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Optimization study on palm fat base (HAMIN®) and purified water proportion in diphenhydramine hydrochloride cream formulation
No full textHAMIN® is a self-emulsifying base composed of a mixture of hydrogenated palm kernel oil and hydrogenated palm kernel stearin. This formulation not only enhances the aesthetic quality of products but also simplifies the manufacturing process, as it eliminates the need for additional emulsifying agents to form a stable cream. Due to these properties, HAMIN® is considered highly suitable for the development of both pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations. Despite its potential applications, no prior research has investigated the optimal ratio of HAMIN® palm fat base to distilled water distilled waterrequired to achieve desirable physical characteristics and drug release properties in cream formulations. Therefore, this study aims to determine the optimum composition of HAMIN® palm fat base and distilled water for the formulation of diphenhydramine hydrochloride cream. The optimization process was conducted using the simplex lattice design (SLD) method, a statistical approach commonly employed to evaluate and optimize multicomponent formulations. The experimental results demonstrated that increasing the concentration of HAMIN® palm fat base had a dominant effect on enhancing the pH, viscosity, adhesion, and stability of the cream. Conversely, a higher concentration of distilled water significantly improved spreadability, extrudability, and drug release flux. These findings indicate that the selection of base composition plays a crucial role in determining the overall performance of the cream formulation. The optimal formulation, as determined through SLD analysis, consisted of 41.667% HAMIN® palm fat base and 48.333% distilled water, achieving a desirability index of 0.649. This composition represents the most balanced formulation in terms of physical stability and drug release, making it a promising candidate for further pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications
Chemical composition and antibacterial properties of Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. essential oil against acne-related bacteria
No full textCurcuma aeruginosa Roxb. is used empirically for various treatments, including maintaining healthy skin. However, adequate research is needed before use for medicinal purposes. This study was proposed to determine the chemical content and antibacterial properties of C. aeruginosa against acne-causing bacteria. Water-steam distillation was applied to distill the essential oil. Its organoleptic, yield, and refractive index were also determined. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was performed to identify the chemical compounds. The antibacterial property against acne-causing bacteria was investigated using the diffusion and microbroth dilution methods. The essential oil of C. aeruginosa had a bitter taste, an aromatic odor, and a brownish color with a yield of 0.66% and a refractive index of 1.4921. GC-MS analysis showed 1,8-cineole (30.72%) as the major compound. The inhibition zone diameter varied based on the test bacteria. The 10% essential oil was better at inhibiting Propionibacterium acnes than Staphylococcus aureus or Staphylococcus epidermidis. The MIC and MBC values of the essential oil against P. acnes were the same at 0.07%. The C. aeruginosa essential oil has the potential to be developed into anti-acne preparations
Nanoparticle formulation of ethanolic extract of Syzygium polyanthum leaf using chitosan and cross-linking method
Full text linkSyzygium polyanthum (bay leaves) is widely used in Indonesia and has been shown to have pharmacological activity, such as antihyperlipidemia. The nanoparticle is a delivery system that enhances therapy effectiveness, minimizes side effects, and ensures safety. Therefore, this study aimed to improve the antihyperlipidemic efficacy of Syzygium polyanthum extract by formulating it into nanoparticles. The polymer that is used in this nanoparticle formulation is chitosan, while the cross-linking agent that is used is sodium tripolyphosphate. Three formulations have been developed, each with different stirring times after crosslinking: F1 (20 minutes), F2 (90 minutes), and F3 (150 minutes). At the same time, nanoparticles produced were examined for particle size, ζ potential, polydispersity index, entrapment efficiency, and release study. Syzygium polyanthum extract is abundant in secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, triterpenoids, tannins, and quinones. The particle size data for F1, F2, and F3 were 257±6.68 nm, 232±2.54 nm, and 303±1.3 nm respectively, while the polydispersity index ranged from 0.242 to 0.383. The entrapment efficiency represented by quercetin, used to assess the extracted content of the nanoparticles, yielded results between 39.59% and 67.48%. A release study of nanoparticle Syzygium polyanthum (nanoparticle SP) showed that the extract represented by quercetin can be released from the system is 64-82% in 120 min. The ζ potential measurement in F2 indicated a value of 30.9±0.416 mV, suggesting that the nanoparticle SP formed possesses excellent stability. Among the formulas studied, F2 emerged as the most promising due to its combination of factors such as the smallest size, favorable polydispersity index, high entrapment efficiency, and desirable release profile values. All of the formula has the potential to provide a good therapeutic effect, such as antihyperlipidemia but it needs to be proven by further studies
Acute oral toxicity test and determination of lethal dose (LD50) of Garcinia forbesii King leaf extract in wistar rats
