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Formulation of a sheet mask essence incorporating Betel leaf (Piper betle L.) ethanol extract and its antibacterial efficacy against Propionibacterium acnes
Full text linkBetel leaf (Piper betle L.) encompasses a multitude of bioactive constituents, including tannins, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids, which possess significant antibacterial properties. An ethanol extract derived from betel leaf was meticulously formulated and assessed for its potential as an antibacterial agent specifically targeting Propionibacterium acnes, a bacterium associated with the etiology of acne. This investigation was undertaken with the aim of mitigating the antibiotic resistance commonly observed with traditional acne therapies. The ethanol extract of betel leaf was incorporated into a sheet mask essence, resulting in the development of four distinct formulations (F0, F1, F2, and F3), which were subsequently subjected to comprehensive evaluations of their physical quality and stability. The formulation exhibiting optimal physical characteristics and stability was further scrutinized for its antibacterial efficacy against Propionibacterium acnes. The antibacterial performance of the selected formulation was benchmarked against a positive control comprising a sheet mask infused with clindamycin gel, as well as another containing tea tree oil. Empirical results identified Formula 2, containing 1.5% ethanol extract of betel leaf, as the most efficacious formulation. Formula 2 demonstrated pronounced antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes, with an inhibitory zone measuring 24.67 mm. Although this inhibitory zone was slightly less extensive than that produced by the clindamycin gel sheet mask (32.00 mm), it was comparable to the tea tree oil sheet mask, which exhibited an inhibitory zone of 23.00 mm. In conclusion, the selected sheet mask formulation (Formula 2) exhibits significant antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes, surpassing the efficacy of commercially available tea tree oil sheet masks, thereby presenting a promising alternative for acne management with a diminished risk of promoting antibiotic resistance
The influence of perceived values on intentions to use halal cosmetics among engineering students at Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta: partial least squares-structural equation modeling
Full text linkThe Ministry of Industry of the Republic of Indonesia has emphasized the importance of cosmetics as an essential need due to the increasing awareness of the general population. Various values, including functional, conditional, emotional, social, epistemic, and religious, influence individuals in selecting cosmetics, particularly halal cosmetics, given Indonesia's predominantly Muslim population. This study aims to identify the factors influencing the adoption of halal cosmetics among students of the Faculty of Engineering at Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta. This research employs a non-experimental quantitative design using a survey method with a cross-sectional approach and a questionnaire as the primary instrument. The sample consists of 137 students who use halal cosmetics, selected through purposive sampling based on inclusion criteria, namely active students who have used or are currently using halal cosmetics. Data analysis was conducted using the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) approach. The PLS-SEM analysis revealed that functional, conditional, emotional, and epistemic values have a positive and statistically significant influence on the usage of halal cosmetics, with p-values of 0.089, 0.001, 0.001, and 0.004, respectively. In contrast, social and religious values showed no significant relationship with halal cosmetics usage, with p-values of 0.706 and 0.374, respectively. Therefore, this study concludes that the adoption of halal cosmetics among students of the Faculty of Engineering at Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta is primarily driven by functional, conditional, emotional, and epistemic values rather than social or religious values
Na-CMC and glycerine optimization in Binahong leaf extract (Anredera cordifolia) liposome gel and its burn wound healing activity
Full text linkBurns represent a critical global health issue, contributing to considerable morbidity and mortality rates, particularly within the Southeast Asian region. The administration of appropriate burn therapy is essential to prevent infections and promote effective wound healing. The binahong leaf (Anredera cordifolia) represents a highly promising natural substance for burn therapy, attributed to its ursolic acid content, which is acknowledged for its wound healing properties. However, the limitation caused by its limited solubility and bioavailibility requires the use of nanoparticle technology, such as liposomes, to enhance its efficacy. The aim of this research was to determine an optimal formulation of gel containing liposome-encapsulated binahong leaf extract, with the goal of promoting burn wound healing and examining its in vivo wound healing activity. Histological analysis was employed to provide additional insights into the activity of the gel. The formulation was assessed through a factorial design, exploring various amounts of Na-CMC utilized as a gelling agent alongside glycerine employed as a humectant. The results were subsequently analyzed utilizing Design Expert v13 software. The gel’s viscosity, spreadability, and uniformity were assessed. Na-CMC increased viscosity while reducing spreadability, whereas glycerine had the opposite effect. The optimal formulation contained 2.78–4 g Na-CMC and 5–10 g glycerine. Statistical validation confirmed the model's accuracy. In vivo studies demonstrated that liposomal binahong gel significantly accelerated burn wound healing compared to controls. The results suggest that 10% binahong liposomal gel is a promising alternative for burn treatment
Utilization of chicken eggshell in body scrub formula with rosella extract (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn) to improve skin moisture
No full textChicken eggshells contain calcium carbonate, which can function as an exfoliating agent for dead skin cells in the epidermis. Rosella flower contains anthocyanins, which maintain skin moisture through their antioxidant activity. This study aimed to create a body scrub formula combining chicken eggshell and rosella extract, which provides a moisturizing effect on the skin. The study began with the preparation of chicken eggshell powder and rosella flower extract. The body scrub formulation combines eggshell powder and rosella extract with different concentration variations: F1 10%:0.5%, F2 10%:1.0%, and F3 10%:1.5%. The formula was evaluated and characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and freeze-thaw stability test were carried out. Irritation test was conducted on rabbits. The occlusive test was conducted in vitro using filter membranes, and a moisture test was performed on 15 volunteers over 28 days using a skin analyzer. The evaluation results show that the formula is cream-colored, homogeneous, semi-solid, with a pH of 6 and a spreadability of 4 cm. Stability tests result showed that the formula was stable in terms of organoleptic properties, although a pH increase was observed. FTIR characterization showed no new interactions formed in the formula. The irritation test showed that the formula does not cause irritation. The occlusive test indicates that the formula retains water vapor for up to 48 hours. The moisture test results show that the formula can moisturize the skin by 60% on the 16th day, with the Mann-Whitney test yielding a p-value of 0.728 for F2 compared to the control. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the body scrub formula combining chicken eggshells and rosella extract effectively moisturizes the skin and does not cause irritation
