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Analisis Potensi Lorong Pengatus Dangkal untuk Percepatan Jadwal Tanam Palawija di Tanah Sawah
Get PDFInstalling shallow mole drainage in paddy soil can increase the rate of lowering soil moisture into such a condition which is suitable for the early growth of non-rice crops. This study aimed to analyze the shallow mole drainage installation potential to plant crops early in paddy soil. The study was conducted in a laboratory scale using a soil bin, a model of mole plow, and soil kept homogeneous in boxes. The experiment was conducted at the Laboratory for Energy and Agricultural Machinery, Agricultural Engineering Department, Faculty of Agricultural Technology Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta. Mole drainage was installed in 2 paddy soils, with different clay content, namely; 41.17% (soil B) and 53.36% (soil C). Soil moisture content was measured periodically by using gypsum blocks. The analysis showed that the mole drainage installed in soil B was able to speed up the time taken to reach field capacity. At the distance horizontally to the center of mole drainage (x) = 6.5 cm with the depth (z) =5 cm took 72 hours faster than the control. At z =10 needed 92 hours, at z = 15 cm needed 154 hours faster than the control. At the distance horizontally to the center of mole drainage (x) = 11.5 with z = 5 cm took 52 hours, with z = 10 cm took 161 hours, with z = 15 cm took 150 hours faster than the control. The installation of mole drainage in soil C was also able to speed up the time required to reach field capacity. At the distance horizontally to the center of mole drainage (x) = 6.5 cm with the depth (z) = 5 cm took 165 hours, with z = 10 cm took 184 hours, with z = 15 cm took 200 hours faster than the control. At x = 11.5 with z = 5 cm took 144 hours, with z = 10 cm took 154 hours, with z = 15 cm took 192 hours faster than the control. The lesser time required to reach field capacity indicated that mole drainage installed in soil B and C was potential to plant crops early in paddy soil.ABSTRAKLorong pengatus dangkal di lahan sawah berfungsi meningkatkan laju penurunan lengas tanah di lapisan olah, sehingga kondisi tanah yang sesuai untuk pertumbuhan awal tanaman palawija dapat segera tercapai. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis potensi pembentukan lorong pengatus terhadap peluang percepatan jadwal tanam palawija di tanah sawah. Penelitian dilakukan dalam skala laboratorium dengan menggunakan soil bin, model bajak lorong, dan tanah di dalam boks yang dijaga homogenitasnya. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Energi dan Mesin Pertanian, Jurusan Teknik Pertanian, Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta. Lorong pengatus dibuat pada 2 jenis tanah sawah bertekstur lempung, dengan kadar lempung yang berbeda, yaitu 41,17% (tanah B) dan 53,36% (tanah C). Pengukuran kadar lengas tanah dilakukan secara periodik menggunakan gypsum blok. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pembentukan lorong pengatus pada tanah B dapat mempercepat waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk mencapai kapasitas lapang. Pada jarak horisontal dari pusat lorong (x)=6,5 cm dengan kedalaman (z)=5cm, membutuhkan waktu 72 jam lebih cepat dibanding kontrol, pada z=10 cm membutuhkan 192 jam, pada z=15 cm membutuhkan154 jam lebih cepat dibanding kontrol. Pada x=11,5 membutuhkan waktu 52 jam (z=5cm), 161 jam (z=10 cm), 150 jam (z=15 cm) lebih cepat dibanding kontrol. Pembentukan lorong pengatus pada tanah C juga dapat mempercepat waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk mencapai kapasitas lapang. Pada x=6,5 cm, membutuhkan waktu 165 jam (z=5cm), 184 jam (z=10 cm), 200 jam (z=15 cm) lebih cepat dibanding kontrol. Pada x=11,5 membutuhkan waktu 144 jam (z=5cm), 156 jam (z=10 cm), 192 jam (z=15 cm) lebih cepat dibanding kontrol. Menurunnya waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk mencapai kapasitas lapang menunjukkan bahwa pembentukan lorong pengatus di tanah B dan C berpotensi untuk mempercepat jadwal tanam palawija
Penggunaan Asap Cair Tempurung Kelapa untuk Menurunkan Kadar Timbal (Pb) pada Biji Kedelai (Glycine max)
