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Developments on Quantum Phase Space Dynamics and Foundations
Full text linkThis work explores the development and unification of quantum theory within phase space, with a particular focus on new mathematical structures and solution techniques that extend the standard quantum formalism. Building upon the Quantum Phase Space Representation (QPSR) introduced by Torres-Vega and Frederick, we present several advancements that address longstanding gaps in the formulation and solvability of quantum systems in this framework. We introduce the Half-Transform Ansatz, a novel method for solving the Time-Independent Schrodinger Equation by recasting it into a hypergeometric form, enabling the application of the Nikiforov-Uvarov method. This approach is demonstrated through the analysis of quarkonium systems using the Cornell potential, yielding wave functions in phase space and energy spectra consistent with experimental and theoretical models. The methods is shown to generalize to a broad class of two-particle systems with scleronomic potentials. We also introduce the Operator Space Manifold Theory, a geometric model in which quantum operators are treated as points on a Riemannian manifold. This idea offers a foundation to understanding how exponential shifts result in new operator representations for quantum phase space.
Extending beyond specific systems, we reformulate quantum mechanics on the cotangent bundle, employing nonlinear connections to geometrically partition phase space into position and momentum submanifolds. This leads to a modified Fourier transform, modified bra-ket notation, considerations for a metric operator, and a geometric quantization procedure that constructs quantum operations from classical observables via Hamiltonian flows. Global quantum operations then act on sections of a complex line bundle whose existence is proven using Weil\u27s integrality condition. This establishes the quantizability of Hamilton spaces and provides a rigorous framework for quantum theory in curved phase spaces.
Together, these contribution provide a comprehensive framework that connects operator theory, geometry, and phase space representations - laying the found work for a unified and generalizable quantum theory in both flat and curved settings
The Effect of Breakfast on a Resistance Training Session and Response in Female Collegiate Athletes
Full text linkInternational Journal of Exercise Science 18(6): 591-609, 2025. Breakfast consumption has been shown to be an essential component to a healthy lifestyle in various populations, yet research in this area is limited among female athletes. This study aimed to examine the effect of breakfast consumption on collegiate female athletes during a resistance training session and their nutritional habits throughout the remainder of the day. Twenty-three female collegiate Division I athletes (basketball, volleyball, bowling, and soccer) during the offseason participated in this cross-over study. The study included three visits: baseline measures for heart rate (HR), blood glucose (BG), salivary cortisol (SC), and 5-repetition maxes for strength exercises; and two randomized conditions: a resistance training session with breakfast (experimental) and one with breakfast omission (control). For each condition, BG, HR, and SC was collected after a wait period which immediately preceded a resistance training session. Blood glucose, RHR, SC, heart rate recovery (HRR), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was collected after resistance training. A two-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to examine how the condition (breakfast or breakfast omission) and time (pre and post) affected BG, HR, and SC. BG was more stable between pre and post in the experimental condition compared to the control. Lastly, a Wilcoxon signed-rank test showed that breakfast was associated with increased happiness and lower academic stress. This study showed that consuming breakfast could influence female collegiate athletes emotionally and physiologically, promoting further research as it could be of importance to female athletes, coaches, and administration
Kinematic Analysis of Olympic and Traditional Rowing Mechanics at Different Stroke Rates
