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In vitro and in vivo anti-hyperglycemia effects of extract of Faloak (Sterculia quadrifida R.Br.) leaves
Full text linkDespite the availability of various conventional treatments, diabetes mellitus remains a serious global health concern with an increasing prevalence. This trend underscores the need to explore potential natural alternatives. Faloak, an indigenous plant of Indonesia, has been traditionally used for various health conditions, yet its potential as an anti-hyperglycemic agent has not been comprehensively investigated. This research focused on identifying the ingredients of Faloak leaves that could lower blood sugar levels and confirm these effects in laboratory and animal models. At various concentrations, the in vitro evaluation assessed the inhibitory effect of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. For in vivo evaluation, male mice were administered glucose, sucrose, and starch after being pretreated with Faloak leaf extract, and their blood glucose levels were monitored for 120 min. Faloak leaf extract demonstrated significant inhibitory activity against α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. The IC50 values for sucrose and maltose inhibition were 30.37 and 65.36 mg/mL, respectively, while α-amylase inhibition showed an IC50 of 27.02 mg/mL. In the in vivo test, mice pretreated with the extract exhibited significantly decreased blood glucose levels at 120 min compared to the control group. These findings indicate that the ethanolic extract of Faloak leaves possesses promising anti-hyperglycemic activities, positioning it as a potential candidate for developing plant-based blood glucose management. Our results demonstrate that Faloak leaf extract exhibits substantial anti-hyperglycemic properties, inhibiting vital digestive enzymes and effectively reducing postprandial glucose levels. Identifying active ingredients paves the way for further research to elucidate specific bioactive compounds and their mechanisms of actio
Antiparkinsonian Effect of Nutmeg Ethanolic Extract (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) in Haloperidol-induced Mice
Full text linkParkinson's disease is a chronic neurological illness that may be caused by a decrease in dopaminergic neurons in the brain. Myristicin, eugenol, and flavonoids, which are bioactive compounds in nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.), may be able to treat Parkinson's disease. The goal of this study was to find out the antiparkinsonian effect of nutmeg in haloperidol-induced Parkinson's disease mice. Induction with haloperidol was carried out intraperitoneally for 7 consecutive days. Treatment with nutmeg uses three different doses (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) for 7 days orally. Behavioral testing is carried out using the Rotarod test and the cylinder test. The results showed that nutmeg at a dose of 20 mg/kg was able to show significant improvement (P < 0.05) in the motor condition of test animals induced by haloperidol
Use of bitter melon seed oil (Momordica Charantia) to Improve the photoprotective effect of Sunscreen Formulations
Full text linkBitter melon seed oil (BMSO) was identified as having potential as an anti-UV radiation agent due to alpha-oleo stearic acid, flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols, and phytosterols, which have the potential as antioxidants. Antioxidants are the main protection for the skin from the dangers of solar radiation, making BMSO a good quality if developed in sunscreen cream. This research aims to determine the effect of adding variations in the concentration of BMSO on the physical characteristics and in vitro photoprotective effectiveness of cream of oxybenzone and octyl methoxycinnamate. Sunscreen creams are made with each BMSO concentration of 0%, 6%, 8%, 10%, and 12%. The result shows that the greater the concentration of BMSO added, the lower the viscosity and pH values, the spreadability and SPF (sun protection factor) values of the cream increase, and the %TP (percentage of transmission pigmentation) and %TE (percentage of transmission erythema) become smaller. The best formula is the formula that contains the highest concentration of BMSO (12%). The characteristics of the best formula are a slightly yellowish, soft cream appearance and a slight smell typical of bitter melon. The spreadability value of the best formula cream is 6.6 ± 0.1 cm, pH of 6.57 ± 0.01, and viscosity of 88.3 ± 4.1 dPa.s, SPF value of 24.27 ± 0.28, %TE of 0.931 ±0.084, and %TP of 0.981±0.0001. These results show that BMSO has the potential to be an active ingredient in sunscreen to reduce the negative effects of using synthetic sunscreen, such as allergenic and irritant
Analysis of pharmaceutical technical staff needs at hospital X in Bandung using the WISN method
