Göteborgs universitets publikationer - e-publicering och e-arkiv
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Diffusion MRI for tumor microstructure imaging using VERDICT modeling
Full text linkVERDICT is a method which uses a mathematical model that provides estimates of microstructural tumor tissue parameters based on diffusion-weighted MRI data. It is a promising imaging method for non-invasive in vivo evaluation of whole-tumor tissue. However, model assumptions may introduce systematic errors in parameter estimates.
The aim of this thesis was to assess the use of VERDICT for tumor tissue evaluation and investigate the impact of model assumptions on parameter estimates, as well as to develop and evaluate methods addressing accuracy issues related to some of these assumptions.
The standard clinical approach for evaluating tumor treatment response is by measuring changes in gross tumor volume. However, such changes can be slow, and methods sensitive to microstructural changes may detect response earlier. Paper I investigates the use of VERDICT parameters for radiation treatment response assessment and shows that early parameter changes correlate with treatment outcome.
Histological analysis remains the gold standard for assessing tumor microstructure, but tumor heterogeneity limits biopsy representativeness. Paper II explores the use of VERDICT for whole-tumor tissue classification as a potential complement to histology. The work shows that multidimensional cluster analysis of VERDICT parameters enables classification of distinct tumor tissue types.
Model assumptions can introduce systematic errors in parameter estimates. Paper III investigates the effect of assumptions related to extracellular–extravascular diffu-sion and presents a Monte Carlo-based model which explicitly accounts for diffusion time dependence. Paper IV investigates the impact of including compartment-specific T2 relaxation in the model, in contrast to uniform T2 relaxation across compartments as assumed in conventional VERDICT. These works show that model assumptions can significantly influence parameter estimates and present methods to mitigate their effects.
In conclusion, the results of this thesis highlight the importance of accurate model assumptions in VERDICT, and demonstrate the model’s potential for non-invasive, whole-tumor evaluation of tumor tissue in various applications
Patients and Healthcare professionals experience of postoperative mobilization
Full text linkBackground: Surgical procedures are common in our time and are predicted to continue to increase in number. The risk of complications is between 6% and 44% affected by several different risk factors. Postoperative mobilization can reduce the risk of many complications and alleviate several postoperative symptoms. The effects of mobilization after surgery have long been recognized in healthcare, despite this, it lacks a clear definition. The theoretical framework Fundamentals of Care, created at a time when patient safety issues were becoming more important, describes movement as a physical need and when the need is not met, missed nursing care occurs. Aim: To investigate the experience of postoperative mobilization in hospitals. Questions: 1. How do patients experience postoperative mobilization? 2. How do healthcare professionals experience postoperative mobilization? Method: A systematic literature review that included qualitative studies along with one mixed method studie, of which only the qualitative part was included. The literature search was conducted in the databases PubMed, Cinahl and Scopus. A total of 12 articles were identified. An inductive manifest analysis was conducted according to Bettany-Saltikov & McSherry's nine-step procedure, but the ninth step was excluded. Results: Three themes; The emotional experience, The importance of and impact of mobilization during the care process, The impact of the environment, based on eight subcategories; Positive emotions, Negative emotions, Symptoms that influence and are influenced of mobilization, The importance of understanding, information and expectations, Trust in the power of mobilization in the recovery process, The importance of the team, The impact of human interaction, The impact of the care environment. Conclusion: The experience of postoperative mobilization varies and is influenced by both individual factors and the surrounding context. The mobilization process is dynamic, where symptoms both arise and are alleviated, while mobilization becomes a means of managing and adapting to recovery from a surgical procedure. The patient's attitude and emotional commitment affect the implementation and a functioning collaboration between the care team, the patient and relatives is crucial. Postoperative mobilization occurs after all forms of surgery regardless of the surgical size or the patient's preoperative abilities.Bakgrund: Kirurgiska