Full text linkInternational Journal of Exercise Science 18(7): 610-621, 2025. Rowing requires strength, endurance, and technique, where stroke efficiency depends on body mechanics, movement sequencing, and stroke rate, which impact speed transfer. This cross-sectional study investigates the role of kinematic differences in stroke mechanics as a key component of performance analysis in Olympic and Traditional rowing. Thirteen elite national-level female rowers (age: 26.9 ± 5.1 years; body mass: 60.6 ± 6.9 kg; height: 166.7 ± 6.7 cm) performed three stroke-rate conditions on two ergometer setups: an Olympic rowing ergometer and a modified ergometer with a static seat replicating Traditional rowing. The stroke rates included 18 spm (120 s), 24 spm (100 s), and 30 spm (60 s), with 2-minute rest intervals between sets. Kinematic data, including leg and trunk angles at the catch and finish, as well as leg, trunk, and arm velocities, were captured using an automated analysis system. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant interactions between rowing modality and stroke rate for leg catch angle (η²=0.254; p=0.05), trunk finish angle (η²=0.352; p=0.013), leg velocity (η²=0.624; p\u3c0.001), trunk velocity (η²=0.665; p\u3c0.001), and arm velocity (η²=0.348; p=0.014). These findings emphasize distinct biomechanical patterns between modalities, which are crucial for technical optimization and individualized training. Performance analysis of angles and velocities provides valuable insights into improving rowing efficiency and addressing technical deficiencies in each modality
Inter-Effort Recovery Intermittent Hypoxia and Force Parameters in Sprint Interval Exercise
Full text linkInternational Journal of Exercise Science 18(3): 672-685, 2025. Performing training sessions in hypoxia leads to a decrease in effort quality. The inter-effort recovery intermittent hypoxia model seems to ensure training session performance. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of sprint interval exercise under normoxic (NOR), continuous hypoxic (HYP), and inter-effort hypoxic (IEH) conditions on force parameters. Seven swimmers (age: 26.04 ± 4.64 years) volunteered and performed one session of the 10 × 30-s all-out tethered swimming efforts with 4-min passive recovery intervals for each condition. Considering the simulated altitude at FiO2 = 0.13 and NOR at FiO2 = 0.209. The sessions were separated at least 48 hours. The peak force (PF), mean force (MF), impulse, fatigue index (FI) and percentage mean force relative to peak force (PFPERC) were determined for each effort. The force parameters were higher on IEH (PF: Δ = 21.32 N; MF: Δ = 9.65 N; impulse: Δ = 626.78 N∙s) and HYP (PF: Δ = 15.80 N; MF: Δ = 6.92 N; impulse: Δ = 621.77 N∙s) in relation of the NOR (p \u3c 0.001). PFPERC evidenced lower values in IEH in relation to HYP (Δ= 3.1 %, p = 0.017). The HYP and IEH condition can be considered a model that enhances performance in force parameters compared to the NOR condition
THE EFFECTS OF GROUP-BASED EXERCISE ON PHYSICAL HEALTH AND PARTICIPATION IN INDIVIDUALS WITH DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES
No full textIndividuals with intellectual disabilities experience barriers for optimal physical health and participation. According to Schroeder et al. (2020), those with intellectual disabilities have an increased prevalence of obesity and hypertension as well as increased cardiovascular risk. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in those diagnosed with intellectual disability (Draheim, 2006; Patja et al., 2001), and this population shows a higher prevalence in two of the major risk factors related to cardiovascular disease: obesity and hypertension (Schroeder et al., 2020). In addition to poor health outcomes, physical activity participation throughout the lifespan is reduced because of altered anatomical structure as well as physiological and psychological function, which leads to limitations in activity and participation in many lifestyle domains (Dean et al., 2016). PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a group-based exercise intervention on physical health and participation in individuals with developmental disabilities. METHODS: Pre and post assessments included health-related components of physical fitness as well as participation constraints to further examine the mismatch between the environmental context and the individual’s body structures and functions (Dean et al, 2016). Thirty individuals were randomly selected based on specific inclusion criteria to participate in the study with 15 subjects in a control group and the remaining 15 subjects in the intervention group. Participants selected were men and women aged 18-65 with a diagnosis of a developmental disability by their physician. Each