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Pulp Reduction and Addition of Indigenous Microorganisms as Starter: Effects on Fermented Cocoa Bean Characteristics
Full text linkIndonesian cocoa smallholder plantations frequently produced low-quality dry beans due to poor postharvest handling, necessitating improvements through controlled fermentation. This study evaluated pulp reduction and local microorganism starter addition in farmer-level cocoa fermentation on the microbiological, physical, and chemical properties of cocoa beans. Using a Factorial Randomized Block Design, the research included four experimental units: 1) spontaneous fermentation, 2) reduced-pulp fermentation, 3) starteradded fermentation, and 4) reduced-pulp and starter-added fermentation. Pulp was reduced by approximately 35%, and microorganisms utilized were Candida famata HY-37, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum HL-15, and Acetobacter sp. HA-37. The five-day fermentation resulted in the growth of yeast, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and acetic acid bacteria (AAB). This was indicated by a peak fermentation temperature of 45 °C, a decrease in fermentation pH to 3.7, and a decrease in bean pH to 4.7, in line with total titratable acidity increasing. Over the course of two days, the Fermentation Index aboved 1.0. Pulp reduction raised fermentation temperatures and resulted in an earlier peak by the third day. The use of a starter can suppress fungal growth during fermentation. The total fungal population is lower in combining pulp reduction with starter addition fermentation cocoa beans. The physical properties met the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 2323:2008/Amd I:2010. The chemical characteristics showed that the Fermentation Index was above 1.0, the bean pH values were from 5.16 to 5.36, and the reducing sugar contents were from 1.50 to 1.69 %. Incorporating starter treatment effectively inhibited fungal growth during fermentation. The combination of reducing pulp and adding starter inhibited fungal growth in fermented cocoa beans without affecting their physical and chemical properties
Characterization of High Protein and Instant Cereal Fiber Drink Enriched with Probiotic Milk Powder
Full text linkAn alternate healthy snack for school-age children can be prepared by adding sorghum and tempeh flour, which are sources of protein and fiber, to instant cereal drinks. Probiotic-enriched snacks are well-known, and several clinical studies have shown significant benefits to humans. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effects of various ratios of sorghum and tempeh flour (5:1, 2:1, and 1:1) on physicochemical and sensory characteristics of the flakes. The viability of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum Dad-13 in an instant cereal beverage was examined for 56 days at three distinct storage temperature, i.e 20, 30, and 37 °C. The 2:1 sorghum: tempeh flour ratio formulation was the most widely accepted. According to chemical analyses, all probiotic instant cereal drink formulations have the potential to be sources of fiber (6.4–10.6 g/100 g) and proteins (14.5–16.3 g/100 g). Furthermore, the probiotic instant cereal drink contains more fiber and protein than a commercial product. This product has a minimum viable count of probiotic bacteria > 6.0 log CFU/g, which is substantial enough to have positive health effects on Indonesian school-age children
Physicochemical Characteristics and Antidiabetic Potential In Vitro of Analog Rice Based on White Greater Yam (Dioscorea alata) and Yellow Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima)
Full text linkType 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by the presence of increased blood sugar due to insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction maintaining the body homeostasis by lowering blood sugar levels. People with T2DM are advised to avoid consuming foods that can trigger an increase in blood sugar levels. However, daily consumption of Indonesians still depends on ordinary rice, which has a high glycemic index and can increase blood sugar levels. This shows the need to produce substitute such as analog rice, which is safe to consume by people with T2DM. Analog rice is artificial product that uses raw materials from grains or tubers. Therefore, this research aimed to produce high-antioxidant analog rice by using white greater yam and yellow pumpkin as the main ingredients. The results showed that increasing the concentration of yellow pumpkin caused a rise in physical properties such as water absorption and b value, which was the yellow color appearing in analog rice. Chemical properties such as water content, ash, and protein were increasing but starch, carbohydrates, amylose, and amylopectin levels decreased. Total phenolics, DPPH, and ABTS antioxidants, the percentage of inhibition activity of α-amylase enzyme, and descriptive sensory tests including appearance, aroma, texture, and flavor also showed an increase. The best formula was obtained in P1 treatment comprising 85% white greater yam and 15% yellow pumpkin. Specifically, P1 showed % α-amylase inhibition activity of 42%, DPPH antioxidant activity 82.39%, ABTS 86.47%, and a favorability test value of 4. This value was considered neutral, showing the potential to be well-received by panelists
Effect of Pressurized Blanching Time on Antioxidation Properties of Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. Powder with Various Solvents
Full text linkJavanese turmeric (JT) or Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. is rhizome possessing bioactive components such as curcuminoids and xanthorrizhol that are soluble in various solvents. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the antioxidation properties of JT extract with various solvents for extraction. The method used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), with variations of pressure blanching time (0, 2.5, 5; 7.5, and 10 minutes) and solvents (80% methanol, 80% ethanol, and 80% acetone). Antioxidation properties were determined comprising antioxidant activity (DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power), phenol, flavonoid, β-carotene, curcumin, and tannin. The results showed that at a pressurized blanching time of 5 minutes, JT extract had the highest antioxidant activity. By using DPPH and FRAP methods with 57.31% RSA and 7.91 mg Ferro E/g, the highest antioxidant activity was also obtained in 80% ethanol solvent. Furthermore, phenol, flavonoid, β-carotene, tannin, and curcumin contents were 48.70 mg GAE/g, 7.28 mg QE/g, 243.83 μg/g, 2.44 ppm and 1.81%, respectively. This study showed that JT subjected to pressurized blanching had higher antioxidant activity than the fresh sample
