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Flavor of Over-Fermented Tempeh Affected by Fermentation Period, Packaging, and Blanching
Full text linkOver-fermented tempeh is traditional ingredient in Indonesian dishes, serving as a seasoning due to the unique flavor. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of different fermentation periods, packaging types, and blanching processes on flavor of over-fermented tempeh powder. The results showed that tempeh amino acid composition increased with a prolonged fermentation period. However, the type of packaging and blanching process did not significantly affect these parameters. Changes in the concentration of chemical composition, such as amino acids and sugar, affected the sensory perception. Longer fermentation period was found to increase the amounts of amino acids contributing to umami and bitter tastes, while sugar content decreased with extended fermentation and in samples subjected to blanching. Nucleotide composition umami taste was more pronounced in plastic samples and those not subjected to blanching. Sensory evaluation also showed variations in the intensity of umami, bitter, sour, sweet tastes, and pungent, woody, floury, and rancid flavor. Based on the results, optimal fermentation period for producing over-fermented tempeh powder was approximately seven days, where the compositions of sugars, amino acids, and nucleotides remained relatively high. After complete fermentation, the concentration of bitter amino acids was excessively high and remained acceptable to consumers. These results showed the effect of fermentation period on flavor profile of over-fermented tempeh powder, providing valuable insights for application in food product development
Ethanolysis Pretreatment of Crude Palm Oil in High Shear Reactor
Full text linkCrude palm oil (CPO) is characterized by high carotenoid content, dissolving in the oil system and causing a difficult extraction process. To overcome this problem, transesterification of CPO with ethanol was performed to improve the carotenoid extractability using sodium hydroxide as a catalyst. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of ethanolysis parameters on the carotenoid and fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) content of CPO. FAEE content was quantified by thin-layer chromatography and total carotenoid content (TCC) was determined through a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Reaction time (15-150 min), catalyst concentration (0.65-3.25%), reaction temperature (3070 ℃), and stirring speed (500-2000 rpm) were determined by one factor at a time (OFAT) design. The results showed that ethanolysis time and temperature did not affect TCC along the study range, while ethanolysis time of 45 minutes and temperature of 70 ℃ increased FAEE content. Additionally, catalyst concentration of 1.95% and stirring speed at 2000 rpm increased TCC and FAEE. The best ethanolysis parameters were obtained at 45 minutes, the temperature of 50 ℃, catalyst concentration of 1.3%, and stirring speed of 2000 rpm, yielding FAEE 1358±16 ppm and TCC 99.9±0.2%. This showed that ethanolysis produced high FAEE content and improved carotenoids in the oil system
Risk Mitigation Analysis of Wet Cocoa Beans Supply Chain in North Luwu Regency
Full text linkCocoa in North Luwu Regency is contributing greatly to the improvement of the economy. However, different factors have caused a decrease in the amount of production since 2019 and farmers mostly sell cocoa as wet beans. Therefore, this research aimed to reduce the impact of risk on the supply chain of North Luwu wet cocoa beans through Supply Chain Risk Management, which included the stages of mapping, risk identification, analysis, and mitigation. The results showed that the supply chain flow map was obtained by tracing and identifying the tiers using snowball sampling method. Subsequently, the list of risk for each tier was identified and assessed for the likelihood, severity, and detection levels through in-depth interviews using 5 Likert scales. Data analysis was also carried out by determining the mapping matrix in avoid, transfer, manage, and appetite risk, as well as assessing the Risk Priority Number (RPN). Avoid risk and those with a high RPN value were priorities in preparing mitigation. The stages considered were the interview and group discussion with risk owners and experts. Meanwhile, the flows of the wet cocoa bean supply chain were identified. In the farmer tier, 8 risks, 10 collectors, 9 cooperatives, and 9 industries were reported. High rainfall, classified as avoid risk, had the highest RPN value. This risk was identified in almost all tiers and mitigated through irrigation improvements, reservoir construction, and planting new adaptive clones
Root System Traits and Their Association with The Yield of Safflower under Different Irrigation Regimes