ingrepp är vanligt förekommande i vår samtid och spås fortsatt öka i antal. Komplikationsrisken är mellan 6% och 44% med flera olika riskfaktorer som påverkar. Postoperativ mobilisering kan minska risken för flertalet komplikationer och lindra flera postoperativa symtom. Effekterna av mobilisering efter kirurgi har länge uppmärksammats inom sjukvården men saknar trots det en tydlig definition. Den teoretiska referensramen Fundamentals of Care, skapad i en tid när patientsäkerhetsfrågor aktualiserades, beskriver rörelse som ett fysiskt behov och när behovet inte tillgodoses uppstår missed nurings care. Syfte: Undersöka upplevelsen av postoperativ mobilisering på sjukhus. Frågeställningar: 1. Hur upplever patienter postoperativ mobilisering? 2. Hur upplever vårdpersonal postoperativ mobilisering? Metod: En systematisk litteraturöversikt som inkluderade kvalitativa studier samt en mixad metod varav endast den kvalitativa delen inkluderades. Litteratursökningen gjordes i databaserna PubMed, Cinahl och Scopus. Totalt identifierades 12 artiklar. En induktiv manifest analys gjordes utefter Bettany-Saltikov & McSherry’s nio-stegs förfarande, där det nionde steget uteslöts. Resultat: Tre teman; Den känslomässiga upplevelsen, Mobiliseringens betydelse och inverkan genom vårdprocessen, Omgivningens inverkan på upplevelsen av mobilisering, utifrån åtta subteman; Positiva känslor, Negativa känslor, Symtom som påverkar och påverkas av mobilisering, Förståelsens, informationens och förväntningarnas betydelse, Tilltro till mobiliseringens kraft i återhämtningsprocessen, Teamets betydelse, Den mänskliga interaktionens påverkan, Vårdmiljöns påverkan. Slutsats: Upplevelsen av postoperativ mobilisering varierar och påverkas av både individuella faktorer och den omgivande kontexten. Mobiliseringsprocessen är dynamisk, där symtom både uppstår och lindras, samtidigt som mobiliseringen blir ett medel för att hantera och anpassa sig till återhämtningen efter ett kirurgiskt ingrepp. Patientens inställning och emotionella engagemang påverkar genomförandet och ett fungerande samarbete mellan vårdteamet, patienten och närstående är avgörande. Postoperativ mobilisering förekommer efter all form av kirurgi oavsett kirurgisk storlek eller patientens preoperativa förmågor
Second hand applikationers hållbarhetsarbete Hållbarhetsillusionen inom second hand: En kritisk studie av Vinted och Sellpy.
Full text linkAs sustainable consumption gains increasing importance in today’s society, digital
secondhand platforms such as Vinted and Sellpy have emerged as popular alternatives to
traditional e-commerce. Marketed as eco-friendly solutions and as part of a shift toward a
more circular economy, these platforms have contributed to changing consumption habits.
However, this development raises questions about the actual sustainability of these platforms
in practice.
This study aims to investigate whether secondhand platforms truly promote sustainable
consumption or if they instead contribute to a new form of overconsumption disguised in
green rhetoric. Drawing on concepts as practice theory, nudging, algorithms, and theories of
green marketing in combination with the concept of greenwashing, the study analyzes the
platforms’ design, business models, and sustainability communication. The research is based
on an in-depth case study of the platforms Vinted and Sellpy, supplemented with expert
interviews.
The findings of the study reveal a contradiction between the sustainability claims made by
these platforms and the consumption driving features they promote, such as low prices and
algorithmic nudging. Rather than disrupting existing consumption patterns, the platforms risk
reinforcing them. To meet their sustainability promises, increased transparency, external
regulation and structural changes are needed. Otherwise, they risk contributing more to
greenwashing than to genuine sustainable transformation.I takt med att hållbar konsumtion blivit allt viktigare i dagens samhälle har digitala second
hand plattformar som Vinted och Sellpy vuxit fram som populära aktörer. De marknadsförs
som miljövänliga lösningar och ett steg mot en mer cirkulär ekonomi, vilket har bidragit till
ett skifte från konsumtion hos traditionella e-handelsplattformar till konsumtion hos second
hand plattformar. Detta har samtidigt väckt frågor om hur hållbara dessa plattformar faktiskt
är i praktiken.
Studien syftar till att undersöka om second hand plattformar verkligen främjar hållbar
konsumtion eller om de i själva verket bidrar till en ny form av överkonsumtion förklädd i
gröna budskap. Med utgångspunkt i koncept som praktikteori, nudging, algoritmer samt
teorier om grön marknadsföring i kombination med fenomenet greenwashing analyseras
plattformarnas design, affärsmodell och hållbarhetskommunikation. Undersökningen bygger
på en närstudie av second hand plattformarna Vinted och Sellpy, kompletterad med expert
intervjuer.
