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AI-generated media and the erosion of trust in legal settings:a review on impact and distortion of belief
No full textThe rapid advancements of generative AI (GenAI) technologies have brought the issue of data manipulation to a whole new level. Now, individuals can easily create highly realistic fabricated media, including videos, audio, and images, that are increasingly difficult to detect. These developments raise broad societal concerns, particularly in legal contexts, where authenticity of evidence is central to ensuring fairness. This review links documented legal cases to psychological research on memory distortion and false confessions to explore how AI-generated evidence affects individuals’ perception and sense of self and the consequences in a legal context. Decades of research have shown that memory’s vulnerability to suggestion, especially highlighting the power of personalized misinformation. Even in the pre-AI era, studies have shown how false memories have been induced using suggestion and simple media manipulations and how these have led to false confessions. GenAI adds another level of concern, yet no research directly examines its potential to distort memory and to elicit false confessions. This paper identifies urgent questions: How does AI-generated evidence impact memory? How can individuals ensure authenticity of the evidence confronting them? And how can legal systems prepare for the erosion of trust brought upon by this uncertainty? Proposed solutions like watermarking and implementation of authenticity protocols offer partial relief; however, the rapid advancements make sure that no definitive safeguards can be implemented. Understanding how GenAI interacts with our memory vulnerabilities is critical not only for legal psychology but for safeguarding the integrity of justice in today’s digitally mediated society.</p
A scoping review of transformational leadership development in health-related PhD programs
No full textBackground: A competent public health workforce is essential for resilient health systems, where transformational leadership helps navigate complexity, drive innovation, and foster collective action. However, leadership development remains underrepresented in health-related PhD curricula, limiting their capacity to prepare future leaders. Existing evidence is sparse and often limited to clinical contexts in high-income countries, offering little guidance for broader public health needs. Objective: To explore how transformational leadership can be developed in health-related PhD programs and assess the effects of curricular elements, including content and teaching techniques. Methods: A scoping review was conducted following PRISMA-ScR and Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines, with a registered protocol on the Open Science Framework. We systematically searched Medline, PsycInfo, and ERIC (2000–2024), including peer-reviewed studies assessing how mentorship, experiential learning, and collaboration contribute to transformational leadership development. Multiple reviewers independently screened and extracted data. A narrative synthesis was conducted, and methodological quality was appraised using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Results: Of 394 records screened, seven studies met inclusion criteria. Four focused on transformational leadership; three used alternative models. All used experiential learning and collaborative feedback. Common themes included leadership, teamwork, and personal growth. Only one study used a validated tool (MLQ); others used reflective or descriptive evaluations. Most reported positive impacts, with mentoring, group learning, and reflection identified as key drivers. Conclusions: Strengthening transformational leadership in PhD education is key to preparing a future-ready public health workforce. While promising practices exist, clearer frameworks, stronger evaluation tools, and research on context-specific approaches are needed
Large-scale computed tomography study of aortic arch and supra-aortic artery morphology:Variations and potential implications for arterial extracorporeal life support access
No full textBackground: The anatomy and morphology of the aortic arch and its supra-aortic arteries can vary significantly among individual patients. This variability may have a particular relevance in cardiovascular procedures or interventions, and specifically during the use of mechanical circulatory support. This importance accounts for a specific influence on hemodynamics in veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (V-A ECMO) through an axillary/subclavian artery access. The related hemodynamic effects and interplay with native cardiac blood flow dynamics have been poorly investigated. Methods: To assess the existing patterns of aortic arch and related supra-aortic artery morphology, thoracic computed tomography (CT) scans of patients undergoing pre-procedural (trans-catheter aortic valve or aortic or other cardiovascular surgery) assessment were investigated. All CT scans clearly showing the thoracic aorta in all its anatomical parts were selected and evaluated in terms of anatomical features (aortic arch type, position of the supra-aortic arteries along the aortic arch or ascending aorta, length and disposition of the ascendent aorta and aortic valve plane, and descending thoracic aorta). Aortic arch morphology was classified according to the Madhwal