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Effect of Rotten Butter Shock Load on Anaerobic Digestion of Chicken Manure
Get PDFAnaerobic digestion is a popular method for improving fertilizing properties, but there is no report on the effect of shock load with butter on anaerobic digestion of chicken manure. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the anaerobic digestion of chicken manure with butter addition. The volatile suspended solid (VSS) was set at 20g VSS/L with different butter additions from 0 to 60 g VSS/L and different oxygen flow rate (OFR) from 0 to 2.5 mL/h. The results showed that ammonia ranged from 0.072 g/L to 0.082 g/L, while the volatile acids ranged from 425 mg/L to 325 mg/L. The volatile organic acid was significantly influenced by a change in OFR compared to ammonia, while a correlation between hydrogen and hydrogen sulfide was observed. The results showed that the highest hydrogen and methane production was obtained at butter addition of 30 g VSS/L with OFR 1.4 mL/h with volumes of 78 mL and 25 L respectively. In addition, hydrogen sulfide emissions induced rapid growth with increase in butter concentration
Antioxidant Activity and Consumer Preference of Brown Algae Sargassum hystrix Juice as a Functional Drink
Get PDFSargassum hystrix juice is a functional beverage made from S. hystrix through the immersion process, crushing, filtering, and pasteurization. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effect of S. hystrix concentration on antioxidant activity, level of consumer acceptance, and chemical composition of the juice. The fresh S. hystrix used were washed, immersed for three days, and blended at a concentration of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50%, respectively. Meanwhile, the qualities of juice that were observed include yield, antioxidant activity, total phenol, water, ash, protein, and fiber content, formol number, total sugar, total plate count, and sensory analysis. The results showed that the S. hystrix juice had a value of yield 43.00-85.67%, pH 7.5, antioxidant activity 20.50-44.57%, total phenolic 32.78-293.11 mg GAE/g, water 93.03-95.39%, ash 0.36-6.34%, protein 0.88-4.96%, crude fiber 0.41-5.04%, formol number 15-21.67 mL N NaOH/100 mL, total sugar 3.10-4.61%, total plate count 2.3x103-4.3x103CFU/mL, sensory of color 1.83-2.95, flavor 2.49-3.29, and taste 2.29-3.50
The Effect of Processing and Cooling Methods on Coleus tuberosus in vitro Starch Digestibility
Get PDFColeus tuberosus, also known as black potato, is one of the Indonesian local tubers consumed as a carbohydrate substituent. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effect of processing and cooling methods on the in vitro digestibility of black potato starch. Furthermore, two factors Randomized Block Design with a 2x3 experimental design was used, which consisted of processing methods (boiling, roasting, and microwave) and cooling at room temperature and 4 °C for 24 hours with 3 repetitions. Black potato flour was compared with the raw form, by assessing some parameters, namely Resistant Starch (RS), Slowly Digestible Starch (SDS), Rapidly Digestible Starch (RDS), and Glycemic Index (GI). Also, the analysis of total starch, moisture, and color was performed, hence raw black potatoes generally have 10% resistant starch (%wb). Different treatments of cooking and cooling had a significant effect (α = 0.05) on moisture content, total starch, RS, RDS, SDS, GI, brightness (L), and yellowness (b). Black potatoes subjected to the processing method followed by cooling had lower RDS and increased RS content. Furthermore, refrigeration at 4°C for 24 hours reduced the digestibility of black potato starch more than cooling at room temperature. Contrarily, microwaved black potato cooled at room temperature showed a higher digestion rate compared to the raw counterpart. Conclusively, processing followed by cooling reduces the GI and increases the RS content of Coleus tuberosus