subject was also a client of a local nonprofit organization that provides normalization and independent living skills for adults with developmental disabilities. A questionnaire assessing participation constraints as well as pre and post body composition measurements were implemented before and after an eight-week group-based exercise program in individuals with developmental disabilities. Specific body composition data assessed included measurements of weight, skeletal muscle mass, body fat mass, body mass index, and percent of body fat. The questionnaire assessed factors related to community/organization, time, equipment, economic, intrapersonal, transport, and interpersonal constraints. RESULTS: A paired sample t-test demonstrated no significant differences in pre and post measures for weight, skeletal muscle mass, body fat mass, body mass index, and percent body fat in the control or intervention groups. While there was a strong correlation between pre and post values for each variable, point estimate values indicated a small effect size within the control and intervention groups. However, a paired sample t-test demonstrated a significant difference in community/organization constraints, intrinsic constraints, and interpersonal constraints in the intervention group. In the community/organization constraint, the mean constraint scores decreased from 2.6015 to 1.3309, t (14) =4.593, p\u3c 0.001, d=1.186. In the intrapersonal constraint dimension, mean test scores decreased from 2.1905 to 1.6162, t (14)=2.994, p=0.010, d=0.773. The interpersonal constraint dimension means scores decreased from 2.9111to 1.6444, t (14)=3.612, p=0.003, d=0.933. The large effect sizes indicated that the intervention had a meaningful impact on these areas. CONCLUSION: The lack of significant changes in the control group strengthen evidence that the observed improvements in the intervention group are due to the group-based exercise intervention itself
THE EFFECTS OF STRENGTH TRAINING ON JUMP PERFORMANCE, STRENGTH, AND ENDURANCE PERFORMANCE IN COLLEGIATE RUNNERS.
No full textPURPOSE: To discover if strength training has a positive or negative effect on jump, endurance performance, and overall strength in collegiate runners. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial was conducted involving 20 participants who are currently collegiate runners, aged 18-22. This cohort was divided into two groups: a strength training group and a control group (C: 5F, 5M & E: 5F, 5M). Over 4 weeks, the strength training group supplemented their regular running routines with twice-weekly resistance exercises, while the control group continued their standard running regimen. Pre- and post-intervention assessments included vertical jump and peak absolute power (W) measured using Delta force plates, maximal strength (using one-repetition max in bench press), and endurance performance (measuring resting and max heart rates after a five-minute bike). RESULTS: The experimental group’s vertical jump performance showed a 7.27 percent mean increase, peak absolute power showed a 5.9 percent mean increase, Bench press 1-RM showed a mean increase of 7 pounds, and endurance showed a mean decrease in heart rate after a 5-minute bike, likely due to being in a competition season. Results showed that there was an increase in jump performance and strength, but a lack of statistical significance showing an increase in endurance performance, while the control group did not show statistically significant improvement or regression. CONCLUSION: The study concludes that introducing a twice-weekly strength training routine into collegiate runners’ training has a positive effect on strength and jump performance, but no significant effect on endurance performance. These findings suggest that incorporating strength training into collegiate running programs improves overall strength, peak absolute power, and jump performance. Such training may benefit runners by improving overall athleticism, particularly in explosive starts and sprint phases, without compromising endurance
SEX DIFFERENCES IN VOLUNTARY AND STIMULATED CRITICAL TORQUE: THE ROLE OF TWITCH CHARACTERISTICS AND MAXIMAL STRENGTH
