Göteborgs universitets publikationer - e-publicering och e-arkiv
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När ekonomin stryper En kvalitativ studie om Europeiska unionens sanktionsföring i förhållande till ideologiska värden och interdependens
Full text linkThis thesis examines the European Union's sanctions policy regarding human rights and
interdependence. Previous research has discussed whether sanctions are effective or result in
desirable outcomes. This paper aims to take a step back and understand motives by analyzing
consistency in the EU’s decisions to impose sanctions. The question is relevant because formal
justification can be used to cloak actual motives, and by examining actual decisions, the analyses
shed light on motives. Therefore, the aim is to understand why the European Union sanctions
some states but not others, even in states with similar levels of human rights violations. The
thesis aims to gain greater insight and understanding on the interplay of ideological and
economic values. To understand the European Union's motives, the thesis carries out a motive
analysis and compares four cases selected on theoretical grounds. The results show that higher
levels of interdependence result in lower tendency to impose sanctions even between states with
similar human right abuses. The European Union's close cooperation with the Gulf States deters
the use of sanctions in these states. The union's policy on human rights violations does not fully
explain actual decisions, and economic motives exist alongside normative and ideological
factors
Omoraliska Skandalers påverkan på börsnoterade bolag - Hur påverkas aktiepriset efter en omoralisk skandal?
Full text linkThe essay investigates how immoral scandals affect the share price of companies on the OMX 30. The study shows that the stock market often reacts quickly and negatively. It does this in connection with the publication of a scandal. The essay has been based on theories and literature that have been the basis for analysis of the empirical evidence. Event study has been used to analyze share price data from six different scandals. Long-term recovery varies depending on the scandal, but the study shows that the majority recover over time. Finally, there is a need for continued research with a focus on industry-specific scandals, international perspectives and the inclusion of scandal management. In summary, the study contributes to a relatively unexplored area of scandals and their impact on share prices.Denna uppsats undersöker hur omoraliska skandaler påverkar aktiepriset hos bolag på OMX 30. Studien visar på att aktiemarknaden ofta reagerar snabbt och negativt. Detta gör den i samband med offentliggörandet av en skandal. Uppsatsen har grundats på teorier och litteratur som varit grund för analys av empirin. Eventstudie har använts för att analysera aktiekursdata från sex olika skandaler. Långsiktigt återhämtning varierar beroende på skandal, men studien visar att merparten återhämtar sig över tid. Slutligen finns det behov av fortsatt forskning med fokus på branschspecifika skandaler, internationella perspektiv och inkluderande av skandalhantering. Sammanfattningsvis bidrar studien till ett relativt outforskat område inom skandaler och dess påverkan på aktiekurser
Effects of contrast media on renaI and thyroid function - and the impact of thyroid nodules
Full text linkThe risk of renal damage by iodine contrast media (ICM) has long been discussed but there is still controversy about whether contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) exists. ICM-induced thyroid dysfunction is a less known adverse effect and possible risk factors include presence of thyroid nodules that may be found incidentally. A major concern is which incidental thyroid nodules that must undergo further investigation. The EU-TIRADS was presented in 2017 to facilitate differentiation between benign and malignant lesions and to help decide when fine needle aspiration (FNA) may be omitted. This had not yet been validated with RCT.
Aims: I) To prospectively assess ICM effects on renal function in 1009 individuals, to compare ICM effects on serum creatinine (sCr) with normal intraindividual sCr fluctuation and find possible risk factors for CI-AKI. II) To prospectively study ICM effects on thyroid function in 448 individuals, assess the clinical relevance of ICM-induced hormonal changes, and search for related risk factors. III) To determine the prevalence of thyroid lesions when screening a randomly selected cohort with thyroid ultrasound (US) and evaluate the need of subsequent follow-up. Also, to compare thyroid nodule detection capacity between US and CT. IV) To compare selective vs non-selective fine needle aspiration (FNA) of thyroid nodules in a randomized study of patients (n=195) with thyroid nodules.
Results: In Paper I, there was a low incidence of CI-AKI (1.2%), even lower when applying the updated ESUR criteria (0.2%). Possible risk factors, e.g. diabetes, low eGFR, NSAID use, were not associated with CI-AKI. ICM were also safe regarding effects on thyroid function (Paper II) with no cases of ICM-induced overt hypo- or hyperthyroidism and no statistically significant effects on thyroid-related symptoms. Elevated TPO-antibodies and being born outside of Sweden were associated with developing subclinical hypothyroidism. Thyroid US screening of 542 individuals (Paper III) rendered one case of thyroid malignancy but the amount of follow-up was substantial, with 8% requiring further follow-up. US was superior to CT in thyroid lesion detection. Paper IV showed higher percentage of high Bethesda cytology results in patients undergoing FNA with selection by EU-TIRADS compared to the group where non-selective FNA was performed.
