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Formulation and release testing of mecobalamin in gelatin capsule derived from striped Snakehead (Channa striata)
No full textCapsules are medicinal preparations wrapped in hard or soft capsule shells. The material for making capsule shells is gelatin obtained from partial hydrolysis of animal skin or bones. One source of gelatin that can be used as a basic material for forming capsule shells is snakehead fish skin. This study aimed to produce capsule shells from snakehead skin, varying the gelatin concentration in the capsule shells, and to assess the drug release properties. The evaluation of the capsule shells included measurements of length, diameter, thickness, weight, volume, disintegration time, swelling degree, and mecobalamin release using a dissolution apparatus in a simulated gastric fluid medium, with mecobalamin levels measured by UV spectrophotometry. The results showed that the snakehead capsule displayed good physical properties. The best swelling degree was observed in formula 2, with a value of 24.59%, which is close to the 27.58% swelling degree of commercial capsules (mecobalamin) at the 10-min. The mecobalamin release test indicated that the capsules from formula 2 released 30.40% of the drug at the 30-min when tested at 278 nm, compared to 33.50% from commercial capsules. Testing at a wavelength of 352 nm for formula 2 was 29.25% compared to commercial mecobalamin capsules at 34.67%. These findings highlight the promising utility of gelatin from snakehead skin in the formulation of effective drug delivery systems
Physical, chemical, and microbiological evaluation of antiaging and antibacterial face serum preparations from gotu kola extracts (Centella asiatica L.)
No full textThe amount of air pollution and unhealthy lifestyles can increase the body's free radicals. Gotu kola herb contains asiaticoside, flavonoids, and compounds with antioxidant activity. To evaluation physical, chemical and microbiological formulation serum-gotu kola extract with 10%, 12%, and 14% concentrations. Evaluation concist of organoleptic, physically, chemically, and microbiologically. Organoleptically, the sample had a fresh smell, greenish color, and soft texture, with pH between 5.0-5.5; specific gravity 1.08 g/mL-1.09 g/mL; spreadability 7.0-7.5 cm; stickiness 1.070 more than 2 minutes; viscosity between 1.200-5.100 cP. The antioxidant test DPPH method had an IC50 value 8.79-20.34 ppm, and the FRAP method had an AAE/g of 0.06099-0.08017 mg AAE/g. The phosphomolybdic method had a value of 6.67-23.17 ppm. The antibacterial analysis of serum formulas showed that S. aureus bacteria were more susceptible than E. coli (p<0.05). This indicates that all formulas have more potent inhibition against Gram-positive bacteria. Conclusion The results obtained showed that all formula had antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity and meets the physical criteria of face serum. Thus the serum formula at a concentration of extract centella 10%, 12%, and 14% can be used to prepare natural serum, which formula 3 (14%) is the best formula
Assessment of the subchronic toxicity of ethanol extract of Merdeka-leaves (Chromolaena odorata L.) on SGOT, SGPT, and histological alterations in the kidneys and liver of male rats
No full textThe Merdeka plant (Chromolaena odorata L.) is known for its various pharmacological benefits, including gastroprotection, antibacterial, antihyperglycemic effects, and wound healing promotion. To ensure safe use in the community, it is important to evaluate its potential toxicity. This study examined the effects of ethanol extract of Merdeka leaf (C. odorata) on liver function by measuring the levels of serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamic-pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) in male rats (Rattus norvegicus). Twenty-five male Wistar rats were split into five groups: three treatment groups that received ethanol extract at doses of 150 mg/kg BW, 300 mg/kg BW, and 600 mg/kg BW, a negative control group that received 0.5% Na CMC, and a normal control group that received no treatment. For 28 days, the extract was taken orally every day. Following surgery, liver and kidney tissues were removed for histology on day 29, and blood samples were obtained via the aorta. The findings demonstrated that rats administered 600 mg/kg BW of ethanol extract had significantly greater SGOT and SGPT levels than controls (p < 0.05), suggesting that high dose of Merdeka leaf extract may have an impact on kidney and liver functions
Formulation of paracetamol tablets using sodium starch glycolate (SSG) derived from pineapple stem starch (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr) as a super disintegrant using wet granulation