No full textPrevious research has demonstrated clear sex differences in fatigue rates likely related to differences in maximal strength between men and women. Little data exist examining sex differences in critical power/torque and whether differences in strength profiles and fiber-type between men and women might account for any observed differences. PURPOSE: The purpose of the present study was to examine relationships among muscle twitch properties, fatigue rate, and critical torque during both voluntary and electrically stimulated exercise. METHODS: Twenty individuals participated--10 men and 10 women. All were recreationally active. A voluntary critical torque (vCT) test was performed where participants performed 60 maximal voluntary isometric contractions at a 3sec:2sec work to rest cycle. On a separate day participants performed an electrically stimulated critical torque test (eCT) at a starting torque of 25% of their maximum voluntary contraction at a stimulation frequency of 100 Hz and a work to rest cycle of 2sec:2sec. Critical torque was calculated as a percentage of starting torque. Initial rate of fatigue (the slope of decline over the initial 10 contractions) was calculated, rate-of-force development and rate-of-force relaxation were also calculated from electrically stimulated doublet twitches as surrogates of fiber type. Independent t-tests were used to compare outcome measures between men and women and Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to examine relationships among dependent measures. RESULTS: No sex differences were found for vCT (47.2 ± 10.5% vs 42.4 ± 14.3%; p = 0.40), but women exhibited a higher eCT compared to men (33.2 ± 7.9% vs 27.1 ± 7.8%; p \u3c 0.001), a less steep slope of voluntary torque decline (0.51 ± 0.22 vs 0.93 ± 0.43; p \u3c 0.001) and stimulated torque decline (0.49 ± 0.18 vs 0.79 ± 0.34; p = 0.01). No differences were found for rate-of-force development (p = 0.34) and rate-of-force relaxation (p = 0.22).A significant relationship was found between starting torque and critical torque in both voluntary (r = -0.51; p = 0.02) and stimulated ( r = -0.57 ; p = 0.009) exercise, rate of torque of development and critical torque for voluntary (r = -0.54; p = 0.02) and stimulated (r = -0.70; p \u3c 0.001) and rate of torque relaxation and critical torque during voluntary (r = -0.45; p = 0.05) and stimulated (r = -0.49; p = 0.03). Additionally, the slope of torque decline was also correlated with starting torque (r = 0.69 for voluntary and r = 0.94 for stimulated p \u3c0.001) and voluntary critical torque (r = -0.62; p = 0.003) and stimulated critical torque (r = -0.57; p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: The disparate finding of sex differences on voluntary and stimulated critical torque was unexpected and may be due to difference force required to induce ischemia. Twitch properties, which can serve as a non-invasive measure of relative fiber type were predictive of CT and initial rate of fatigue development
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, SITTING TIME, AND PERCEIVED STRESS AMONG UNIVERSITY EMPLOYEES
No full textPhysical activity improves the risk of chronic health conditions and the ability to cope with stress. Likewise, sitting time has been associated with many negative health outcomes. PURPOSE: The purpose of this project was to study the relationship between the volume of physical activity, sitting time, and perceived stress among university employees. METHODS: Employees of a regional metropolitan university (n = 85, 72.9% female, 87.1% white) completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and demographic questions. The IPAQ gives a measure of weekly volume of vigorous-intensity physical activity (VPA), moderate-intensity physical activity (MPA), walking physical activity (WPA), total physical activity (TPA; the sum of VPA, MPA and WPA), and daily sit time (SIT). The PSS is a validated instrument for assessing perceived stress that includes 10 items with a range of scores from 0-40. The demographic questionnaire included a question about weekly participation in muscular strengthening activities (MS). Pearson correlation coefficients were conducted to analyze the relationships between physical activity variables, MS, SIT, and PSS. The results were further analyzed by calculating a categorical variable of physical activity from the IPAQ scores to create three groups: Low Active (\u3c 600 METmin/wk; n = 12), Moderately Active (600-2,999 METmin/wk; n = 44), and Highly Active (\u3e 3,000 METmin/wk; n = 29). One-Way ANOVA was used to determine if PSS, SIT, and MS were different between the physical activity groups. RESULTS: The mean PSS score was 16.26±7.30. The mean values for physical activity were 1,069.65±1,449.35 for VPA, 698.47±1,036.17 for MPA, 977.54±1,219.47 for WPA, and 2,745.66±2,561.01 for TPA. Mean SIT was 7.17±2.76 hours and mean MS was 1.29±1.57 days. PSS was correlated with SIT (r = .230, p \u3c .05). SIT was correlated with VPA (r = -.231; p \u3c .05), MPA (r = -.239, p \u3c .05), and TPA (r = -.335, p \u3c .05). MS was correlated with VPA (r = .241, p \u3c .05) only. When PSS, SIT, and MS were examined by physical activity groups, no significant differences were found. CONCLUSIONS: The results from this study indicate that while perceived stress was not correlated with volume of physical activity as assessed by the IPAQ, it is directly correlated with daily sitting time