Full text linkOne of the essential and inseparable health services in hospitals is pharmaceutical services. Pharmaceutical services in hospitals are carried out by the Hospital Pharmacy Installation (Instalasi Farmasi Rumah Sakit / IFRS). The implementation of pharmaceutical services in hospitals must be supported by adequate, skilled, and competent human resources so that pharmaceutical service activities can run well and are high quality for patients. The lack of human resources for pharmaceutical services will result in excessive workload and reduced quality of pharmaceutical services. One method widely used to determine the number of staff needs is the Workload Indicators of Staffing Needs (WISN). Analysis of the need for pharmaceutical technical staff at Hospital X in Bandung City was carried out using the WISN method. The data used for the analysis were obtained from interviews, observations, and data collection on pharmaceutical services from the pharmacy installation of the Hospital X. The results of the WISN analysis showed that the need for pharmaceutical technical personnel for central pharmacy installations providing outpatient and inpatient services is 87 people, the total need for the emergency room pharmacy satellite is 6 people, the operating room pharmacy satellite is 6 people, and the pharmacy warehouse is 3 people. From the results of WISN ratio, the number of pharmaceutical technical staff available for the central pharmacy installation, emergency room pharmacy satellite, and operating room pharmacy satellite are still inadequate for the existing workload (WISN ratio < 1). In contrast, for the pharmaceutical warehouse, it is adequate (WISN ratio = 1). Therefore, Hospital X needs to consider adding existing pharmaceutical technical staff to support more optimal pharmaceutical services at the hospital
Antibacterial activity of guava leaf ethanolic extract (Psidium guajava L.) nanosuspension against Escherichia coli bacteria
No full textDiarrhea is a condition where a person has bowel movements three or more times a day, with consistent stools. One of the common bacteria that causes diarrhea is Escherichia coli. Empirical and preclinical studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of guava leaves (Psidium guajava L.) in treating diarrhea due to their tannin content. Nanosuspension formulations can be created to simplify the use of guava leaves for medicinal purposes. This study aims to investigate the efficacy of guava leaf extract, both in its natural form and as a nanosuspension preparation, against Escherichia coli. Additionally, the study aims to characterize the guava leaf extract nanosuspension used in the experiment. The technique used to make nanosuspension involves ionic gelation methods by using chitosan as a polymer, and subsequent characterization of the resulting product includes organoleptic testing, specific weight, pH, sedimentation volume, and viscosity. After the characterization of the guava leaf nanosuspension, it was found that the optimal formula had a particle size of 245.7 nm at a concentration of 0.01%, a polydispersion index of 0.406, and a zeta potential of +26.9 mV. Guava leaf ethanol extract 1% has a diameter of the inhibitory zone of 4.05±0.45 mm. However, the nanosuspension form of P. guajava L at a concentration of 0.01% has an inhibitory zone diameter of 11.45±0.64 mm. The nanosuspension formulation using P. guajava L has met the evaluation requirements and has antibacterial activity against E. coli bacteria
Controlled release kinetics of furosemide from chitosan matrix tablets with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate coated
Full text linkSustained-release dosage forms were critical in drug delivery, ensuring controlled and prolonged release for optimal therapeutic outcomes. Chitosan (CH) has become pivotal in sustained-release tablet formulation due to its biocompatibility and mucoadhesive properties. This study aims to explore the release kinetics of furosemide (FS) from CH matrix tablets in a concurrent medium. The formulation involves a core tablet and coated tablet, with CH matrix as a binder and Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose Phthalate (HPMCP) as a film-coated for the core tablet, and both are made using the wet granulation method. Assessment parameters include tablet hardness, disintegration, and FS release profiles across various media, analyzed using spectrophotometric methods to comprehend drug release kinetics with multiple models such as zero-order, first-order, Higuchi, and Korsmeyer-Peppas employed. In the press-coated tablet comprising core tablet CH as matrix uncoated with 20 mg CH per tablet core, a zero-order release pattern emerged in the pH 1.2 medium within 0-2 h, which displayed first-order release kinetics within 2-6 h and 6-16 h in concurrent media of pH 5.8 and 7.4. Notably, a zero-order release pattern emerged in the pH 1.2 medium within 0-2 h. Press-coated tablets incorporating CH matrix with HPCMP coated (CH-HPCMP), also containing 20 mg CH per tablet, exhibited diverse drug release kinetics. These tablets showed Korsmeyer-Peppas, zero-order, and first-order kinetics in pH 1.2, 5.8, and 7.4, respectively. The study suggests that a Press-coated tablet incorporating CH-HPMCP is suitable as the candidate for sustained-release formulations. The observed versatility in release kinetics across varying pH environments underscores the potential adaptability of these formulations in addressing diverse therapeutic needs
Ethnopharmacology study of medicinal plants utilization for antidiarrheal remedies by Tengger tribe in Tosari District, Indonesia
Full text linkTengger is one of the tribes in East Java Province, Indonesia practising traditional medicine by using mantras and medicinal plants. A disease with a high incidence rate and widely treated with medicinal plants in Indonesia, including in Tosari District, Pasuruan Regency, is diarrhoea. To conserve traditional medicine, mainly the utilization of medicinal plants as anti-diarrhoea agents, it is necessary to develop a database that keeps up with technological advances. The study aimed to determine medicinal plants utilization for antidiarrheal remedies by the Tengger tribe in four villages of Tosari District, Pasuruan Regency, namely Wonokitri, Tosari, Ngadiwono, and Podokoyo. The study employed the snowball sampling method, which involved conducting semi-structured interviews. The result showed nine medicinal plants for traditional antidiarrheal remedies, with Musaceae (23%) as the most widely used plant family. Most informants used immature plant (56.25%) and fruits (89.58%). In addition, most plants were administered orally (98%) without specific compounding methods (76%). The value of Factor of the informant's consensus (Fic) of plants used for diarrhoea was 0.74. The highest Fidelity Level (FL) and Choice Value (CV) were obtained from Elaeocarpus longifolius Blume at 69% and 2.4, respectively. Based on the findings of the study, E. longifolius has the potential to be further investigated for development in antidiarrheal treatment