Get PDFLiquid smoke of coconut shell has functional properties as bioflavor, preservative, and chelating agent, because it contains the active compounds of phenol, carbonyl, and acid. But the use of liquid smoke as chelating agent had not been developed. A study on chelation of heavy metal Pb by coconut shell liquid smoke on soybean seeds has been conducted. The aimed of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of liquid smoke in the reducing heavy metals Pb in soybean seeds, evaluate the change in the components of the liquid smoke was used for chelation heavy metals Pb, and evaluate the influence of the phenol, carbonyl, and acid components in the chelation heavy metals Pb in soybean seeds. Liquid smoke of coconut shell pyrolysis has a specific gravity of 1.01 g/ml, pH 1.81, phenol 1.20%, carbonyl 5.75%, and acid compounds 8.40%. Soybean seeds soaked in coconut shell liquid smoke with various concentration of 0% (control/aquademineralisa); 12.5%; 25%; 50%; and 100% for 2 hours. Levels of heavy metals Pb was analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The changes of liquid smoke compounds such as pH, specific gravity, phenol, carbonyl, and acid was analyzed. The influence of the components of liquid smoke to the reduction of the heavy metals Pb was also analyzed. Model experiment was made from soybean seeds that have been contaminated by Pb (NO standard solutions with a concentration of 2 ppm. The results showed the higher the concentration of liquid smoke is used for soaking the decreased levels of heavy metals Pb is also getting bigger. The liquid smoke 100% (without 3)2dilution) gives the best reducing effect that can reduce heavy metal Pb 63.41%. An increase inpH, a decrease in phenol levels, decreased levels of the carbonyl, and decreased levels of the acid inliquid smokethat used for soaking indicatesthat the component has been successfully chelated the heavy metals Pb in soybean seeds.The phenol components of liquid smoke give the highest reducing effect 50.09%, followed by acid compounds 45.67%, and carbonyl compounds 42.21%.ABSTRAKTelah dilakukan penelitian tentang khelasi logam berat Pb pada biji kedelai dengan menggunakan asap cair tempurung kelapa. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk evaluasi efektivitas asap cair dalam menurunkan kadar logam berat Pb pada biji kedelai, evaluasi perubahan komponen penyusun asap cair setelah digunakan untuk khelasi logam berat Pb, dan evaluasi pengaruh dari komponen penyusun asap cair dalam menurunkan kadar logam Pb pada biji kedelai. Biji kedelai direndam dalam asap cair tempurung kelapa dengan variasi konsentrasi 0% (kontrol atau aquademineralisa); 12,5%; 25%; 50%; dan 100% selama 2 jam. Parameter yang diamati adalah penurunan kadar Pb pada biji kedelai, perubahan pH, senyawa fenol, karbonil, dan asam yang terdapat dalam asap cair setelah proses khelasi, dan pengaruh komponen senyawa fenol, karbonil, dan asam terhadap penurunan kadar logam Pb pada biji kedelai. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan tiga kali ulangan. Model percobaan dibuat dengan biji kedelai yang dicemari larutan Pb(NO3)konsentrasi 2 ppm. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi konsentrasi asap cair yang digunakan untuk perendaman maka penurunan kadar logam berat Pb juga semakin besar. Asap cair dengan konsentrasi 100% (tanpa pengenceran) memberikan efek penurunan kadar logam berat Pb yang paling baik yaitu sebesar 63,41%. Adanya kenaikan pH, penurunan kadar fenol, penurunan karbonil, dan penurunan kadar asam pada asap cair yang telahdigunakan untuk perendaman menunjukkan bahwa komponen asap cair tersebut telah berhasil mengkhelat logam Pb pada biji kedelai. Komponen senyawa fenol memberikan efek penurunan kadar Pb yang paling tinggi yaitu 50,09%, diikuti oleh komponen asamsebesar 45,67%, dan komponen karbonil sebesar 42,21%
Pengaruh Suhu dan Kelembaban terhadap Pertumbuhan Fusarium verticillioides Bio 957 dan Produksi Fumonisin B1
Get PDFFusarium verticillioides was the predominant species in producing fumonisin on agricultural products. Fumonisisn B1 (FB1) is the most abundant fumonisin in nature and the most toxic than other fumonisin. The main factors affecting the growth of and production of fumonisin are temperature and humidity. This research aimed to assess the effect of changes in temperature and humidity on the growth of and FB1 production on maize and soybeans medium. Maize and soybeans that have inoculated with suspension Bio 957 were incubated at 20, 30 and 40 °C with 70, 80 and 90% of humidity for 14 days. Observations of growth made by weighing the cells mass and analysis of FB1 production performed by HPLC. The results showed that the highest growth of Bio 957 in maize and soybeans was occurred at temperature 30 °C and 90% of humidity, the cell mass weights were 904,5 and 885,5 mg per 20 g of maize and soybeans respectively. The highest concentration of FB1 in maize and soybeans were 374 and 67 pbb respectively, observed at temperature 30 °C for maize and 20 °C for soybeans, both at same humidity (90%). The results showed that Bio 957 was able to grow well and produced the highest concentrations of FB1 in maize and soybeans at a temperature of 20 and 30 °C with 90% of humidity. At a temperature of 40 °C with 70, 80 and 90% of humidity, the growth of was not observed, therefore FB1 formation was avoided.ABSTRAKFusarium verticillioides adalah spesies yang dominan dalam memproduksi fumonisin pada produk-produk pertanian. Fumonisin B1 (FB1) merupakan fumonisin yang paling banyak ditemukan di alam dan paling toksik dibandingkan jenis fumonisin lainnya. Faktor ekstrinsik utama yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan dan produksi FB1 adalah suhu dan kelembaban. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh suhu dan kelembaban terhadap pertumbuhan Bio 957 dan produksi FB1 pada media jagung dan kedelai. Jagung dan kedelai yang telah diiinokulasi dengan suspensi Bio 957 diinkubasi pada suhu 20, 30 dan 40 °C dengan kelembaban 70, 80 dan 90% selama 14 hari. Pengamatan pertumbuhan dilakukan dengan penimbangan massa sel dan analisis konsentrasi FB1 dilakukan dengan HPLC. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan Bio 957 pada jagung dan kedelai paling tinggi terjadi pada suhu 30 °C dan kelembaban 90%, berat massa selnya yaitu 904,5 dan 885,5 mg per 20 g masing-masing jagung dan kedelai. Konsentrasi FB1 paling tinggi pada jagung dan kedelai masing-masing yaitu 374 dan 67 ppb, pengamatan pada suhu 30 °C pada jagung dan 20 °C pada kedelai, keduanya pada kelembaban yang sama (90%). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Bio 957 mampu tumbuh dengan baik dan menghasilkan konsentrasi FB1 paling tinggi pada jagung dan kedelai pada suhu 20 dan 30 °C dengan kelembaban 90%. Pada suhu 40 °C dengan kelembaban 70, 80 dan 90%, Bio 957 tidak menunjukkan adanya pertumbuhan, sehingga pembentukan FB1 dapat dihindari
Aktivitas Antimikroba Minyak Esensial Jahe Merah (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) dan Lengkuas Merah (Alpinia purpurata K. Schum) terhadap Bakteri Patogen dan Perusak Pangan
Get PDFThe aims of this study was to determine the characteristics, composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils of local Indonesian red ginger and red galangal against four pathogenic and food spoilage bacteria, which were B. cereus ATCC 10876, E. coli ATCC 25922, S. typhimuriumATCC 14028, and P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853. Analysis of physicochemical characteristics was carried outin accordance with ISO7355:1985. The chemical compositionwas analyzed using aGC-MS. The antimicrobial activity was determined by disc diffusion method and broth microdillution method was used for determine MIC and MBC values. Red ginger essential oil characteristic was brownish yellow, specific gravity 0.883, refractive index 1.480, optical rotation -8.45o, clear soluble (1:1) in 90 % alcohol, 2.06 acid number and 42.45 ester number. Redgalangal essential oil had a characteristic bright yellow color, specific gravity 0.895, refractive index 1.496, optical rotation -9.15o, clear soluble (1:1) in 90 % alcohol, 1.95 acid number and 140.15 ester number. The major component of red ginger essential oils were trimethyl-heptadien-ol, ar-curcumene, camphene, carbaldehyde, sesquiphellandrene, and nerol; while the major component of red galangal essential oil were 1.8-cineole, chavicol, 9-desoxo-9-xi-hydroxy-3-pentaacetate-3,5,7,8,9,12-Ingol, -caryophyllene and -selinene. The essential oil of red ginger and red galangal hadmoderate antibacterial activity against pathogenic and food spoilage bacteria with the average inhibition zone 7.17-10.33 and 7.25-11.17mm. Red ginger essential oils could inhibit the growth of tested bacteria with MIC values of 2.65-3.97 mg/mL and MBC value of 3.10-5.29 mg/mL, while the red galangal essential oil could inhibit the growth of tested bacteria with MIC values of 1.79-4.03 mg mL and MBC values of 1.79-4.92 mg/mL. Based on the MIC and MBC values, all tested bacteriasensitivity to essential oils of red ginger and galangal red decline in a row B.cereus > E. coli > S. typhimurium> P. aeruginosa. Sensitivity of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria to both essential oils demonstrate the potential of the oils to be used as a natural preservative in the food industry. ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik, komposisi dan aktivitas antimikroba minyak esensial jahe merah dan lengkuas merah lokal Indonesia terhadap empat spesies bakteri patogen dan perusak pangan, yaitu B.cereus ATCC 10876, E.coli ATCC 25922, S. typhimurium ATCC 14028, dan P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853. Analisis karakteristik fisika-kimia dilakukan sesuai standar ISO 7355:1985. Komposisi kimia dianalisis menggunakan alat GC-MS. Pengujian aktivitas antimikroba dilakukan dengan metode difusi cakram untuk menentukan zona hambat, sertabroth microdillution untuk menentukan nilai Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) dan Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). Karakteristik minyak esensial jahe merah yang dihasilkan yaitu kuning kecoklatan, berat jenis 0,883, indeks bias 1,480, putaran optik -8.45, larut jernih (1:1) dalam alkohol 90%, bilangan asam 2,06, dan bilangan ester 42,45. Minyak esensial lengkuas merah memiliki karakteristik warna kuning terang, berat jenis 0,895, indeks bias 1,496, putaran optik -9.15, larut jernih (1:1) dalam alkohol 90%, bilangan asam 1,95 dan bilangan ester 140,15. Komponen mayor minyak esensial jahe merah terdiri dari trimethyl-heptadien-ol, ar-curcumene, camphene, carbaldehyde, -sesquiphellandrene, dan nerol; sedangkan komponen mayor minyak esensial lengkuas merah terdiri dari 1.8-cineole, chavicol,9-desoxo9-xi-hydroxy-3,5,7,8,9,12-pentaacetat-ingol, -caryophyllenedan -selinene. Minyak esensial jahe merah dan lengkuas merah memiliki aktivitas antibakteri yang bersifat moderat terhadap bakteri patogen dan perusak pangan, dengan kisaran zona hambat rata-rata 7,17-10,33 mm dan 7,25-11,17 mm. Minyak esensial jahe merah dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri uji pada nilai MIC 2,65-3,97 mg/mL dan nilai MBC 3,10-5,29 mg/mL, sedangkan minyak esensial lengkuas merah dapat menghambat bakteri uji dengan nilai MIC 1,79-4,03 mg/mL dan nilai MBC 1,79-4,92 mg/mL. Berdasarkan nilai MIC dan MBC, sensitivitas bakteri uji terhadap minyak esensial jahe merah dan lengkuas merah menurun berturut-turut dari B. cereus > E. coli > S. typhimurium > P. aeruginosa. Sensitivitas bakteri Gram positif dan Gram negatif terhadap kedua minyak esensial ini menunjukkan potensi minyak esensial jahe merah dan lengkuas merah untuk digunakan sebagai pengawet alami di industri pangan
Pemodelan Kinetika Pengeringan Beberapa Komoditas Pertanian Menggunakan Pengering Inframerah
Get PDFThe drying kinetics study was carried out on agricultural commodities using an infrared dryer at temperature 60 °C. The aim of this study was to determine a drying model and effective moisture diffusivity that showed the drying characteristics of cassava slices, banana slices and groundnut pods. The experiments were conducted at three agricultural commodities (cassava, banana, and groundnut) at two capacity levels of 12 kg and 24 kg. Drying was done by arranging the agricultural material on tray of 0.5 kg and 1 kg for the treatment of 12 kg capacity and 24 kg capacity, respectively. A total of 24 trays were inserted into the dryer and every hour sample was taken to analyze the water content by gravimetric method. Data was fitted to four drying models and non-linear regression analysis was used to determine model parameters. The models were compared based on their coefficients of determination (R2) between the experimental and predicted moisture ratios. The results showed that the increase of drying capacity would decrease the drying rate for all agricultural commodities. The Page model was showed to the best for describing the drying behaviour for these agricultural products. Effective moisture diffusivity ranged between 1.34x10-10 m2/s - 3.23x10-10 m2/s. ABSTRAKStudi kinetika pengeringan telah dilakukan pada beberapa komoditas pertanian menggunakan pengering inframerah pada temperatur 60 °C. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menetapkan model pengeringan dan effective moisture diffusivity yang menunjukkan karakteristik pengeringan irisan singkong, irisan pisang dan polong kacang tanah. Perlakuan yang digunakan adalah jenis komoditas pertanian (umbi singkong, buah pisang, dan polong kacang) pada dua level kapasitas 12 kg dan 24 kg. Pengeringan dilakukan dengan menata bahan pertanian di atas loyang masing-masing sebanyak 0,5 kg dan 1 kg untuk perlakuan kapasitas 12 kg dan 24 kg. Sebanyak 24 loyang dimasukkan ke dalam pengering dan setiap jam diambil sampel untuk dianalisa kadar airnya dengan metode gravimetri. Data diujikan dengan empat model pengeringan dan analisis regresi non-linear digunakan untuk menentukan parameter model. Nilai rasio kandungan air eksperimental dan hasil prediksi model selanjutnya dibandingkan berdasarkan koefisien determinasi (R2). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kenaikan kapasitas pengeringan akan menurunkan laju pengeringan untuk semua komoditas pertanian. Model Page terlihat paling baik untuk menggambarkan perilaku pengeringan bahan-bahan pertanian tersebut. Nilai difusivitas efektif kandungan air berkisar pada 1,34x10-10 m2/detik - 3,23x10-10 m2/detik.The drying kinetics study was carried out on agricultural commodities using an infrared dryer at temperature 60 °C. The aim of this study was to determine a drying model and effective moisture diffusivity that showed the drying characteristics of cassava slices, banana slices and groundnut pods. The experiments were conducted at three agricultural commodities (cassava, banana, and groundnut) at two capacity levels of 12 kg and 24 kg. Drying was done by arranging the agricultural material on tray of 0.5 kg and 1 kg for the treatment of 12 kg capacity and 24 kg capacity, respectively. A total of 24 trays were inserted into the dryer and every hour sample was taken to analyze the water content by gravimetric method. Data was fitted to four drying models and non-linear regression analysis was used to determine model parameters. The models were compared based on their coefficients of determination (R2) between the experimental and predicted moisture ratios. The results showed that the increase of drying capacity would decrease the drying rate for all agricultural commodities. The Page model was showed to the best for describing the drying behaviour for these agricultural products. Effective moisture diffusivity ranged between 1.34x10-10 m2/s - 3.23x10-10 m2/s. ABSTRAKStudi kinetika pengeringan telah dilakukan pada beberapa komoditas pertanian menggunakan pengering inframerah pada temperatur 60 °C. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menetapkan model pengeringan dan effective moisture diffusivity yang menunjukkan karakteristik pengeringan irisan singkong, irisan pisang dan polong kacang tanah. Perlakuan yang digunakan adalah jenis komoditas pertanian (umbi singkong, buah pisang, dan polong kacang) pada dua level kapasitas 12 kg dan 24 kg. Pengeringan dilakukan dengan menata bahan pertanian di atas loyang masing-masing sebanyak 0,5 kg dan 1 kg untuk perlakuan kapasitas 12 kg dan 24 kg. Sebanyak 24 loyang dimasukkan ke dalam pengering dan setiap jam diambil sampel untuk dianalisa kadar airnya dengan metode gravimetri. Data diujikan dengan empat model pengeringan dan analisis regresi non-linear digunakan untuk menentukan parameter model. Nilai rasio kandungan air eksperimental dan hasil prediksi model selanjutnya dibandingkan berdasarkan koefisien determinasi (R2). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kenaikan kapasitas pengeringan akan menurunkan laju pengeringan untuk semua komoditas pertanian. Model Page terlihat paling baik untuk menggambarkan perilaku pengeringan bahan-bahan pertanian tersebut. Nilai difusivitas efektif kandungan air berkisar pada 1,34x10-10 m2/detik - 3,23x10-10 m2/detik
Gel Glukomanan Porang-Xantan dan Kestabilannya Setelah Penyimpanan Dingin dan Beku
Get PDFThe objectives of this research were to find the porang glucomannan-xanthan optimum ratio on composite gelation and its stability after chilled and frozen storage. Porang glucomannan sol was mixed with xanthan sol in ratio 20/40; 40/60; 50/50; 60/40 and 80/20. The composites were heated for 45 minutes at 90 °C with agitation for 5 minutes, molded, tempered, and stored at 5 °C dan -8 °C for 24 days. Before dan after storage, the texture profile, WBC and sineresis of the gel were analyzed. The composite gel microstructure was analyzed using SEM. The composite gel with ratio 20/80 had the optimum interaction synergy on gelation and stability. The GP-X intermolecular association resulted in long high density junction zones which had highest hardness, chewiness and gumminess with the smallest deformation degree and sineresis as well as medium cohesiveness. Despite of no sineresis after chilled storage, the smaller gel pores indicated that the composite gel began to contract and degrade which resulted in cohesiveness, chewinees, hardness and gumminess decrease. The WBC increase on the higher GP-X ratio composite gel made the gel to be more stable in frozen storage compared to chilled storage. However, the bigger gel pores from entrapped water volume increasing during frozen storage crystal ice formation resulted in sineresis increase. The gel became more compact with higher cohesiveness, hardness, chewiness, gumminess and deformation degree. ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan proporsi komposit glukomanan porang dan xantan (GP-X) yang bersinergi optimal dalam pembentukan gel yang stabil setelah penyimpanan dingin dan beku. Sol glukomanan porang 1% dan sol xantan 1% dicampur dengan proporsi GP-X 20/40; 40/60; 50/50; 60/40; dan 80/20. Campuran tersebut dipanaskan pada suhu 90-95 °C selama 45 menit disertai pengadukan selama 5 menit, dicetak, didinginkan dan disimpan pada suhu dingin (5 °C) dan beku (-8 °C) selama 24 hari. Profil tekstur, water binding capacity (WBC), dan sineresis dianalisis di awal dan setelah penyimpanan. Morfologi gel komposit sebelum penyimpanan dan morfologi gel yang paling optimum setelah penyimpanan dianalisis dengan Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Sinergi pembentukan gel komposit GP-X paling optimal didapatkan dengan ratio 20/80. Asosiasi intermolekul GP-X pada proporsi tersebut membentuk zona hubung yang panjang dan densitas tinggi sehingga menghasilkan hardness, chewiness, dan gumminess paling tinggi dengan derajat deformasi dan sineresis paling rendah serta daya kohesif yang sedang. Meskipun belum mengalami sineresis selama 24 hari penyimpanan dingin, pengecilan ukuran jaringan tiga dimensi (pori) gel komposit tersebut menunjukkan gel mulai kontraksi dan mengalami penurunan mutu dengan indikasi penurunan daya kohesif, chewiness, hardness, dan gumminess. Peningkatan WBC pada proporsi yang lebih tinggi menyebabkan gel nampak lebih stabil pada penyimpanan beku dibandingkan dengan penyimpanan dingin. Pembesaran pori gel akibat pengembangan volume air yang terperangkap selama pembentukan kristal es menyebabkan peningkatan sineresis, pemadatan gel, dan peningkatan hardness, chewiness, gumminess, dan persentase deformasi
Pengembangan Rosella Ungu (Hibiscus sabdariffa) sebagai Minuman Isotonik Berpotensi Antioksidan dan Mampu Meningkatan Kebugaran Tubuh
No full textExercise induces more body fluid loss and free radicals formation. Therefore, the body requires an intake of isotonic drink that rich in antioxidant. Plasma antioxidant has an effect on the human physical fitness. Having high level of anthocyanin and vitamin C, dark red roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L) has antioxidant capacity. However, the application of dark red roselle extract as an isotonic drink has not yet been reported. This research was aimed to develop red dark roselle as an isotonic drink with high level of antioxidant and ability to increase human physical fitness in exercise. This study was conducted in two stages. The first stage was extraction of dark red roselle with different solvent. The extract with highest antiradical activity was used for isotonic drink formulation. In the second stage, the antioxidant capacity and its effectiveness on improving physical fitness in exercise were evaluated on the isotonic drink with the highest level of consumer preference. The result showed that extraction technique using distilled water gave an extract with the highest antiradical activity. The isotonic drink containing 50% dark red roselle extract showed the highest consumer preference level. The drink showed to have potentially antiradical and capability for increasing physical fitness in exercise with the score of PFI (physical fitness index) reached 52.3 indicating a medium level of physical fitness. ABSTRAKOlahraga menginduksi kehilangan cairan tubuh dan pembentukan radikal bebas yang lebih banyak. Oleh karena itu, tubuh membutuhkan asupan minuman isotonik yang kaya antioksidan. Antioksidan plasma berpengaruh pada kebugaran tubuh manusia. Rosella ungu (Hibiscus sabdariffa L) memiliki kapasitas sebagai antioksidan karena memiliki kadar antosianin dan vitamin C yang tinggi. Aplikasi ekstrak rosella ungu sebagai minuman isotonik belum pernah dilakukan sebelumnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan rosella ungu sebagai minuman isotonik yang berpotensi antioksidan dan mampu meningkatkan kebugaran tubuh pasca stress fisik. Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam beberapa tahap. Ekstraksi rosella ungu menggunakan pelarut yang berbeda dilakukan pada tahap pertama. Ekstrak dengan aktivitas antiradikal tertinggi digunakan untuk formulasi minuman isotonik. Pada tahap terakhir, minuman isotonik dengan tingkat kesukaan konsumen tertinggi dievaluasi kapasitas antioksidan dan efektivitasnya dalam peningkatan kebugaran tubuh pasca stress fisik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa teknik ekstraksi menggunakan air sebagai pelarut menghasilkan ekstrak dengan aktivitas antiradikal tertinggi, yaitu mencapai ekuivalen 93,16 ± 3,94 mmol BHT/L. Minuman isotonik dengan penggunaan 50% ekstrak rosella ungu menunjukkan tingkat kesukaan konsumen tertinggi. Minuman isotonik rosella ungu terbukti berpotensi sebagai antiradikal dan mampu meningkatkan kebugaran tubuh pasca stress fisik dengan skor IKJ (indeks kesegaran jasmani) mencapai 52,3 yang mengindikasikan tingkat kebugaran sedang.Exercise induces more body fluid loss and free radicals formation. Therefore, the