Resultaten av studien visar en motsättning mellan second hand plattformarnas
hållbarhetskommunikation och de konsumtionsdrivande funktionerna som främjas, såsom
låga priser och algoritmisk nudging. Plattformarna riskerar därmed att förstärka snarare än att
bryta etablerade konsumtionsmönster. För att leva upp till sin hållbarhetskommunikation
krävs ökad transparens, extern reglering och strukturella förändringar, annars riskerar de att
bidra till greenwashing snarare än till en verklig hållbar omställning
Bridging the gaps in mortality data and healthcare access: A novel verbal autopsy application using subnational T2DM register in Saudi Arabia
Full text linkBackground: Diabetes mellitus is an increasingly critical health concern in Saudi Arabia, often with other comorbidities and mortality causes, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD). National sociodemographic changes entail the urgent need for reliable insights on the scale and causes of mortality in order to develop appropriate healthcare policy. Where death certification is inadequate, verbal autopsy (VA) can serve as a useful tool to fill crucial gaps in vital data. This thesis aims to explore various contextual dimensions using the validated VA method. Specifically, this thesis aims to explore the community perception of causes of death, measure the circumstantial barriers (social and health system) to accessing healthcare, assess and validate the adequacy of medical certification of cause of death at population level, and investigate the clinical and demographic factors influencing out of hospital deaths among deceased individuals with specific health conditions T2DM and CVD.
Methods: Studies I-IV utilized mortality data from the T2DM register at a major hospital in Makkah City, while Study V used data from the CVD registers at two major hospitals. For the first three studies, 302 VA assessments were conducted with the deceased’s next of kin. The VA data were analyzed using the computerized InterVA-5 software, which provided probable causes of death and circumstances of mortality categories (COMCATs). Study I employed Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) to assess the concordance between verbal autopsy causes of death (VACoD) as a presumed reference standard and family-reported causes of death. Also, the study employed multiple logistic regression to identify factors influencing community perception of causes of death. Study II applied epidemiological estimations of absolute measures and Causes Specific Mortality Fractions (CSMFs), while also using numerical and graphical assessment to describe trends and patterns in the VA data. The COMCATs were ranked across the causes of death based on their derived probabilities. Study III employed Lin’s CCC to assess the concordance between physician reviewed causes of death (PRCoD) and VACoD at the population level. Study IV employed multiple logistic regression to identify factors influencing out of hospital deaths among deceased with T2DM, while Study V focused on CVD.
Findings: Study I demonstrated broad community perceptions of causes of death, with notable misconceptions related to type of death and marital status. Study II found most deaths were seen as inevitable, with the COMCATs ‘recognition’ and ‘traditions’ being identified as avoidable barriers. Study III showed moderate concordance between PRCoD and VACoD, though discrepancies were apparent in the CSMFs, particularly for the most prevalent causes. Studies IV and V uncovered that cause and year of death in addition to nationality significantly influenced out of hospital deaths, with both studies illustrating decreasing trend of out of hospital mortality.
Conclusion: This thesis uncovers challenges for Saudi public health policy concerning T2DM-related mortality, identifying issues in access to healthcare, community perceptions, and medical certification. Misconceptions about mortality causes of death hamper prevention strategies, while health system and sociocultural barriers heighten latent problems. The findings underscore the requirement to enhance the medical certification, as discrepancies between PRCoD and VA data suggest challenges in current practices on population level
Låg-FODMAP kost, en del av behandlingen av inflammatorisk tarmsjukdom? En systematisk översikt om effekten av låg-FODMAP kost på IBS-symtom och sjukdomsrelaterad livskvalitet hos IBDpatienter.
Full text linkAim: The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the evidence for an effect
of the diet low in fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides and polyols
(FODMAP) on symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and healthrelated
quality of life (HR-QoL) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease
(IBD).
Methods: The literature search was made in two databases: PubMed and Scopus. The
inclusion criteria were adults ≥18 years with an IBD-diagnosis (either
Crohn’s disease or Ulcerative colitis), outcomes HR-QoL or IBS-symptoms
measured with the irritable bowel syndrome-severity scoring system (IBSSSS).