description, 1namely Type I, II, and III based on the exit point of the left subclavian artery along the aortic arch, with Type III configuration with all the three supra-aortic arteries departing leftwards the aortic arch peak, and Type I presenting the left subclavian artery departing from the peak of the aortic arch. Results: The CT scans of 1228 patients were analyzed and categorized. Overall, 70% (860 cases) of the aortic arch were Type III, 16.9% (208 cases) Type II, and 8.4% (103 cases) Type I. No difference was found between male and female patients. Type III aortic arch morphology presents a potentially unfavorable relationship due to a retrograde flow from the right axillary or subclavian artery, in case of such a V-A ECMO perfusion access, allegedly towards/against the aortic valve and left ventricular ejection. Type I and II aortic arch morphology showed patterns potentially more favorable from a mechanistic point of view, with an apparent more favorable anatomical disposition for a blood flow mainly directed towards the descending aorta. Conclusions: Aortic arch and supra-aortic artery morphology vary markedly among patients. However, in this large patient population, the majority of aortic arch morphology was Type III which has a potentially unfavorable interaction between the native blood flow and V-A ECMO retrograde flow from the right axillary/subclavian artery compared to the left-sided access. Dedicated fluid-dynamic studies investigating the actual right or left axillary artery-generated retrograde flow direction and distribution along the ascending aorta, aortic arch and descending aorta deserves further investigation. Indeed, the interplay of blood flows generated by the left ventricle and that of V-A ECMO perfusion from right or left axillary/subclavian arteries and the consequence of this interplay on oxygen mixing, delivery and LV afterload, are warranted due to the increased use of such an approach.</p
Don't check after a snack:body checking increases eating-related threat perception
No full textOBJECTIVE: Engaging in safety behaviours might exacerbate eating-related threat perception and fear in individuals with eating disorders. The present study tested this mechanism by manipulating eating disorder-related safety behaviours (i.e., body checking) in non-clinical women. It is expected that body checking after food intake increases eating-related threat perception and fear, reduces eating desires and lowers calorie consumption compared with control activities. METHOD: Ninety-nine non-clinical women had to eat two high-caloric snacks and were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: In the safety behaviour condition they measured body parts related to eating disorder concerns, in the body control condition participants measured body parts unrelated to eating disorder concerns and in the general control condition they measured pieces of furniture. After the manipulation, participants were again presented with (similar) high-calorie snacks, rated their fear, threat perception and eating desires, and completed a bogus taste test (ad-libitum intake). RESULTS: Participants in the safety behaviour and body control condition perceived food intake as more threatening after the manipulation than before. There was no significant change in the general control condition. Conditions did not significantly differ in fear, eating desires and calorie consumption. DISCUSSION: Checking body parts - even if it is only once and unrelated to eating disorder concerns - can increase eating-related threat perception in non-clinical women; to also affect fear, eating desires and calorie consumption, more persistent or intense safety behaviours might be necessary
Variational autoencoder-based deep learning and radiomics for predicting pathologic complete response to neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy in locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
No full textOBJECTIVES: Neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy (nCIT) is gradually becoming an important treatment strategy for patients with locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (LA-ESCC). This study aimed to predict the pathological complete response (pCR) of these patients using variational autoencoder (VAE)-based deep learning and radiomics technology. METHODS: A total of 253 LA-ESCC patients who were treated with nCIT and underwent enhanced CT at our hospital between July 2019 and July 2023 were included in the training cohort. VAE-based deep learning and radiomics were utilized to construct deep learning (DL) models and deep learning radiomics (DLR) models. The models were trained and validated via 5-fold cross-validation among 253 patients. Forty patients were recruited from our institution between August 2023 and August 2024 as the test cohort. RESULTS: The AUCs of DL and DLR model were 0.935 (95% CI: 0.786-0.992) and 0.949 (95% CI: 0.910-0.986) in the validation cohort and 0.839 (95% CI: 0.726-0.853), 0.926 (95% CI: 0.886-0.934) in the test cohort. The performance gap between Precision and Recall of the DLR model was smaller than that of DL model. The F1 scores of the DL and DLR model were 0.726 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.476-0.842) and 0.766 (95% CI: 0.625-0.842) in the validation cohort and 0.727 (95% CI: 0.645-0.811), 0.836 (95% CI: 0.820-0.850) in the test cohort. CONCLUSIONS: We constructed a DLR model to predict pCR in nCIT treated LA-ESCC patients, which demonstrated superior performance compared to the DL model. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: We innovatively used VAE-based deep learning and radiomics to construct the DLR model for predicting pCR of LA-ESCC after nCIT