Full text linkGarcinia forbesii King, an endemic plant from Sumatra and Kalimantan, is traditionally used for treating skin infections and inflammation. Its potential use as a raw material for medicines needs to be supported by safety tests. The purpose of this study is to assess the acute toxicity of its 70% leaf extract in male Wistar rats, evaluating clinical symptoms, body weight changes, organ indices, and the lethal dose (LD50). The study administered extract doses orally at 5 (G2), 50 (G3), 300 (G4), and 2,000 (G5) mg/kg BW, monitoring toxicity signs over 14 days. Symptoms such as piloerection, respiratory distress, and soft feces were noted. Significant weight loss was observed at doses of 2,000 mg/kg BW. There was no significant effect on the kidney index, but the liver and heart indices exhibited significantly lower changes compared to the control. The LD50 value was estimated to be between 2,000-5,000 mg/kg BW. Further studies are recommended to assess histopathological effects and identify harmful chemicals in the plant
Antioxidant and antiinflammatory of clove extract (Syzigium aromaticum) in skeletal muscle damage
Full text linkClove extract is a natural ingredient abundant in Indonesia that has various benefits, including being an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. Although Research has been conducted, it has been limited to discussing the effects of clove extract on muscle damage. This study aims to determine the effect of clove extract on skeletal muscle damage due to excessive eccentric exercise in mice. We used experimental research methods by a post-test only with control group design. Fifteen male mice were randomized into 5 groups. Group I: Normal control, Group II: Negative control, treatment group with a dose of 100 mg/kg BW, treatment group with a dose of 150 mg/kg BW, and treatment group with a dose of 250 mg/kg BW. Measurement of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase (NOX) and Toll Like Receptor4 (TLR 4) levels were carried out using the ELISA method via Quadriceps muscle samples, and skeletal muscle damage was viewed through an x1000 light microscope. The results of this study carried out using ANOVA showed results of p 0.004 and 0.006, which means that there was a decrease in oxidative stress as measured using NOX and a decrease in the inflammatory stimulator TLR 4 in skeletal muscle damage due to eccentric exercise.ANOVA test results show that there are differences in influence between treatment groups and show that clove extract has benefits as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory in muscle damage. According to this study, clove extract has the potential to be an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory which can reduce NOX levels and reduce the inflammatory, mediator TLR4 in muscle damage caused by excessive eccentric exercise
Antioxidant activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized using Tulak wood leaf extract (schefflera elliptica harms)
Full text linkNanoparticles have been used in therapies applied to target specific parts. By delivering electrons to free radicals, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) can reduce their activity and stop a chain reaction that would otherwise result in the creation of more free radicals. But the most common way to create silver nanoparticles is to use a variety of organic and inorganic reducing agents to chemically reduce silver precursors, usually silver salts. Various stabilizing or capping agents are frequently used to this process. Green synthesis and other ecologically friendly synthesis techniques are becoming more popular for producing metal nanoparticles that adhere to biodiversity principles. Accordingly, this study has determined that the tulak tree is a plant that effectively reduces green space. This study uses different concentrations of AgNO3 solution at 1 mM and 2 mM. A Particle Size Analyzer's (PSA), The distribution of sizes of the artificially produced AgNPs was examined. The particles measuring between 1 and 100 nm made from the Tulak wood leaf extract with the corresponding AgNO3 concentrations had average diameters of 88.2 nm and 16.9 nm. AgNPs were also shown to exist in a range of shapes, encompassing sphere, hexagonal, and triangular ones, according to Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) examination. Antioxidant qualities are displayed by AgNPs made with Tulak wood leaf extract. These antioxidant properties were assessed utilizing DPPH, which has 517 nm is the greatest absorption. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity's outcomes tests show that the AgNPs made using Tulak wood leaf extract biosynthesis have comparatively low antioxidant activity
In silico and in vitro studies of flavanoid content of Uncaria gambir Roxb stem extract on antidiabetic activity
No full textBajakah Kalalawit (Uncaria gambir Roxb.) is a typical plant of the Dayak tribe of Kalimantan, Indonesia. This study aims to evaluate the antidiabetic potential of Bajakah Kalalawit stem extract through in silico and in vitro approaches. In silico analysis was conducted to identify the interaction of bioactive compounds in 96% ethanol extract of Bajakah Kalalawit stems with the alpha-glucosidase enzyme (PDB ID : 5NN8), which is the main target in the treatment of diabetes. The results of molecular simulations showed that 2 bioactive compounds of the flavonoid group, namely Bikisocoumarin (-8.25 kcal/mol) and Pinostrobin (-5.81 kcal/mol) contained in 96% ethanol extract of Bajakah Kalalawit stems have significant inhibitory potential against the enzyme. Furthermore, in vitro tests were conducted to assess the inhibitory activity against the alpha-glucosidase enzyme and its effect on reducing blood glucose levels. The experimental results showed that 96% ethanol extract of Bajakah Kalalawit stems was able to significantly (ρ < 0.05) inhibit alpha-glucosidase activity (IC50 = 0.296 ± 0.004 μg/mL). This finding indicates that Bajakah Kalalawit has the potential as a source of active antidiabetic ingredients that can be further developed as an alternative therapy for diabetes management