The exclusion criteria were articles written in any language other than
Swedish or English, any intervention other than the low-FODMAP diet, less
than 15 participants, or any study design other than randomised controlled
trials (RCT). Risk of Bias-assessment was made using a template from
Statens beredning för medicinsk och social utvärdering (SBU). The reliability
of the results was evaluated using the GRADE-method. The assessments
were made individually by the authors before a joint final evaluation.
Results: The literature search resulted in 61 unique articles of which six were read in
entirety. Four of these were included in the final analysis. Two of the
included studies were determined to have some concern for risk of bias while
the other two were determined to have high concerns for risk of bias. All the
included studies showed positive effects of the low-FODMAP diet
intervention indicated by the increase in HR-QoL and the decrease in IBSsymptoms.
Conclusion: The results show that, when compared to control groups, the low-FODMAP
diet intervention possibly can decrease IBS-symptoms (++, low reliability).
The results show that, when compared to control groups, the low-FODMAP
diet intervention possibly can increase health-related quality of life (++, low
reliability).Syfte: Syftet med denna systematiska litteraturöversikt var att utvärdera evidensen
för att låg-FODMAP (Fermenterbara, oligo-, di- och monosackarider,
polyoler) kost har en effekt på IBS–symtom (Irritable Bowel Syndrome) och
sjukdomsrelaterad livskvalitet hos personer med diagnosticerad
inflammatorisk tarmsjukdom (IBD).
Metod: Litteratursökningen utfördes i databaserna Pubmed och Scopus.
Inklusionskriterier var vuxna >18 år som var diagnostiserade med IBD
(Crohns sjukdom eller Ulcerös kolit). Studierna skulle mäta utfallsmåtten
sjukdomsrelaterad livskvalitet (health-related quality of life, HR-QoL) eller
IBS-symtom mätt med IBS-SSS (Irritable Bowel Syndrome-Severity Scoring
System). Exklusionskriterier var artiklar skrivna på andra språk än svenska
eller engelska, annan intervention än låg FODMAP kost, färre än 15 deltagare
och andra typer av studier än randomiserade, kontrollerade studier (RCT).
Granskning av risk för bias gjorde med hjälp av SBU:s mall, även en
sammanvägd bedömning av studiernas resultats tillförlitlighet gjordes med
GRADE först individuellt av författarna och sedan gjordes en gemensam
bedömning.
Resultat: Sökningen resulterade i 61 unika artiklar varav sex lästes i fulltext. Av de sex
inkluderades totalt fyra artiklar. Av de inkluderade studierna bedömdes två ha
måttlig risk för bias och två ha hög risk för bias. Samtliga studier påvisade en
positiv effekt av låg FODMAP kosten, HR-QoL ökade och IBS-symtomen
minskade.
Slutsats: Resultaten visar att interventionen låg-FODMAP kost möjligtvis kan minska
IBS-symtom, jämfört med kontrollgrupper (++, låg tillförlitlighet). Resultaten
visar att interventionen låg-FODMAP kost möjligtvis kan leda till förbättrad
sjukdomsrelaterad livskvalitet, jämfört med kontrollgrupper (++, låg
tillförlitlighet)
Winning ways: How rank-based incentives shape risk-taking decisions
Full text linkJEL codes: C72, C91, D74, D81Risk-taking spurred by rank-based contest rewards can have enormous consequences, from breakthrough innovations in research competitions to hedge fund collapses engendered by risky bets aimed at raising league-table rankings. This paper provides a novel theoretical and experimental framework of rank-motivated risk-taking that both allows for complex prize structures and permits participants to make arbitrary mean-preserving changes to their random performance. As predicted by our theory, participants choose positively skewed performance under highly convex prize schedules and negatively skewed performance under concave ones. Convexifying the prize schedule or increasing competition for identical winner prizes induces riskier and more skewed performance
Opportunities and challenges with the shift to climate-adapted food consumption: Balancing nutrition, climate impact, and acceptance in public and private meals
Full text linkThis thesis explores the transition toward climate-adapted food consumption,
combining insights from both public and private domains. Through four studies,
the thesis investigates the balance between reducing carbon footprint (CO2e) and
ensuring nutritional adequacy, revealing overlooked tensions in our shift toward
sustainable diets.