ENDURANCE PROTOCOL WITH MODERATE ALTITUDE-ACCLIMATIZED ATHLETE POST LIVE-HIGH TRAIN LOW INTERVENTION: A PILOT STUDY
No full textAerobic exercise performance is dependent upon an athlete’s VO2max, (i.e., ability to uptake, transport, and use O2). Live-High, Train-Low protocols have capitalized on adaptations to moderate altitude exposure (e.g., erythropoiesis) and the additional exercise intensity that is possible while simultaneously performing training in low altitude conditions to maximize all three components of VO2max. The preponderance of LHTL research has been performed on athletes who reside at low altitude; however, it is not known if the same benefits of LHTL will occur within athletes who have lived at moderate altitude for months prior. PURPOSE: Examining if a four-week LHTL intervention improves performance in previously altitude-acclimatized athletes. METHODS: Five moderate altitude acclimatized endurance athletes participated in a protocol consisting of six 4x4 minute intervals at 90-95% heart rate max (HR max) with 3-min active recovery (50-60% HR max) and six 47 x 15-sec intervals at 90-95% HR max with 15-sec recovery periods. Pre- and post-intervention measurements included VO2max, body composition via DXA, hemoglobin, and hematocrit. RESULTS: Absolute VO2max did not significantly increase from baseline 3.28 ± 0.97 L/min to post 3.40 ± 0.91 L/min, (p = 0.13). Relative VO2max significantly increased from 46.56 ± 12.50 to 48.94 ± 12.14 ml/kg/min (p = 0.03). Body mass decreased slightly from 70.76 kg to 70.19 kg to (p = 0.21), and lean mass increased by 0.43 kg (p = 0.58). Fat mass decreased from 15.87 kg to 14.88 kg, but this change was not significant (p = 0.16). Hematocrit and hemoglobin levels showed minimal changes, with hematocrit at 47.82% and hemoglobin at 16.26 g/dL post-intervention, both statistically non-significant. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study suggests that the LHTL protocol may positively impact VO2max and lean mass in altitude-acclimatized athletes. Preliminary indications of potential endurance benefits for athletes competing at altitude, providing a foundation for future research with a larger cohort. Doctoral Student Poster Honors WINNE
YOGA AND SELF-MANAGEMENT INTERVENTION FOR LONG COVID SYMPTOM RELIEF
No full textPURPOSE: Long COVID patients face a high symptom burden months after initial infection and treatment options are limited. This study examined the feasibility and acceptability of a novel intervention; Merging Yoga and Self-Management Skills (MY-Skills Mobile) for long COVID patients. METHODS: Single-arm pilot study. The 8-week intervention consisted of synchronous, virtual yoga sessions 2x/week, and asynchronous mobile app modules for self-management education. Feasibility outcomes were recruitment rate (≥90% of screened patients eligible, and ≥50% eligible will consent), attrition (\u3c20%), and safety (\u3c10% participants to sustain an adverse event (AE)). Acceptability outcomes were ≥90% of participants rate their satisfaction with intervention components between ≥5 on a 7-point scale, and ≥90% would rate the mobile app as ≥3–5 on a 5-point scale). Descriptive statistics including mean, median, standard deviation, and frequencies were used to determine feasibility and acceptability. RESULTS: Participants (n=15) were M=53.9 ±14.9 (range 25-78) years old and 81.2% female. Recruitment rate was 82.9% and 41.0% of those eligible consented to enroll. One participant withdrew, for a 6.25% attrition rate, and no AE’s were reported. Satisfaction was rated 5-7 by 100% of participants, and 100% rated usability as 3-5. DISCUSSION: Feasibility benchmarks were met for attrition, safety, acceptability, and usability, but recruitment and enrollment rates were slightly lower than anticipated. Future studies will examine the preliminary effects of the intervention on symptom burden, and feasibility and acceptability information from this pilot study will be used to inform a larger clinical trial