that the function of any trait is the effect that past traits of that type produced that contributed
to its current existence. Its proper or etiological function is whatever effect was favoured by natural selection
irrespective of the trait’s current effects. By defining function with respect to the effects of natural selection, the
theory claims to eschew the problem of backwards causality and to ground functional normativity on differential
reproduction or differential persistence. Traditionally, many have criticised the theory for its inability to
envisage any function talk outside selective reproduction, for failing to account for the introduction of new
functions, and for treating function as epiphenomenal. This article unveils four additional critiques of the SE
theory that highlight the source of its critical problems. These critiques follow from the fact that natural selection
is not a form of work, but a passive filter that merely blocks or permits prior functioning traits to be reproduced.
Natural selection necessarily assumes the causal efficacy of prior organism work to produce the excess functional
traits and offspring from which only the best fitted will be preserved. This leads to four new incapacities of the SE
theory, which will be here analysed: (i) it provides no criterion for determining what distinguishes a proper from
an incidental function; (ii) it cannot distinguish between neutral, incidental, and malfunctioning traits, thus
treating organism benefit as irrelevant; (iii) it fails to account for the physical work that makes persistence and
reproduction possible, and (iv) in so doing, it falls into a vicious regress. We conclude by suggesting that, inspired
by Mills and Beatty’s propensity interpretation, the aporia of backward causation implicit in anticipatory accounts of function can also be avoided by a dispositional approach that defines function in terms of work that
synchronously counters the ubiquitous tendency for organism entropy to increase in the context of far-fromequilibrium thermodynamics
A chorus of different tongues: Official corporate language fluency and informal influence in multinational teams
Get PDFMultinational team members commonly face challenges to influence their peers to attain shared work goals in a language different from their mother tongue. However, the mechanisms linking multinational team members’ official corporate language fluency and their displays of informal influence are not well understood. Drawing from status characteristics theory, we propose that peer-granted status mediates the relationship between fluency in the official corporate language and informal influence. We tested this prediction across two field studies and two experiments utilizing three different operationalizations of informal influence: voice behavior, voice quality, and leadership emergence. Overall, we demonstrate that members fluent in the official corporate language receive higher peer-granted status than their less fluent peers, and this relationship is stronger in teams whose members primarily converse in a common non-corporate language. In turn, high-status members engage in voice more frequently, and are more likely to convey voice quality and emerge as leaders
La logiké latreía (Rm 12, 1) en los escritos de Joseph Ratzinger-Benedicto XVI y san Josemaría Escrivá de Balaguer
No full textEl tema central del trabajo es el estudio del concepto de culto espiritual, es decir, de logiké latreía (Rm 12,1) en los escritos de Joseph Ratzinger-Benedicto XVI y en san Josemaría Escrivá de Balaguer, con un análisis comparativo de las posturas de ambos autores. Tras un examen introductorio exegético-teológico de logiké latreía, el estudio se centra en la presentación del concepto griego en los textos de Joseph Ratzinger- Benedicto XVI. Para Ratzinger, se trata del término más adecuado para explicar la Eucaristía como opus Dei y para señalar la necesidad del transformar la vida del cristiano en adoración continua de Dios, a lo que está llamado por el bautismo y la participación en la Eucaristía. En armonía con el pensamiento del teólogo alemán, se analizan a continuación los escritos de Escrivá, que muestran el modo de realización del culto racional. El santo utiliza las expresiones «Deo omnis gloria», «sacrificio», «holocausto» y «servicio de Dios y de las almas» para ilustrar que el culto espiritual se efectúa especialmente a través del trabajo santificado y ofrecido a Dios en el altar del corazón humano. La comparación final de ambas perspectivas apunta al amor como fundamento del auténtico culto en la Nueva Alianza y subraya la aportación de los escritos de los santos a la reflexión teológica sistemática.The central theme of the work is the study of the concept of spiritual worship, that is, of logiké latreía (Rm 12,1) in the writings of Joseph Ratzinger-Benedict XVI and St. Josemaría Escrivá de Balaguer, with a comparative analysis of the positions of both authors. After an introductory exegetical-theological examination of logiké latreía, the study focuses on the presentation of the Greek concept in the texts of Joseph Ratzinger-Benedict XVI. For Ratzinger, it is the most appropriate term to explain the Eucharist as opus Dei and to point out the necessity of transforming the Christian’s life into continuous adoration of God, to which he is called by baptism and participation in the Eucharist. In harmony with the German theologian’s thought, Escrivá’s writings are then analyzed, which show how rational worship is carried out. The saint uses the expressions «Deo omnis gloria», «sacrifice», «holocaust» and «service of God and of souls» to illustrate that spiritual worship takes place especially through sanctified work offered to God on the altar of the human heart. The final comparison of the two perspectives points to love as the foundation of authentic worship in the New Covenant and underlines the contribution of the saints’ writings to systematic theological reflection
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy secondary to electroconvulsive therapy in a young adult with Down syndrome regression disorder