No full textThe pineapple stem, a byproduct of the pineapple plant, contains a high starch content suitable for conversion into the super disintegrant sodium starch glycolate (SSG). The starch content of pineapple stems can be modified into the super-disintegrant sodium starch glycolate (SSG). This study aims to explore the potential of modified pineapple stem starch as SSG, evaluate its physicochemical characteristics, and determine the optimal tablet. Pineapple stem starch was modified into SSG through crosslinking and carboxymethylation. Tablets were then prepared using the wet granulation method, followed by physical evaluations of tablets (weight and size uniformity, disintegration time, hardness, and friability). Four formulations with varying super disintegrant concentrations were tested: F0 (4% imported SSG, control), F1 (2% pineapple stem SSG), F2 (4% pineapple stem SSG), and F3 (6% pineapple stem SSG). The tablet evaluations for all formulations met standard requirements for each test. The study's results concluded that pineapple stem starch can be modified into SSG, exhibiting a faster swelling ability compared to natural starch. The typical functional groups of SSG appear at peaks of 1410 cm-1, 1411 cm-1, and 1415 cm-1. The best formula, F3, which is based on the physical properties of the tablets, has met the requirements with the fastest disintegration time
Formulation and characterization of dermal patch containing mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) peel extract using ethyl cellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidone polymers
No full textMangosteen peel extract (Garcinia mangostana L.) shows strong potential in treating diabetic ulcers. Topical applications via dermal patches enable direct delivery of active compounds while protecting wounds from contaminants, preventing bacterial invasion, and maintaining moisture factors essential for promoting effective wound healing in diabetic patients. The dermal patches of mangosteen peel extract were developed using a combination of EC and PVP K-30 polymers. Previously, the mangosteen peels were extracted utilizing the ultrasound-assisted extraction method. Subsequently, the dermal patches were prepared utilizing solvent casting techniques, employing a combination of ethyl cellulose and polyvinyl pyrrolidone in ratios of 1:3 (F1), 1:2 (F2), and 1:1 (F3). The dermal patches were assessed for their physicochemical properties, including organoleptic characteristics, thickness, weight uniformity, folding endurance, moisture uptake, moisture loss, and pH values. The content of alpha-mangostin was analyzed using UV spectrophotometry, while the interactions between the active ingredient and excipients were examined through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. The crystallinity profiles were analyzed using an X-ray diffractometer. Surface morphologies were assessed using scanning electron microscopy. The dermal patches were thin, light yellow, smelled of menthol, uniform in size, and exhibited good folding endurance (>300 folds). The moisture uptake and moisture loss were minimal. The pH values ranged from 6.99 to 7.24. The total xanthone concentrations in patches F1, F2, and F3 were 95.26% ± 0.47, 71.42% ± 1.99, and 78.54% ± 0.47, respectively. It showed no chemical interaction between active ingredients and excipients and had amorphous forms. The surface morphologies displayed smoothness for F1, whereas F2 and F3 exhibited solid spots. It was concluded that formulation F1, which contained ethyl cellulose and polyvinyl pyrrolidone in a 1:3 ratio, was the optimal formulation
The factors related to medication adherence in outpatient hypertension patients at Leuwiliang Hospital, Bogor Regency
No full textHypertension is the leading cause of cardiovascular disease in the world and contributes to 10 million deaths every year. Non-adherence is an important factor in uncontrolled hypertension, thus leading to reasons for non-adherence to treatment or medication. This study aims to identify the factors related to adherence to treatment for outpatients at Leuwiliang Regional Hospital, Bogor Regency. This study used a quantitative descriptive approach with cross-sectional data. The study population consisted of all outpatient hypertension patients at Leuwiliang Regional Hospital in 2023. Sampling used the purposive sampling technique with a sample of 312 patients. Data were analyzed descriptively and analytically with the Spearman-rho correlation test. The results showed that the level of adherence among patients with hypertension was mostly moderate (39.7%). Treatment adherence was related to self-motivation (p-value = 0.000), but the relationship was weak, with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.258. The level of knowledge, family support, and role of health workers did not have a significant relationship to the level of adherence. The correlation value between the level of knowledge and the level of adherence had a negative relationship, although it was not significant. These might be due to knowledge, family support, and the role of health workers might not directly influence the level of compliance but might be supported by other variables such as age, gender, education, patient access to health facilities, patient economic level, length of hypertension, economic profile, and patient hypertension level (length of hypertension), but in this study no relationship analysis was carried out
Antifungal activity of peppermint leaf essential oil (Mentha x piperita l.) against Microsporum gypseum and Microsporum canis