Conclusions: Administration of ICM to a randomly selected cohort, 50-65 years of age, with normal to moderately reduced renal function was safe, both in terms of renal and thyroid function. Thyroid US screening renders a non-negligible amount of clinical follow-up and considered to be of low cost-effectiveness. Practicing selective cytology, using EU-TIRADS, was safe in terms of risks of missing malignancy but did not decrease the numbers of FNAs substantially
Domstolars resonemang kring psykologiska faktorer och kvinnors psykiska hälsa efter upprepad våldsutsatthet
No full textSyftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur domstolar resonerade kring psykologiska faktorer i kvinnors muntliga utsagor och kring deras psykiska hälsa efter upprepad utsatthet för våld. Skriftliga domar sammanställda av juristdomare (N = 23) undersöktes med tematisk analys. Målen omfattade minst en åtalspunkt för grov kvinnofridskränkning. Resultatet visade att kvinnornas minnesförmågor, framtoning och sätt att agera hade betydelse i domstolarnas bedömning av deras muntliga utsagor. Psykisk hälsa omnämndes i störst utsträckning utifrån juridiska formuleringar från olika brottsrubriceringar. När resonemangen gick utöver dessa juridiska formuleringar var det i korta ordalag. Slutsatsen var att domstolarna i vårt material i låg utsträckning tog hänsyn till att våldet hade skett upprepade gånger när de bedömde kvinnornas muntliga utsagor. Domstolarna i vårt material hade också varierande förståelse för konsekvenserna av att leva i en våldsam relation. Konsekvenser som kan försvåra möjligheten att leva upp till de krav som domstolar ställer vid en rättegång
Neuro-Symbolic Creation of Non-Playable Characters: An ablation study of the synergy of a Knowledge Graph in a Reinforcement Learning model.
Full text linkThis thesis explores the integration of Knowledge Graphs (KG) with Reinforcement Learning (RL) to enhance the adaptability and efficiency of Non-Playable Characters (NPCs) in dynamic video game environments. By combining KG and RL in a neuro-symbolic approach, the study aims to address the lengthy and resource-intensive training processes typically required for RL agents. Using an ablation methodology, the research tests the effectiveness of various KG complexities, including partial and fully dynamic KGs, in a custom-built simulation environment employing Python, PyTorch, and Pygame. While results are pending, the study expects to demonstrate that KG-RL integration can significantly reduce training time and improve NPC adaptability. This research may offer broader implications for developing AI agents in various dynamic systems, laying foundational insights into the scalability and applicability of the KG-RL model
En kvalitativ studie om förskollärares användning av utomhusmiljön
Full text linkSyftet med denna studie är att undersöka och förstå hur förskollärare använder utomhusmiljön för att stödja och stimulera barns utforskande och lärande, med särskilt fokus på integrering av matematik i pedagogiska aktiviteter. Studien bygger på följande frågeställningar: (1.) Hur uppfattar förskollärare barnens engagemang och deltagande i matematiska aktiviteter som genomförs i utomhusmiljön? (2.) Vilka möjligheter och utmaningar stöter förskollärare på vid integreringen av matematik i utomhuspedagogiska aktiviteter? (3.) Vilka matematiska begrepp anser förskollärare vara lämpliga att introducera genom utomhuspedagogik? För att besvara våra frågeställningar har sju förskollärare med olika yrkeserfarenhet intervjuats, enligt en strukturerad intervjuform inom en kvalitativ metod. Det insamlade materialet analyserades med en fenomenografisk inriktning och kategoriserades i tre olika kategorier som speglar förskollärarnas syn på utomhuspedagogik: Kategori 1: Skogen som en plats för att främja matematiska aktiviteter. Kategori 2: Utomhuspedagogikens möjligheter att konkretisera matematiska begrepp. Kategori 3: Utmaningar kring utomhuspedagogik. Resultatet belyser skogens möjligheter genom tillgång till ett rikt material, enkelheten i spontana lärandetillfällen och förmågan att skapa oväntade situationer som främjar matematiska utforskandet. Utomhuspedagogiken erbjuder en kreativ och mångsidig arena där barnen får möjlighet att pröva och utforska matematik, vilket stärker deras självständighet och introducerar dem till ett livslångt lärande inom ämnet. Resultatet pekar också på en utmaning inom utomhuspedagogiken, där bristande ekonomi leder till både resurs- och personalbrist. Detta tvingar förskollärarna att tänka om och skapar svårigheter att genomföra planerade lärandetillfällen
Europeiska rådets gestaltning av klimatkrisen: En empirisk undersökning av Europeiska rådets inramning av klimatkrisen under åren 2019–2024
Full text linkThis paper aims to deepen the understanding of how the European Council frames the climate
crisis and its implications for political legitimacy and policymaking. The climate crisis is one
of the most pressing challenges of our time, influencing not only environmental systems but
also societal structures and governance. By analyzing the European Council’s framings during
the 2019–2024 strategic agenda, this research investigates how political actors shape
narratives to justify actions and policies in response to the climate crisis. Through a discourse
analysis of official Council conclusions, using a framework drawing on six typologies of
framing, the research examines the Council's evolving narrative in the context of multiple
crises, including the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine. The results indicate that
while the climate crisis was initially framed as an existential and ecological threat, the focus
shifted over time toward economic opportunities and global competitiveness. This shift
coincided with the integration of climate policies into the EU’s broader economic strategy
while deprioritizing justice and ecological concerns. The discussion around the climate crisis
diminished significantly after 2021, often appearing as a secondary consideration under
broader economic or energy-related topics. This shift raises questions about the compatibility
of economic growth and environmental sustainability and highlights the challenges of
fostering legitimacy in addressing complex problems like the climate crisis. It argues that the
economic framing of the climate crisis risks narrowing the scope of action, undermining the
Council’s capacity to comprehensively address its multifaceted dimensions
Patterns and Wallpaper Groups
Full text linkFöljande rapport har till syfte att klassificera alla 17 tapetgrupper. Metoden för att uppnå
detta resultat är huvudsakligen inspirerad av [1] samt [8] och genomförs med stort fokus på
geometriska argument.