Exploring Medical Students' Learning Through Interprofessional Interactions in Clinical Clerkships:A Qualitative Analysis
No full textPurpose Medical students need help navigating clinical environments to find ways to engage in and learn from clinical work. Previous explorations focused on how physicians help students, largely neglecting the potential contributions of other health professionals (OHPs). This study explores how students learn to participate in clinical work through interactions with OHPs. Method Using a constructivist grounded theory approach, researchers conducted 17 semistructured interviews with Harvard Medical School students completing clinical clerkships between 2023 and 2024. Students drew rich pictures of interprofessional interactions, which they described in the interviews. Interview data were iteratively collected and analyzed to generate a conceptual understanding of learning mechanisms and outcomes in interprofessional interactions. The landscapes of practice framework provided a sensitizing model. Results Students described interprofessional interactions as entering unfamiliar territory and sought to make sense of what these interactions could tell them about how to act and interact in clinical environments. To address their initial confusion, students relied on intraprofessional lore - knowledge about OHPs verbally shared by peers and physicians. As students had experiences with OHPs, students engaged in sense-making by interpreting their own and others' reactions and reconciling expectations with experience. Through these interactions, students learned to meaningfully participate by developing competence within the physician role and understanding of the roles, boundaries, and relevant expertise of other professions. This learning could be hampered by the interceding influence of intraprofessional lore or difficulties interpreting reactions of OHPs. Conclusions By interacting with OHPs, students learned to participate in clinical work by clarifying how to effectively accomplish the work of a physician as well as the roles and relevant expertise of OHPs. Educators can extract more learning from these interactions by creating mechanisms for students to reflect with OHPs in clerkships and by attending to how physicians and students talk about other professions
Hands-on texture. Evaluating texture and target congruency in sensory play on children's food acceptance
No full textFood rejection is common in early childhood and may lead to insufficient intake of fruits, vegetables, and other essential nutrients. Food texture can play a major role in these rejections, as young children often refuse foods with challenging textures. Previous studies suggest that tactile exposure, such as sensory play with food or similar non-food materials, can increase children's willingness to try foods. However, it remains unclear whether these effects depend on familiarity with the specific texture, the specific food, or the combination. This study compared the effects of texture-based and target-based exposure on food acceptance in children aged 4-6 years. A total of 131 children from four Dutch elementary schools were randomly assigned to one of four conditions in a 2 x 2 factorial design: exposure to both the target fruit and its texture (passionfruit seeds), similar texture only (basil seeds), target fruit only (whole passionfruit), or neither (polystyrene foam balls). Acceptance of passionfruit seeds was rated on a 7-point behavioral scale ranging from 1 (physical refusal) to 7 (having an additional bite). Parents completed the Child Food Rejection Scale (CFRS) and the Touch subscale of the Sensory Profile (SPt). A 2x2 ANOVA revealed no significant differences in food acceptance between the four conditions. Overall, passionfruit elicited polarized responses, with approximately half of the children accepting and half refusing the fruit. Higher CFRS scores were associated with lower acceptance, indicating that children perceived as more food-rejective were less willing to accept the fruit. As the present single-session intervention did not significantly alter food acceptance, future studies could explore whether repeated or more naturalistic, mealtime-based sensory play interventions are more effective in promoting children's willingness to try challenging foods
Administrative integration through agency governance:The role of Frontex, the EUAA and Europol
Get PDFConnecting online criminal behavior with machine learning:Using authorship attribution to analyze and link potential online traffickers
Get PDFTOF-SIMS spectra of gallic acid, ellagic acid, castalin, and quercetin in negative polarity
No full textInitially used for fermentation or storage, oak wood barrels were found to enhance the organoleptic properties of spirits. Over time, wood extractives like ellagitanins and aromatic precursors have been linked to the quality of the spirits. TOF-SIMS being an ionization technique produces intense fragmentation patterns that are not fully understood, and reference spectra are required to confidently analyze wood samples. Here, negative polarity TOF-SIMS reference spectra of important oak wood compounds being involved in spirit maturation, using a Bi-3(+) primary ion species, are presented