Full text linkRoot system is recognized to play a crucial role in enhancing plant tolerance and stability during drought conditions. Therefore, this study aimed to assess safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) genotypes under various irrigation regimes and explore the relationship between root traits and yield. A two-year factorial experiment was conducted with three spring safflower genotypes, namely Parnian, Goldasht, and Kazak under two irrigation regimes, including full and deficit. Irrigation treatments maintained residual moisture levels at 60% and 20% of available water. Root traits such as biomass (RB), length (RL), diameter (RD), dry weight (RDW), and root length density (RLD) were measured. Additionally, seed yield (SY), yield components, and oil content (OC) were assessed in all treatments. The results showed that drought stress reduced safflower RB and RL, but Kazak genotype had a significant increase in RDW (48%) and RL (12%) under deficit irrigation. Root biomass distribution and RLD varied among genotypes across soil layers. Parnian and Goldasht genotypes had the highest root biomass at 30 cm depth with full irrigation, while Kazak showed the highest values at 60-90 cm depth under deficit irrigation. Drought stress significantly reduced safflower SY by 71% and Kazak genotype showed the highest SY under deficit irrigation, suggesting better performance stability. SY had a strong positive correlation with RDW (0.57) and RD (0.84), indicating a significant relationship. Furthermore, SY was significantly correlated with RLD at depths of 60-90cm (0.72-0.68). These results suggested that root traits such as RDW, RD, and RLD in deeper soil layers were crucial for breeding programs aiming to develop drought-tolerant genotypes
Evaluating Effect of Continuous and Supplementary Irrigation Regimes on Vegetative and Reproductive Growth of Quinoa
Full text linkQuinoa is a nutritious pseudo-cereal with considerable tolerance to various environmental stresses, making it a promising candidate for introduction into Iran’s agro-systems. In this study, effect of seven irrigation treatments on growth and yield of quinoa was investigated at the Sarayan Agricultural Faculty, during 2017. Irrigation treatments included continuous irrigation (CI) during the growing season with intervals of 1, 2, and 3 weeks (CI1W, CI-2W, and CI-3W, respectively), supplementary irrigation (SI) with 1, 2, and 3 times during the last month of plant growth (SI-1T, SI-2T, and SI-3T, respectively) and stopping irrigation after plant emergence (SIAE: Just two times irrigation for germination and emergence). The effect of irrigation management was significant on chlorophyll index (measured by SPAD meter: Soil Plant Analysis Development), panicle length (PL), 1000-grain weight, biological yield (BY), seed yield (SY), and harvest index (HI). Irrigation management affected all measure parameters, such as SI, in particular SI3T, which improved the amount of SPAD compared to the other treatments. The highest PL was gained in CI treatments, while there was no significant difference between all SI treatments with SIAE. The best treatment in terms of BY, was CI-1W (2440 kg/ha) followed by CI-2W and CI-3W, while SIAE showed the lowest BY (1092 kg/ha). SY for both CI (250, 211, and 245 kg/ha for CI-1W, CI-2W, and CI-3W, respectively) and SI (225, 173 and 143 kg/ha for SI-3T, SI-2T, and SI-1T, respectively) managements was more than SIAE (78 kg/ha). SI had a positive effect on HI, thereby the highest value of this index was gained in SI3T (21.6%) and SI-2T (18.5%). In summary, quinoa showed substantial tolerance to drought stress, producing viable SY even under semi-rainfed (SIAE) conditions. These results highlight quinoa’s potential as a robust crop for arid and semi-arid regions, where water availability is a limiting factor
Physicochemical Characterization of Kaffir Lime Leaves (Citrus hystrix D.C.) Powder with Oxidized Starch Encapsulation
Full text linkKaffir lime leaves (Citrus hystrix D.C.) contain various bioactive compounds, including phenols, terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids. These bioactive constituents are highly susceptible to degradation. Therefore, encapsulation is necessary to enhance their stability. The use of maltodextrin as the sole coating material often results in particle agglomeration and weak microcapsule structures. This research evaluated how the ratios and concentrations of coating materials affect the physicochemical properties of kaffir lime powder. This research involved the preparation of starch using the photooxidation method, the extraction of kaffir lime leaves, the production of kaffir lime leaves powder, and the analysis of kaffir lime leaves powder. The parameters evaluated included moisture content, hygroscopicity, solubility, and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). Data were analyzed using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test with a significance level of ≤ 0.05. The results showed that the combination of photooxidized starch and maltodextrin as an encapsulation material, at a total concentration of 60% had a moisture content of 9.18%, hygroscopicity 5.71%, solubility 61.91%, polyphenol content 5.33 mg GAE/g, and polyphenol damage 10,06%