Physico-chemical and Sensory Characteristics of Beef Sausage with the Addition of Modified Porang Glucomannan (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) Oleogel
Full text linkFat is capable of affecting the physico-chemical and sensory characteristics of beef sausage. However, the use of beef fat can increase the cholesterol content, showing the need for suitable substitute such as oleogel. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the ability of rice bran oil oleogel prepared with modified porang glucomannan as a substitute for beef fat in sausage formulations. Analysis was also carried out to obtain beef sausage with the best characteristics (similar to commercial sausage/comparison formulation) which were made by substituting beef fat using rice bran oil oleogel. Sausage formulas were made with low-fat (10% oleogel or beef fat, w/w) and high-fat (20% oleogel or beef fat w/w), with beef fat serving as control. Another sausage formula with 20% (w/w) beef fat and tapioca was prepared representing the commercial beef sausage. The findings revealed that both the fat content and the replacement of beef fat with oleogel had a significant effect (p<0.05) on cooking loss and the proximate composition (moisture, ash, fat, and protein) of beef sausages. Significant effects were also observed on the texture (hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, gumminess, and chewiness) and sensory properties of the sausages. There is a significant effect on texture (hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, gumminess, and chewiness) as well as sensory characteristics of beef sausage. Substituting 20% of beef fat with oleogel resulted in the most favorable sensory characteristics, closely resembling those of the control formulation containing 20% beef fat combined with tapioca. In conclusion, rice bran oil oleogel formed from porang glucomannan as an oleogelator could be used as a substitute for beef fat in sausage processing
Antioxidant Activity and Quality of Frozen Yoghurt with Moringa oleifera Lamk. Leaves Extract
Full text linkMoringa oleifera Lamk. (Moringa) is a plant widely distributed across various regions in Indonesia. The leaves of Moringa oleifera Lamk. contain higher nutritional value in protein and minerals compared to the green vegetables that are commonly consumed. This plant can be used to improve the quality of frozen yoghurt, a functional food that is currently popular due to the existence of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB), which is good for digestion. Therefore, this research aimed to improve the nutritional quality of frozen yoghurt using Moringa oleifera Lamk. Leaves Extract (MOLE), which is high in antioxidants and protein. However, MOLE does not reduce the viability of LAB. The viability of LAB decreases when phytochemical content with the ability as an antibacterial is added. The soluble fiber content of MOLE is able to improve the texture of frozen yoghurt. In this research, four different frozen yoghurt samples were produced with the addition of MOLE in various ratios (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%). The analysis shows that frozen yoghurt with 30% MOLE produces the highest antioxidant activity and viability of probiotics. The content of product with 30% MOLE includes 2.85±0.13% fat, 10.07±0.44% protein, 1.10±0.01% ash, 26.4±0.35% total solid (TS), 21.67±0.58% total soluble solid (TSS), 78.66±1.31% overrun, 807±5.77 (s) melting rate, 0.86±0.02% titratable acidity, and 5.4±0.02 pH. It also contains 8.58±0.52 log CFU/mL LAB, Salmonella negative/25 g, 102.26±0.13 mg GAE/100 mL of total phenolic, and 87.78±0.64% of antioxidant activity
Physicochemical Characteristics of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) after Chitosan Coating and Storage at Various Temperature
Full text linkPotato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plant is widely favored due to its versatility in various processed products, but perishable. This study aimed to determine the effect of chitosan coating and storage at various temperatures on the physiological and chemical characteristics of potato tubers. This research used 2 variables, namely the concentration of chitosan (0, 1, 1.5 and 2%) and storage temperatures of 0, 10 and 25°C. The parameters observed included tuber skin color, weight loss, hardness, the thickness of the chitosan layer and tissue penetration, oxygen levels, water content, starch degradation, reduced sugar content, and sprouting amount. Furthermore, data were analyzed using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test. The results showed the effect of chitosan coating and storage temperature on weight loss, color, oxygen level, hardness, water content, starch degradation, and reduced sugar content in potato tubers during storage. The most effective treatment was 1.5% chitosan coating combined with a storage temperature of 10°C
Microbial Conversion of Rice Straw Into Lactic Acid Through Simultaneous and Separate Hydrolysis and Fermentation
Full text linkLactic acid is often produced from lignocellulosic materials through various steps, including pretreatment, hydrolysis, and fermentation. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the conversion of lactic acid from rice straw using simultaneous and separate hydrolysis and fermentation. The process was initiated with and without pretreatment using Ca(OH)2 at 85 °C for 16 hours, followed by hydrolysis using Trichoderma reesei PK1J2 and fermentation with Rhizopus oryzae AT3. Hydrolysis and fermentation were performed simultaneously and separately. The results showed that pretreatment could reduce lignin content, but this process was not needed because Trichoderma reesei PK1J2 degraded lignin during hydrolysis. In addition, fermentation conditions in this study could not support the production of lactic acid by Rhizopus oryzae AT3. Based on biomass growth during the treatment, simultaneous hydrolysis and fermentation (108 mg/g dry substrate) was better compared to separate hydrolysis and fermentation (104 mg/g dry substrate)