Studi Komparasi: Produksi Bioetanol Nira Batang Kelapa Sawit oleh Flokulan dan Non- Flokulan Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Get PDFTwo types of yeast were used for bioethanol production from oil palm trunk sap, the flocculant Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCYC1195 and nonflocculant Saccharomyces cerevisiae Kyokai 7 (NCYC-479). Flocculant Saccharomyces cerevisiae is yeast that has ability to aggregate into flocks which precipitate rapidly in culture medium. The effect of urea as a nitrogen source was also investigated in this study. Some concentrations of urea were added i.e. 0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3% (w/v) during fermentation. The purpose of this study is to obtain the best condition by strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and urea concentration for the highest ethanol production. The highest ethanol production and yield was obtained at 4.86% (v/v) and 0.52 (g/g) respectively, by nonflocculant Saccharomyces cerevisiae Kyokai 7 (NCYC-479) without the addition of urea
Pengaruh Kombinasi Enzim Pektinesterase dan Poligalakturonase terhadap Klarifikasi Sari Buah Apel Varietas Manalagi
Get PDFApple is a fruit with numerous nutrient content alongised high levels of harvest and consumption. The Manalagi is one of the varieties grown in Indonesia,characterized by a yellowish green coloration, sweet taste, as well as easy rot and damage potentials. Hence, many people have encouraged the need to process raw samples into processed juice products. This practice raises the sale value and prolongs the shelflife. However, the apple juice have a major challenge of easy browning and turbidity, resulting from the pectin content. Furthermore, removal is harder due to turbity, exceptthrough enzymatic depectination, with the pectinase enzymes, particularly pectinesterase (PE) and polygalacturonase (PG). The presence of these materials in the juice mixture leads to inherent pectin degradation into smaller fractions and consequently ensures clarity. In addition, the research involved Completely Randomized Factorial Design (CRFD) with two factors, including enzyme concentration (0.5% and 1%) and PG:PE ratio (1: 5, 1: 2, 1: 1, 2: 1; 5 : 1). Therefore, the data obtained were analyzed using two way ANOVA with 5% significance level. The variance analysis result showed the effect of concentration on pH and transmittance value, while the ratio influences Total Soluble Solid (TSS) and transmittance value. In addition, both variables collectively affect pH and viscosity values. The best treatment for manalagi apple juice clarification was obtained with 0.5% concentration samples and PG: PE ratio 5:1
Karakteristik Fisik, Kimia, dan Fungsional Pati Ubi Banggai Asetat pada Berbagai Variasi Waktu Reaksi
Get PDFBanggai yam plant (endemic in Banggai Kepulauan Regency) is a potential raw material in production of modified starch. The one of techniques to increase the value of starch is modification of starch by acetylation method. This study objectives to determine the physical, chemical and functional characteristics of Banggai acetate yam starch at various reaction times. The study used a Completely Randomized Design with treatment time reaction (T), namely T1: 30 min, T2: 35 min, T3: 40 min, T4: 45 min, T5: 50 min, T6: 55 min. This study was conducted to determine the characteristics of yam acetate starch, which includes percent acetyl, degree of substitution, water and oil holding capacity (WHC/OHC), flammability, solubility, moisture content, ash, fat, protein, starch and amylose starch. The results showed that the longer reaction time under certain conditions will increase the acetyl percent, degree of substitution, WHC, OHC, flareability, solubility but reduce levels of fat, water, ash, fat, protein, starch and amylose starch, yam acetate. In this study at the best reaction time is (50 min), gives the acetyl percent 8.658% and substitution degree of 0.356, the value of WHC, OHC, Swelling ratio and solubility of 32.21%, 30.21%, 1.98 g/g, and 19.17% respectively
Effect of Nano and Bulk Nickel Oxide on Biomass and Antioxidant Enzymes Production of Fennel