body requires an intake of isotonic drink that rich in antioxidant. Plasma antioxidant has an effect on the human physical fitness. Having high level of anthocyanin and vitamin C, dark red roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L) has antioxidant capacity. However, the application of dark red roselle extract as an isotonic drink has not yet been reported. This research was aimed to develop red dark roselle as an isotonic drink with high level of antioxidant and ability to increase human physical fitness in exercise. This study was conducted in two stages. The first stage was extraction of dark red roselle with different solvent. The extract with highest antiradical activity was used for isotonic drink formulation. In the second stage, the antioxidant capacity and its effectiveness on improving physical fitness in exercise were evaluated on the isotonic drink with the highest level of consumer preference. The result showed that extraction technique using distilled water gave an extract with the highest antiradical activity. The isotonic drink containing 50% dark red roselle extract showed the highest consumer preference level. The drink showed to have potentially antiradical and capability for increasing physical fitness in exercise with the score of PFI (physical fitness index) reached 52.3 indicating a medium level of physical fitness. ABSTRAKOlahraga menginduksi kehilangan cairan tubuh dan pembentukan radikal bebas yang lebih banyak. Oleh karena itu, tubuh membutuhkan asupan minuman isotonik yang kaya antioksidan. Antioksidan plasma berpengaruh pada kebugaran tubuh manusia. Rosella ungu (Hibiscus sabdariffa L) memiliki kapasitas sebagai antioksidan karena memiliki kadar antosianin dan vitamin C yang tinggi. Aplikasi ekstrak rosella ungu sebagai minuman isotonik belum pernah dilakukan sebelumnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan rosella ungu sebagai minuman isotonik yang berpotensi antioksidan dan mampu meningkatkan kebugaran tubuh pasca stress fisik. Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam beberapa tahap. Ekstraksi rosella ungu menggunakan pelarut yang berbeda dilakukan pada tahap pertama. Ekstrak dengan aktivitas antiradikal tertinggi digunakan untuk formulasi minuman isotonik. Pada tahap terakhir, minuman isotonik dengan tingkat kesukaan konsumen tertinggi dievaluasi kapasitas antioksidan dan efektivitasnya dalam peningkatan kebugaran tubuh pasca stress fisik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa teknik ekstraksi menggunakan air sebagai pelarut menghasilkan ekstrak dengan aktivitas antiradikal tertinggi, yaitu mencapai ekuivalen 93,16 ± 3,94 mmol BHT/L. Minuman isotonik dengan penggunaan 50% ekstrak rosella ungu menunjukkan tingkat kesukaan konsumen tertinggi. Minuman isotonik rosella ungu terbukti berpotensi sebagai antiradikal dan mampu meningkatkan kebugaran tubuh pasca stress fisik dengan skor IKJ (indeks kesegaran jasmani) mencapai 52,3 yang mengindikasikan tingkat kebugaran sedang
Identifikasi Perubahan Iklim Berdasarkan Data Curah Hujan di Wilayah Selatan Jatiluhur Kabupaten Subang, Jawa Barat
Get PDFIndonesian region is strongly influenced by the monsoon climatic conditions have obvious difference between wet season and dry season. Climate variability and extreme climate phenomenon that often happens lately caused climate change. Climate change is characterized by changes in rainfall patterns and its causes shifting early in the season that make it difficult to plan cultivation. It is therefore necessary to study the behavior of the climate through rainfall time series analysis. Statistical tests performed using the F test and t test. This study aims to identify climate change through pattern trends, distribution and similarity of rainfall data at different timescales, using rainfall data rainy season (October to March) and the dry season (April to September) year period from 1975 to 2012. Data obtained from 6 (six) graduated rainfall stations around the study site those are Kalijati, Curugagung, Cinangling, Dangdeur, Subang and Pegaden. Data are grouped in 10-year period with a 4-year timing differences in accordance with the rules of the moving average. The period 1975 -1984 was indicated as an initial period as a basis to look for changes in rainfall patterns that occur. F test shows there has been a change in the distribution of rainfall in every period than normal period. T test showed there has been a change in the pattern of rainfall in the dry season period from 1987 to 1996. While the rainy season is starting to look at the period from 1995 to 2004. Rainy season and the dry season period (1995-2004) shows a similar pattern with the normal period (1975 -1984) so that it is possible in a certain period of climate change on the location of the cycle is approaching normal conditions.ABSTRAKWilayah Indonesia sangat dipengaruhi oleh kondisi iklim monsun yang mempunyai perbedaan yang jelas antara musim basah dan musim kering.Variabilitas iklim dan adanya fenomena iklim ekstrim yang sering terjadi akhir akhir ini menyebabkan terjadinya perubahan iklim. Perubahan iklim ditandai adanya perubahan pola curah hujan yang menyebabkan terjadinya pergeseran awal musim tanam sehingga sulit membuat perencanaan budidaya tanaman. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan kajian prilaku iklim melalui analisis deret waktu curah hujan.Uji statistik dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji F dan uji t. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi terjadinya perubahan iklim melalui pola kecenderungan, distribusi dan kesamaan data curah hujan pada rentang waktu yang berbeda, menggunakan data curah hujan musim hujan (Oktober – Maret) dan musim kemarau (April – September) periode tahun 1975 – 2012. Data diperoleh dari 6 stasiun penakar curah hujan di sekitar lokasi penelitian yaitu stasiun Kalijati, Curug agung, Cinangling, Dangdeur, Subang dan Pegaden. Data dikelompokkan dalam periode 10 tahunan dengan beda waktu 4 tahun sesuai dengan aturanmovingaverage. Periode tahun 1975 -1984 menjadi periode awal sebagai dasar untuk melihat perubahan pola curah hujan yang terjadi. Uji F menunjukkan telah terjadi perubahan distribusi curah hujan disetiap periode dibanding periode normalnya. Uji t menunjukkan telah terjadi perubahan pola curah hujan musim kemarau sejak periode tahun 1987 – 1996. Sedangkan musim hujan mulai terlihat pada periode tahun 1995 – 2004. Musim hujan dan musim kemarau periode (1995-2004) menunjukkan pola yang sama dengan periode normal (1975-1984) sehingga dimungkinkan pada periode tertentu siklus perubahan iklim pada lokasi ini mendekati kondisi normal
Wastewater Treatment for African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Culture by Using Anaerobic Process
No full textThis study aimed to set up an anaerobic treatment system for the treatment of wastewater derived from the farming of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus). In this current study, anaerobic treatment of wastewater derived from the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) aquaculture was conducted in semi-continuous reactor as well as batch reactor under mesophilic condition at 35 °C. The results revealed that the semi-continuous reactors generated higher biogas yield (69.27 mL/g VS) compared with batch reactor (22.81 mL/g VS). High conversion rate of anaerobic treatment process operated in semi-continuous reactor was also represented in higher percentage of COD removal (82.6%) compared with batch reactor which was only 62.76%. After conducting anaerobic treatment process on the wastewater derived from the catfish aquaculture, some parameters including total dissolved solids (TDS), Phosphorous (P), potassium (K) and electrical conductivity (Ec) increased in both batch and semi-continuous reactors. Batch reactors showed TS, VS and COD reduced from 0.23%, 42.88% and 1440 mg/L to 0.137 ± 0.024%, 22.78 ± 19.44% and 536.32 ± 11.27 mg/L, respectively. The results obtained from semi-continuous reactor revealed that TS, VS and COD reduced from 0.23%, 42.88% and 1440 mg/L to 0.219%, 24.353% and 250.61 mg/L, respectively. This study is highly significant for the environmental protection system.
Pengaruh Konsentrasi Xilosa dan Kosubstrat Terhadap Produksi Xilitol oleh Candida shehatae Way 08
No full textThe objectives of the research were to determine the optimum cultivation condition of initial xylose concentration, type of cosubstrate and ratio of cosubstrate to substrate (xylose) for xylitol production by Candida shehatae WAY 08. The initial xylose concentrations were varied within the range of 2-14 %. The cosubstrates were arabinose, galactose, glucose, and mannose. Ratios of cosubstrate to xylose were the range of 1:6 - 3:6 %. The fermentation was performed at 30`C in a 500 ml Erlenmeyer flask placed in a shaker incubator at 200 rpm for 72 h. Biomass concentration was determined by drying method. Xylose, cosubstrate and xylitol concentrations were determined using HPLC. The result indicated that with the medium containing 6 % xylose produced the highest product yield ( 0,75 g/g) and xylitol volumetric productivity was 0,73 g/Lh. The addition of cosubstrate of arabinose increased xylitol production, while the addition of glucose, galactose, and mannose decreased its productions