Formulation, Characteristics and Viability Probiotics Cell of Biscuit Production from Hotong Flour (Setaria italica (L) Beauv.), Walnut (Canarium indicum L.), Enriched by Probiotic Cream
Full text linkHotong (Setaria italica (L) Beauv.) and walnut (Canarium indicum L.) are nutrient-rich local foods from Maluku Province, Indonesia, significant health. In this context, biscuit enriched with probiotic cream are a recommended snack for enhancing nutrition and promoting balance of the intestinal microflora, at a sufficient quantity of 107 log CFU/g. Therefore, this study aimed to objectively evaluate the physicochemical and organoleptic characteristics of biscuit, as well as assess probiotic viability. The used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with three different formulation treatments containing hotong flour and walnut at ratios of 40%:10% (F1), 35%:15% (F2), and 30%:20% (F3). Probiotic cell viability was analyzed at temperatures of 20 °C, 37 °C, and 45 °C. The results showed that F3 had the most favorable formulation regarding nutritional adequacy rate with 173 kcal energy, 10% fat, 4.41% protein, 5.20% carbohydrate, and 2 g sugar. It featured a crisp texture and increasingly darker colors, in line with the outcomes of sensory evaluations. F3 was the preferred, achieving high scores for color (5.38), taste (6.13), aroma (5.13), breakability (5.86), crispness (6), aftertaste (5.02), and overall quality (6.03). Cell viability for all treatments was higher at 20 °C and remained above 107 log CFU/g
The Effect of Red-Blue Led Intensity on the Growth and Yield of Lettuce Varieties Cultivated Using NFT Hydroponics
Full text linkOptimizing the growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) under controlled lighting conditions is essential for improving indoor farming systems. Therefore, this study aims to examine the effect of the intensity of 3030 LED (light emitting diode) type 7520 red-blue Grow Light on the growth of 3 Lettuce varieties, which were cultivated using NFT hydroponics. The study procedures were carried out using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 2 factors. These factors included 1) intensity of the red-blue SMD 3030 LED Grow Light type 7520 with levels of 0%, 30%, 70%, and 100%, and 2) lettuce varieties, namely Batavia Caipira, Red Rapid, and New Grand Rapid. Data obtained were analyzed for variance at the 5% level and the Honest Significant Difference Test at the 5% level. The results showed that giving a red-blue SMD 3030 type 7520 LED Grow Light with an intensity of 100% to Batavia Caupa lettuce variety produced the highest number of leaves at 35, 42, and 45 days after sowing (DAS). Moreover, an intensity of 70% led to greater plant height, which was observed to be better at 45 days after sowing. LED lights with 100% intensity promoted superior growth in leaf area, fresh stover weight, and fresh root weight compared to other intensities. New Grand Rapid variety exhibited a plant height of 47 cm, a leaf area of 109.1 cm², a fresh stem weight of 144.2 g, and a dry root weight of 1.8 g, outperforming the other varieties. Meanwhile, Batavia Caipira variety produced a greater number of leaves (29.3 leaves) compared to others
Free Fatty Acid Adsorption of Crude Palm Oil by Modified Fly Ash
Full text linkThis study used modified fly ash as a material to adsorb free fatty acid in Crude Palm Oil. One or two types of modification treatments in previous studies were used to investigate the effect on the absorption process. Therefore, this study focused on the capacity of the modified fly ash in adsorbing FFA with varying concentrations and durations of adsorption. Modification of fly ash began through leaching process using hydrochloric acid (HCl), followed by activation using hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and reactivation using cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) surfactant. Scanning Electron Microscope Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX) is used to analyze the morphology and elements, while a Gas Sorption Analyzer (GSA) is used to analyze the pore radius, surface area, and pore volume of modified fly ash. Based on SEM-EDX result, fly ash had an amorphous shape with silicon (32.15%) and oxygen (50.29%) as the major elements. While GSA showed that the surface area, total pore volume, and average pore diameter were 15.34 m²/g, 0.02 cc/g, and 3.23 nm, respectively. Furthermore, modified fly ash had adsorption efficiency and capacity of 44.38%±0.21 and 140 mg/g±0.21, respectively. Then, adsorbent mass of 6% w/w and adsorption duration of 60 minutes recorded as the optimal condition of FFA adsorption process using fly ash. The maximum permissible FFA in cooking oil based on Standar Nasional Indonesia (2019) was 0.30%. Because of that, multi-stage adsorption was carried out to reduce the FFA in order to comply with Standar Nasional Indonesia (2019). The adsorption with twice repetition can produce CPO with FFA < 0.30% (initial FFA content of 1.2%). Due to the reduction level of FFA, the yield of the CPO obtained from each step was ±60-80%. This study could be applied in industry to reduce the FFA content and enhance the CPO quality