No full textWe report the case of an 18-year-old woman with Down syndrome (DS) who developed Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TSC) immediately after the administration of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), a treatment prescribed for Down syndrome regression disorder resistant to oral psychotropic drugs. TSC is a nonischemic cardiomyopathy related to psychological or physical stress, which has been described as a rare complication of ECT (Kinoshita et al., 2023, Journal of Electroconvulsive Therapy, 39, 185-192). The clinical description of the case is accompanied by a discussion of the peculiarities of the autonomic nervous system in DS
A meta-analytic review of family supportive supervisor behaviors (FSSBs): Work-family related antecedents, outcomes, and a theory-driven comparison of two mediating mechanisms
No full textThis quantitative review systematically integrates the antecedents and outcomes of Family-Supportive Supervisor Behaviors (FSSBs) through bivariate meta-analysis and meta-analytic structural equation modeling (MASEM). Utilizing data from 231 primary studies, which are drawn from 213 sources (N = 118, 100), we examined a set of hypotheses exploring the antecedents and consequences of FSSBs. We also conducted a comparative analysis of the explanatory power of two theoretical perspectives: the resource-based view (operationalized as work-family conflict and work-family enrichment) and the social-exchange perspective (operationalized as leader-member exchange relationship). Our results showed that the social-exchange perspective accounted for a greater proportion of FSSBs' impacts on work outcomes (i.e., in-role performance, and job satisfaction), while the resource-based perspective predominantly elucidates FSSBs' influence on employee wellbeing (i.e., burnout). In doing this, we unveiled nuanced insights into the nomological network surrounding FSSBs. Based on these results, we develop a future map for this growing body of research
Vertical and horizontal complementarities in platform ecosystems
No full textWe develop a framework of vertical and horizontal complementarities in platform ecosystems. Complementarity is a key theoretical construct for scholars investigating digital platforms and ecosystems, often mentioned in the context of complements, components, modularity, interdependence, and synergies. We shortly review the literature on complementarities in general strategy literature and then conceptualise complementarities in platform ecosystems. We distinguish between ‘vertical complementarity’ which signifies how complements (e.g., apps) increase the value of a platform (e.g., Android) and ‘horizontal complementarity’ which relates to the value creating complementarities between complements on a platform (e.g., an email and a calendar app). This distinction helps to clarify the notion of complementarities in platform ecosystems and has implications for our understanding of network effects, interdependence, generativity, platform governance, and platform strategy
Química Farmacéutica I. Tema 5. Técnicas de farmacomodulación
No full textTemas de la Asignatura Química Farmacéutica I de 3º de Farmacia
Revisión y valoración de políticas de prevención e intervención en salud mental infanto-juvenil en centros educativos. Informe ejecutivo
No full textInforme ejecutivo elaborado en el marco del Proyecto de investigación orientado a la transferencia del conocimiento, “Revisión y valoración de políticas de prevención e intervención en salud mental infanto-juvenil en centros educativos” (IP, Martiño Rodríguez-González, ICS-UNAV) desarrollado en colaboración con la Universidad Internacional de La Rioja UNIR- ITEI.
Los programas presentados en este Informe ejecutivo han surgido de un análisis crítico de las aportaciones recogidas en la evidencia científica, el criterio de los expertos consultados y en la propia valoración del equipo de investigación. El equipo ha tenido en cuenta muchos aspectos en su valoración, incluyendo una perspectiva de sostenibilidad y negocio: el coste y la rentabilidad a largo plazo de su implementación.
La presentación de estos programas sigue una estructura de tres apartados: promoción de la salud mental y el bienestar emocional, prevención de las dificultades de salud mental e intervención/ tratamiento. Se comenzará cada apartado resumiendo las ideas clave que pueden promover la efectividad de cada tipo de programa. Estas ideas son, a su vez, resultado de integrar la revisión de la literatura especializada y el criterio de los expertos consultados. Estos elementos que garantizan la efectividad y sostenibilidad de los programas, también han sido tenidos en cuenta a la hora de resaltar los beneficios de algunos programas y sus desventajas, en comparación con otros existentes en el contexto nacional e internacional. Considerando todo lo previo, deseamos explicitar y subrayar que la propuesta de programas recogida en este informe sigue siendo una propuesta y, como tal, susceptible de modificaciones o discutible. Si los criterios de inclusión o selección de los programas hubieran sido otros, los resultados podrían haber sido diferentes
Química Farmacéutica I. Anestésicos. Obtención del producto final: Procedimiento sintético y seguimiento por CCF
No full textTemas de la Asignatura Química Farmacéutica I de 3º de Farmacia
La Verdad en el Totalitarismo: Un análisis a través de la obra de Hannah Arendt
No full textEste trabajo se centra en explorar cómo la noción de verdad se relaciona con los regímenes políticos totalitarios, a través del análisis de Hannah Arendt. La verdad es crucial para la consolidación del poder en estos sistemas, y Arendt, profundamente influenciada por su experiencia con el totalitarismo nazi, examina este tema de manera exhaustiva. Las preguntas sobre los tipos de verdad y su conexión con la política guían esta investigación, utilizando las obras clave de Arendt como base teórica. Se busca entender cómo se manipula y sostiene la verdad en contextos totalitarios, y las implicaciones sociológicas y morales de este fenómeno