Rather than presenting findings by individual studies, this thesis organizes
results around three interrelated themes that emerged across all four papers. The
first theme examines school meals as potential climate champions, revealing both
opportunities and challenges in public meal settings. The second theme explores
how gender shapes nutritional needs and dietary behaviors in climate-adapted food
practices. The third theme investigates the relationship between physical activity
levels and CO2e, identifying pathways to unite active lifestyles with sustainability.
In school meal menus across Sweden, climate adaptation is taking center stage.
Yet beneath these well-intentioned changes lies an unexpected nutritional
dilemma. The analysis of municipal school meal programs revealed a troubling
relationship, as CO2e emissions decreased, iron bioavailability declined as well.
This finding raises important questions about the nutritional adequacy of climate adapted menus, especially for adolescent girls.
The paradox became particularly evident in soy-based meals. These meals
contained the highest total iron, simultaneously they had the lowest amount of
absorbable iron, with minimal bioavailability. None of the analyzed menus
provided enough absorbable iron for female pupils with higher needs, highlighting
how climate-adapted meal planning may inadvertently create nutritional blind
spots.
To address this challenge, hybrid recipe formulations that bridged the divide
between climate goals and nutritional needs was developed. By combining plant
ingredients with modest amount of meat together with vitamin C rich foods, these
recipes achieved significant CO2e reductions while maintaining adequate
absorbable iron levels. Consumer evaluations revealed that these hybrid
approaches maintained high acceptance levels, suggesting that balancing nutrition,
taste, and sustainability is entirely possible.
Throughout this thesis, gender emerged as a powerful lens for understanding
sustainable food transitions. A consistent pattern appeared: women demonstrated
stronger climate consciousness in their food consumption but faced greater
nutritional vulnerabilities when adopting low-carbon diets.
Female participants consistently consumed less energy than recommended,
creating a nutritional deficit that impacts micronutrient intake. This was especially
pronounced among physically active women, who averaged well below their
estimated requirements. This is concerning given their elevated nutritional needs.
When examining iron specifically, women’s intake fell below recommendations
regardless of dietary preference, with vegetarian and flexitarian diets presenting
additional challenges.
Gender dynamics significantly shape sustainable food practices beyond just
nutritional aspects. The thesis corroborate that women typically lead household
shifts toward climate-friendly diets while experiencing more complicated
relationships with food choices compared to men. Paradoxically, despite
consuming fewer resources and making more climate conscious selections, women
experience a greater risk of nutritional deficiencies and health impacts when
households transition to sustainable diets.
The investigation of recreational athletes and young adults uncovered a clear
relationship of dietary CO2e emissions to activity level, with CrossFit athletes
exhibiting the highest CO2e emissions, followed by other highly-active individuals
and moderately-active participants. The primary driver was not simply higher
energy requirements but specifically how these needs were met, predominantly
through animal-based protein sources.
Yet high CO2e emissions was not inevitable. Several participants achieved
notably lower CO2e while maintaining high performance levels through strategic
incorporation of plant-based protein sources. These examples challenge the
assumption that athletic performance necessarily demands a high environmental
cost, suggesting that the barrier lies not in physiological requirements but in
cultural norms and established beliefs about nutrition within sports communities.
The findings question the assumption that low-carbon diets automatically promote
health for all populations. The research shows that sustainable food systems
require tailored approaches that consider gender-specific nutritional needs, diverse
activity levels, and cultural contexts. The successful hybrid recipes and examples
of low-CO2e athletic diets demonstrate that balancing environmental and
nutritional goals is achievable with thoughtful planning.
The path toward truly sustainable food systems must integrate bioavailability
metrics into environmental assessments and address the social practices that shape
our food choices. Only then can we create equitable transitions that protect both
planetary boundaries and human wellbeing—especially for those leading the way
in climate-conscious eating
EN VARDAG DÄR FÖRÄLDRAR BEHÖVER LIGGA STEGET FÖRE En kvalitativ intervjustudie om aktivitetsbalans hos föräldrar till barn med cerebral pares
Full text linkBakgrund Barn under 18 år har enligt lag en vårdnadshavare som ansvarar för barnets omsorg och trygghet. Föräldrar till barn med funktionsnedsättning som Cerebral pares (CP), har ett ökat omsorgsansvar vilket kan påverka deras tid, ork och psykiska hälsa. Tidigare forskning visar att mammor till CP har lägre aktivitetsbalans och sämre hälsa jämfört med mammor till friska barn
Syfte Undersöka hur föräldrar till barn med cerebral pares upplever sin aktivitetsbalans i vardagen.