No full textDermatophyte infections caused by Microsporum gypseum and Microsporum canis are common health issues affecting humans and animals. Peppermint leaves (Mentha x piperita L.) contain active constituents such as menthol and menthone, known for their antifungal potency. Authentication of Mentha piperita (peppermint) leaf in this study was performed through chemical profiling. The major constituents identified in peppermint essential oil include menthol, pulegone, isopulegol, limonene, and methylene. The purpose of this study was to examine the potency of peppermint leaf distillation essential oil in inhibiting the growth of M. gypseum and M. canis at concentrations of 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.125%, 1.562%, 0.781%, 0.390%, and 0.195%. Microdilution standard method was used to examine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). Antifungal potency was assessed based on medium turbidity, compared to itraconazole as a positive control. Results showed that peppermint essential oil at a concentration of 6.25% and 1.562% inhibited the growth of M. gypseum and M. canis, respectively. Therefore, peppermint leaf essential oil can be recommended as a natural antifungal agent against M. gypseum and M. canis
Ethnopharmacology, LC-MS profiling, and molecular docking of diarrheal-healing plants by the Osing tribe
No full textIndonesia has a long history of using medicinal plants, but much of this knowledge, especially among groups like the Osing people in East Java, is not well-documented. This study looks at the plants used by the Osing community to treat diarrhea. This research was conducted through interviews with residents of Banjar and Licin Villages in Banyuwangi Regency. The significance and perceived efficacy of each medicinal plant were evaluated using the ethnobotanical indices Use Value (UV) and Fidelity Level (FL). They also did tests to find the active chemicals in the plants. The most common plants for treating diarrhea were Psidium guajava (UV = 2.44) and Piper betle (UV = 1.11). Psidium guajava had the highest FL value (64.7%). Tests have shown that these plants contain essential chemicals. Further analysis confirmed the presence of quercetin and kaempferol, which are known to help alleviate stomach problems. To support these findings, computer-based tests were done, including Lipinski rule prediction, ADMET profiling, and molecular docking. The results showed quercetin binds well (ΔG = -9.72) and has a good RMSD value (1.83 Å). This suggests quercetin could be a good starting point for making antidiarrheal drugs. Overall, the study underscores the significance of traditional knowledge and recommends further research on plant-based treatments for stomach issues
Characterization and dissolution test of recrystallized mefenamic acid by fast cooling methods
No full textMefenamic acid, classified as a Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Class II drug, exhibits high permeability but low dissolution rates, limiting its bioavailability. This study aims to enhance the dissolution rate of mefenamic acid through crystal structure modification using fast cooling recrystallization with three distinct solvents: acetone (AMA), ether (AMEt), and ethyl acetate (AME). The recrystallized crystals were characterized using advanced techniques, including polarized microscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), alongside solubility and dissolution testing. Recrystallization yielded crystals with varied morphologies and sizes, achieving high crystal yields of 92.66% (AMA), 85.54% (AMEt), and 94.59% (AME). FTIR analysis revealed that AME crystals exhibited stronger OH bonding, indicated by the highest peak intensity. XRD diffractograms demonstrated distinct peak patterns at specific 2θ positions for AME crystals, suggesting internal structural changes (polymorphism) while maintaining identical chemical composition. DSC thermograms further confirmed variations in melting points between recrystallized crystals and pure mefenamic acid. Dissolution tests revealed that recrystallized mefenamic acid exhibited significantly improved solubility and dissolution rates compared to its pure form. These findings highlight that rapid cooling recrystallization can produce mefenamic acid polymorphs with optimized dissolution properties, potentially enhancing its pharmacological performance and also provides a promising approach to improving the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs, offering significant implications for pharmaceutical formulation development
Utilization of purple sweet potato synbiotic drink as a source of lactic acid bacteria exopolysaccharides for immunomodulation
Full text linkImmunomodulators, such as exopolysaccharides (EPS), can be found in products processed through lactic acid bacteria (LAB) fermentation. Purple sweet potatoes have the potential to be used as ingredients for making synbiotic drinks because of the high content of oligosaccharides. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of purple sweet potato synbiotic drinks in improving the immune system in vivo. The experiment was conducted on male mice (Balb-C, 12 weeks old, 25±5 g BW) which were given purple sweet potato synbiotic drink for 14 days with doses of A1, A2, and A3 (50, 100, 150 mg/kg BW) given once a day. On the 14th day, the mice were induced with S. aureus bacteria given intraperitoneally (1 mL, 108 cfu/mL). The immunomodulation-related parameters measured were phagocytic activity, the number of lymphocyte cells, and the relative spleen weight of mice. The results showed that the synbiotic drink of purple sweet potato (A1, A2, and A3) can increase phagocytic activity and lymphocyte cell count and have a significant effect on relative spleen weight (p<0.05). The higher the dose of synbiotic drink, the higher the phagocytic activity and the number of lymphocyte cells, and the smaller the relative spleen weight of the mice