Arbetet inleds med att härleda och använda principer inom Euklidisk geometri för att
undersöka egenskaper hos isometrier, som utgör strukturbevarande transformationer av mönster.
Detta kulminerar i en sats om att varje isometri kan faktoriseras entydigt som en translation
och en ortogonal transformation. Därefter undersöks gruppstrukturen hos grupper bestående av
isometrier. Samtliga resultat undersöks vidare i två dimensioner. Egenskaper av tapetgrupper
och relationer mellan tapetgrupperna studeras, såsom den kristallografiska restriktionssatsen
samt att isomorfa tapetgrupper har isomorfa punktgrupper. Dessa resultat används för att
klassificera de 17 tvådimensionella kristallografiska grupperna och visa att de är entydigt
bestämda
Sexuellt samtycke bland unga - mellan ideal och praktik
Full text linkIn 2018, Sweden implemented a revised sexual offence law based on voluntariness (SFS
2022:1043), and the year prior the #MeToo movement shed light on the power dynamics between
men and women, emphasising the importance of consent. These changes have led to discussions
about sexual boundaries, violence, gendered power relations and, not least, sexual consent.
Politicians have advocated for a culture of consent, and several initiatives have been presented to
promote this, including a change introduced to the school curricula that requires young people to
learn about consent. In this sense, consent is framed as a solution to problems related to sexuality,
which makes it important to explore it as a concept in itself, as well as how it is understood and
practised by young adults.
Therefore, this study aims to understand young adults’ narratives about the presence and absence
of sexual consent in various situations, as well as potential ambiguities they might perceive. It also
aims to highlight and provide an understanding of young adults’ narratives on sexual consent as a
concept and in practice. The empirical material consists of 31 qualitative interviews with young
adults between 16 and 21 years old, 13 female, four male, one nonbinary and one gender fluid. The
interviews were conducted during 2020–2022. The theoretical framework consists mainly of
interactionist theories, such as symbolic interactionism, sexual scripts, interaction rituals, concepts
from the sociology of emotions and gender theories.
This dissertation contributes to a broad and nuanced image of sexual consent. The results show
that the young adults are highly informed about consent, but their understandings of consent are
not always consistent with their narratives of how sexual consent works in practice. Analysis shows
that different ideals affect how the young adults navigate and understand their sexual experiences.
These ideals are connected to prevailing discourses about consent, narratives pertaining to sexual
self-awareness and competence in sexual communication and, for boys, behavioural expectations
about being ‘nice’ and gender equal. Other ideals identified in the analysis related to sexual
competence and sexual experience. Girls were expected to be considerate, affirmative, sexy and
desirable, as well as respectable. Boys on the other hand, were expected to be active, dominant and
initiate sex and to have an insatiable sexual desire. The analysis shows that the young adults in the
study try to live up to these different ideals – even though they can be both contradictive and
utopian. They also reflect upon and try to reconcile the discrepancy between these ideals and
practice. The results show the importance of creating room for young adults to reflect upon and
question different ideals related to sex and sexual consent
Politeness in Grace and Frankie
No full textThis study investigates the use of politeness strategies by older characters in the Netflix television series, Grace and Frankie, with the aim of exploring the connection between Brown and Levinson’s Politeness Theory and the variables age and gender. This qualitative content analysis identifies uses of positive politeness, negative politeness, off-record, and bald-on-record as the primary categories of strategies involved in facework. The results demonstrate that all categories of politeness strategies were prevalent in the scripts of selected episodes of Grace and Frankie and used by all four main characters included in the study, all older adults. Bald-on-record strategies are shown to be most frequently used overall. The findings also reveal gender differences between the characters: the female leads, Grace and Frankie, are more likely to perform face-threatening acts without mitigating them, while the male characters, Robert and Sol, tend to redress such acts using positive or negative politeness strategies or avoid them by going off-record. The results of the essay are discussed in relation to media stereotypes about ageing and gender, as well as potential effects on audience perceptions