Metod Studien utgick från en kvalitativ metod med en induktiv ansats. Datainsamlingen skedde genom sju semistrukturerade intervjuer med föräldrar till barn med Cerebral pares. Det insamlade materialet transkriberades och analyserades utifrån kvalitativ innehållsanalys enligt Graneheim och Lundman.
Resultat Den kvalitativa innehållsanalysen resulterade i tre kategorier och sju underkategorier. De kategorier som bildades av deltagarnas upplevelser var: kontroll över sin egen tid, Otillräcklighet och avlastning underlättar vardagen.
Slutsats För att föräldrar till barn med cerebral pares ska ha en hållbar aktivitetsbalans är det avgörande med flexibla arbetstider, tillgång till avlastning och en stödjande omgivning att dela ansvaret med. Utan dessa faktorer skulle vardagen vara svår att hantera
Let’s write!
Full text linkI det här arbetet söker jag verktyg som kan skapa en frihet och en självständighet för mig inom
mitt kommande yrke som musikalartist. Jag har fokuserat på att försöka hitta olika strategier
och förhållningssätt som gör att jag lyckas färdigställa ett projekt.
I mitt sökande efter strategier som är gynnsamma för mitt eget skrivande har jag tagit del av
litteratur, intervjuat två skrivande skådespelare, gjort skrivövningar och tillsammans med en
kollega skrivit och framfört en egen soppteaterföreställning.
Arbetet resulterade i en slutsats som handlar om att den mest gynnsamma strategien för mitt
eget skrivande är att arbeta tillsammans med andra människor. Jag insåg även att det är viktigt
att jag sätter mig i en situation som innehåller yttre press, till exempel som ett spikat
föreställningsdatum. Under arbetets gång blev det också tydligt för mig att om jag ska kunna
skriva behöver jag låta mig själv arbeta i fred utan min inre kritiker. Jag tar med mig att jag är
starkast när jag jobbar med andra, när jag låter mig arbeta i fred och när det finns yttre faktorer
att förhålla sig till
Utmaningar och förbättringsmöjligheter för MR-faskontrast vid diagnostik av kronisk aortainsufficiens
No full textAortic valve regurgitation (AR) occurs when the valve fails to close properly,
allowing blood to flow back into the left ventricle during diastole. This puts extra
strain on the heart and, over time, can lead to damage and reduced heart function.
Phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI) is considered an accurate
method to assess the AR severity. In some cases, though, complex blood flow,
through-plane heart motion, and the presence of metal implants may affect the
diagnostic certainty. This thesis aims to determine if and how these factors
influence the assessment of AR severity and to develop new potential biomarkers
for AR patients using PC-MRI.
In Paper I, the blood flow was characterized in detail in patients with chronic AR
using PC-MRI. The results showed that patients with larger aortas and greater AR
displayed more skewed and complex flow in the ascending aorta.
Paper II determines the influence of complex blood flow on PC-MRI in the
ascending aorta of patients with chronic AR. The results showed that flow
complexity varied with (measurement) position and that a more complex flow was
associated with lower measurement repeatability.
Paper III determines the influence of through-plane heart motion on the PC-MRI
in the ascending aorta in patients with chronic AR. The results showed that such
motion errors can lead to underestimation of AR severity, particularly in patients
with large aortas.
Paper IV evaluates the potential of assessing AR severity using PC-based
biomarkers in the descending aorta of patients with chronic AR. With such
vi
biomarkers, significant and non-significant AR could be separated with high
diagnostic certainty.
Paper V uses a flow phantom to evaluate the effect of dynamic susceptibility
changes due to the movement of metallic aortic valve protheses during the PC-MRI
acquisition. The results showed that such effects can further lead to
underestimation of the AR severity.
In summary, this thesis shows that complex flow, through-plane heart motion,
and dynamic susceptibility changes can affect the assessment of AR severity using
PC-MRI, particularly in patients with dilated aortas. Furthermore, PC-MRI
biomarkers in the descending aorta can be used as a supportive reference and
thereby improve the diagnostic certainty for patients with chronic AR