Get PDFThe production, growth, and physiological processes of plants respond differently to the varying concentrations of nanoparticles. Due to the increasing importance and application of nanoparticles, it is essential to determine the impact on plants physiological systems. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of different bulk and nano nickel oxide concentrations on biomass production and the enzymatic system of fennel. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with the applications of 5 replications and 5 concentrations (0, 20, 100, 400, and 800 ppm) in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Science, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University. This study analyzed various plants traits, including shoot and dry root weight and a few antioxidant enzymes. The results showed that root and shoot dry weight were not affected by the applied treatments. Furthermore, all applied levels of treatment significantly increased the activity of fennel leaf polyphenol oxidase compared to the control. The bulk treatment at 800 ppm was exempted, where the application of bulk nickel oxide and nanoparticles decreased dehydrogenase enzyme activity. In addition, the activity of guaiacol peroxidase increased under all levels of treatments except 100 ppm nanoparticles. The highest amount of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity was obtained under 20 ppm treatment with a 61.98% increase compared to the control method. Furthermore, nickel oxide treatments also increased MDA. The results showed that nanomaterials' toxicity, caused oxidative stress in this plant, and the differences in MDA content of leaves explained the higher toxicity of NiO nanoparticles than bulk form. Moreover, higher activity of leaf antioxidative enzymes in bulk NiO2 treatments, especially Guaiacol Peroxidase, explained the plant's higher resistance to oxidative stress
Analisis Ergonomika Penggunaan Mini Rice Combine Harvester
Get PDFMini rice combine harvester adalah mesin pemanen padi yang saat ini banyak dioperasikan di lahan sawah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui ergonomika mesin mini rice combine harvester dalam pemanenan padi di lahan sawah berukuran sempit. Pengujian ergonomika dilakukan berdasarkan karakteristik mekanis mesin dan karakteristik fisiologi operator. Karakteristik mesin diukur dari getaran mesin, polusi suara serta polusi debu yang dihasilkan. Karakteristik fisiologi operator diukur dari beban kerja yang digambarkan dengan perubahan denyut jantung kerja, suhu tubuh, kesakitan pada anggota tubuh yang dirasakan operator. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa harvester yang diuji mempunyai getaran mesin sebesar 14,2 m/dt2, kebisingan 92,4 dB, melebihi ambang batas kesehatan yaitu sebesar 6 m/dt2 dan 80 dB. Disarankan operasional mesin dilakukan secara bergantian operator dengan periode untuk setiap operator tidak lebih dari 1 jam. Debu yang dihasilkan menurut ISO 14644-1 termasuk kelas 6 atau bersih dan tidak membahayakan operator. Beban kerja berdasarkan pengukuran denyut jantung operator adalah sangat ringan - sedang. Hasil analisis kesakitan akibat kerja menunjukkan 14% anggotatubuh terasa sedikit sakit dan 3,3% anggota tubuh sangat sakit. Secara umum disimpulkan bahwa untuk dapat memenuhi kelayakan dari aspek ergonomi perlu dilakukan upaya perbaikan disain untuk menurunkan getaran dan kebisingan mesin.Mini rice combined harvester is currently being operated in paddy fields. This study aims to determine the ergonomics of mini rice combine harvester machine in harvesting rice on narrow paddy fields. Ergonomics analysis was carried out based on the mechanical characteristics of the machine and the physiological characteristics of the operator. Besides, the engine characteristics were measured from engine vibration, as well as noise and dust pollution produced while the operators’ physiological characteristics were measured from the workload illustrated by changes in heart rate, body temperature, and pain felt in the limbs. The results showed that the harvester had an engine vibration of 14.2 m/sec2, noise 92.4 dB, exceeding the health threshold of 6 m/secand 80 dB. It is recommended that operation be carried out alternately with the operator period not more than 1 hour. The dust generated according to ISO 14644-1 was class 6 or clean and does not endanger the operator. Moreover, workloads based on operator heart rate measurements were very mild - moderate. The work-related pain analysis showed that 14% of the limbs felt a little sick while 3.3% were very ill. In general, it was concluded that to meet feasibility in relation to ergonomic aspects, there is need for design improvement efforts to reduce engine vibration and noise