Demographics, knowledge, and attitudes toward fe supplementation for stunting prevention at public health center, Ciamis-Indonesia
Full text linkStunting has been linked to malnutrition in children from prenatal to before five years old, a condition with 24% prevalence, according to the 2021 Indonesian Nutrition Status Survey. Ciamis (West Java, Indonesia) reported 2,334 cases (3.4%) of stunting problems in 2022. The government has introduced Fe tablets to pregnant women, but this specific intervention can only be effective if accompanied by their adequate knowledge and positive perception of its usefulness, which can be influenced by their experience, education level, and sociocultural environment. This study aimed to determine the relationship between demographic characteristics and knowledge and attitudes toward Fe supplementation. This quantitative research adopted the analytical survey and cross-sectional designs and used demographics, knowledge, and attitudes questionnaires as the research instruments. Cluster sampling in the operational area of the Sadananya Public Health Center in Ciamis obtained 151 respondents. Data were analyzed using a chi-square test in SPSS. Results show that the majority of the sample size had low knowledge (118 respondents; 77.6%) and less positive attitudes (103; 67.8%) toward Fe supplementation. There was a significant relationship between age and knowledge (p=0.044), while none was observed between knowledge and education (p=0.100) and obstetric history (p=0.057). Moreover, age, education, and obstetric history were not statistically related to attitudes toward Fe supplementation (p=0.645, 0.951, 0.792). From these findings, it can be concluded that knowledge is strongly linked to age but not to education and obstetric history. Also, there is no significant relationship between attitudes toward Fe supplementation and age, education, and obstetric history
Optimization of nanoemulsion hair serum from chia seed oil using the Simplex Lattice Design method
Full text linkHair loss is a hair problem that men and women often experience. Chia seed oil (Salvia hispanica L.) contains linolenic acid, which can stimulate the sebum glands. This research aims to determine the composition of the optimum formula for chia seed oil nanoemulsion hair serum using the Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) method to prove that the characteristics and physical stability of the optimum formula meet the requirements for good preparation. The optimization method was carried out with the help of Design Expert 13 software to optimize the formula by varying Tween 80 (X1) and propylene glycol (X2). The characteristic parameters observed include organoleptic parameters such as pH, viscosity, homogeneity, emulsion type, particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index, and percent transmittance. The physical stability test was carried out using a 6-cycle test method for organoleptic parameters, pH, and homogeneity. Optimization results show that the optimum composition consists of Tween 80 33.52% and propylene glycol 46.48%. The preparation meets all physical characteristic tests. Physical stability did not significantly change in the pH test, with a significance value of 0.027 in the paired t-test. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the optimum surfactant and cosurfactant composition in the optimum formula based on optimization using SLD is Tween 80 (33.52%) and propylene glycol (46.48%) with a desirability value of 0.947. The optimum formula for preparing chia seed oil nanoemulsion hair serum meets good physical characteristics and stability requirements
Combination of polyherbal Phyllanthus reticulatus with Zingiber officinale and Cymbopogon citratus to optimize the antioxidant capacity
Full text linkCurrently, the public is interested in polyherbal-based foods and beverages as a source of natural antioxidants. The aim of the study is to evaluate the antioxidant properties and the phenolic and flavonoid compounds of formulations containing Z. officinale, C. citratus, and P. reticulatus (ZCP). Each sample was extracted using the maceration process in an ethanol solvent at room temperature for three 72-hour periods. There were fourteenth formulation of Z. officinale rhizome, C. citratus leaves, and P. reticulatus fruit which used Design of Expert (DoE). The DPPH method was used to determine the power of antioxidants. The flavonoid content of the extract was measured using the colorimetric method and AlCl3 reagent, while phenolics content using Folin-Ciocalteu. The formulations ZCP 1:0:0, 0:0:1, and 1:1:1 showed the antioxidant capacity in a strong categorization, with an IC50 value less than 50 µg/ml, while ZCP 0:1:0 was in a weak categorization (IC50 > 250 µg/ml). Another ZCP formulation was in a medium category. The ZCP 1:1:1 formulation was suggested as the best one for this investigation, which contains three plant samples. This formulation is interesting for further toxicity studies and in vivo testing so that it can be applied as an antioxidant-rich supplement product