Effect of ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) method extraction time on the cytotoxic activity of young bay leaf extract (Eugenia polyantha Wight) on T47D breast cancer cells and determination of flavonoid levels
No full textThe most common type of cancer in Indonesia is breast cancer. Anticancer medications made of natural ingredients are beginning to be produced. Methanol extract of young bay leaves (Eugenia polyantha) has anticancer activity at moderate levels. The compounds that function as anticancer are flavonoids. The duration and extraction technique can have an impact on how active chemicals are extracted from natural materials. Through variations in the duration of the extraction process for young bay leaves, this study seeks to ascertain the amounts of flavonoids and the cytotoxic activity of T47D breast cancer.Young bay leaf ethanol extract (EEDSM) was obtained using the Ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) method with 70% ethanol solvent and varying extraction times of 5, 15, and 25 minutes. EEDSM total flavonoid content was tested using the UV-visible spectrophotometric method with quercetin as a comparison. The cytotoxic test of the ethanol extract of young bay leaves was carried out using the MTT assay method. Determining the IC50 value uses linear regression and probit analysis. It will also use One Way ANOVA to quantitatively determine the significance of the difference between the effect of extraction time and the IC50 value on T47D breast cancer cells. The results showed that EEDSM with extraction times of 5, 15, and 25 minutes had total flavonoid levels of 2.13mgQE/g, 2.36mgQE/g, and 2.61mgQE/g and cytotoxic activity with an IC50 value of 843μg/mL; 1007μg/mL; and 735μg/mL. EEDSM 5 and 25 minutes were shown to have moderate levels of cytotoxic activity
Formulation and in-vitro antioxidant evaluation of α-mangostin, piperin, curcumin in oral patch and their combination
No full textNatural antioxidants have been developed in various formulations as alternatives to reduce the side effects associated with synthetic antioxidants. α-Mangostin exhibits strong antioxidant properties, although its behavior in combination with other herbal compounds remains unclear. The aim of this study was to formulate a combination of α-M, piperine, and curcumin into an oral patch and to evaluate the antioxidant properties of α-M when combined with piperine and curcumin, both known natural antioxidants. The oral patches were prepared by incorporating the active compounds (α-mangostin, piperine, and curcumin) into a matrix of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), gelatin, and chitosan. Glycerin was added as a plasticizer. Organoleptic assessment, along with evaluations of pH, weight, folding endurance, and moisture absorption capacity, confirmed the successful formulation of α-mangostin (MP), piperine (PP), curcumin (CP), and combination (MPCP) patches as oral delivery systems. All patches maintained a pH above 5.5. The thicknesses of MP, PP, CP, and MPCP were measured at 0.14 ± 0.02 mm, 0.17 ± 0.01 mm, 0.15 ± 0.02 mm, 0.11 ± 0.01 mm, and 0.16 ± 0.02 mm, respectively. The combination of these natural compounds enhanced folding endurance compared to the individual curcumin and piperine patches, while slightly reducing antioxidant activity. The co-formulation of α-mangostin, piperine, and curcumin into a single oral patch demonstrated a modest decline in antioxidant capacity. This study aimed to assess the impact of combining multiple antioxidant-rich natural compounds within a single delivery system
A 90-day intervention study of honey-black cumin and Curcuma xanthorrhiza supplementation on hematological profiles in stunted children
No full textThe preparation of honey-black cumin and Curcuma xanthorrhiza to improve the hematological profile of stunted children is an innovation in utilizing local resources. The primary active components of the supplement, fructose, tymoquinone, and curcumin, have demonstrated a variety of biological activities in the lab. This study aims to determine the effect of consuming honey-black cumin and Curcuma xanthorrhiza on the hematological profile of stunted children. The research method employed a quasi-experimental design with a pre- and post-test, including a control group. The 40 subjects of stunted children were divided into two groups (stunting control and stunting intervention). Univariate analysis examined demographic characteristics, while independent samples t-test and paired samples t-test were used to study numerical data. Results: Statistical analysis of paired sample t-tests revealed that equipping the stunting group with honey-black cumin and Curcuma xanthorrhiza significantly increased lymphocyte count (p <0.001) and decreased neutrophil count (p <0.001). The number of neutrophils and lymphocytes in the intervention stunting group was significantly different (p<0.001) from the control stunting group, according to independent sample t-test findings. Conclusion: A 90-day intervention of honey-black cumin and Curcuma xanthorrhiza improved the levels of leukocyte, lymphocyte, and neutrophil in stunted children