Antioxidant activity of formulation of Roselle calyx herbal syrup as a functional beverage
No full textRoselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) flowers are rich in anthocyanins and organic acids, which contribute to their characteristic red-colored calyx and sour flavor, along with notable biological activities. This study aimed to develop and optimize a functional roselle syrup formulation by incorporating selected spices—cinnamon, cloves, and cardamom—and using xanthan gum and Tween 60 as stabilizing agents. Six formulations (F1–F6) were prepared and evaluated based on their physicochemical characteristics, antioxidant activity, and stability. Among the formulations, F3 (containing 1% xanthan gum and 0.2% Tween 60) showed the most favorable results, with a pH of 2.73, viscosity of 403.3 cP, total anthocyanin content of 67.85 mg/L, and DPPH free radical inhibition of 50.43% and 64.05% at concentrations of 1% v/v and 2% v/v, respectively. Upon reconstitution at a 1:5 ratio, the syrup retained appealing organoleptic qualities, including a bright red color, sweet-sour taste, and herbal aroma. During a 42-day storage study, the syrup maintained stable viscosity and antioxidant activity for up to 21 days, with pH remaining within the acceptable range (2–4) despite a slight increase. However, anthocyanin content showed significant degradation after day 7. These findings highlight the need for further formulation improvement to enhance anthocyanin and antioxidant stability in roselle syrup products
Association of residence and regional location with depression prevalence in Indonesia: an analysis of the Indonesian health survey 2023
No full textDepression is a mental health condition characterized by persistent sadness, loss of interest in daily activities, and fatigue. It affects an individual’s ability to function and engage in everyday life. In Indonesia, depression is a growing public health concern. Geographic factors, such as residence (urban vs rural) and regional (West, Central, East Indonesia), may influence the prevalence of depression due to variations in social environment, healthcare access, and stress exposure. This study aims to identify factors associated with depression based on residential and regional location, utilizing secondary data from the 2023 Indonesian Health Survey (SKI) with a descriptive research design and cross-sectional method. This study employed a descriptive, cross-sectional design using data from the 2023 Indonesian Health Survey (SKI). The inclusion criteria were individuals aged 18 and above who self-reported depression. Key variables analyzed included gender, age, residence (urban or rural), and regional location in Indonesia. A Chi-square test was applied to examine the association between depression and geographic factors, with a significance level of p < 0.05. A total of 10,504 subjects with self-reported depression were identified, of which 67.76% were female. The analysis showed a higher depression prevalence among urban residents, 60.78% compared to rural areas, 32.23%. Additionally, depression prevalence was higher in Western Indonesia (60.22%) than in Central and Eastern Indonesia. The analysis revealed a significant association between residence, regional area, and depression in Indonesia, with p-values of 0.001 for all three. Therefore, this study concludes that there is a significant association between self-reported depression, residential and regional location, with urban dwellers exhibiting a higher prevalence of depression (p<0.005). These findings highlight the need for enhanced mental health services in urban areas to address the higher depression rates
Analysis of bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity, and acute toxicity test of black garlic (Allium sativum L.)
No full textBlack garlic is obtained through a controlled fermentation process that alters its color, aroma, and flavor while enhancing its concentration of bioactive compounds. This product is rich in phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, and organosulfur compounds such as S-allyl cysteine, which are known to exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. This study aimed to determine the total alkaloid, flavonoid, and phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and acute toxicity profile of black garlic. Black garlic samples were prepared by fermenting Solo garlic for 12 days at 60–70 °C. Alkaloid content was analyzed spectrophotometrically using Bromocresol Green reagent with quinine as the standard, flavonoid content was determined using quercetin, and total phenolic content was measured using the Folin–Ciocalteu method with gallic acid as the standard. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH method, while acute toxicity testing was conducted on male BALB/c mice at doses of 500–5.000 mg/kg BW following OECD/GHS guidelines. The results showed that black garlic contained 301.65 ± 3.436 mg QE/kg alkaloids, 2.190 ± 0.051 mg QE/g flavonoids, and 81.976 ± 1.179 mg GAE/g phenolics. Antioxidant activity was categorized as very strong with an IC₅₀ value of 9.94 ± 0.012 ppm, comparable to Vitamin C (9.92 ± 0.005 ppm). Acute toxicity tests revealed no toxic symptoms or mortality up to 5.000 mg/kg BW, classifying black garlic as practically non-toxic. In conclusion, black garlic is rich in bioactive compounds, demonstrates strong antioxidant activity, and is safe for consumption, making it a potential functional food and health supplement
Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the extract of Polypodium feei mett roots
No full textThe limited scientific evidence on the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Polypodium feei roots, despite their traditional use in rheumatism treatment, highlights the need for pharmacological validation. The study investigates the analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of Polypodium feei roots, a traditional medicine used to treat rheumatism, in mice and rats with carrageenan-induced paw edema, using acetylsalicylic acid and tramadol as analgesics and diclofenac sodium as an anti-inflammatory. The writhing test results demonstrate that the extract of P. feei roots (EPFR) at dosages of 50 and 100 mg/kgBW lowered the writhing responses of rat significantly (p <0.01). The dose of 100 mg/kgBW provided more protection than acetylsalicylic acid at a level of 65 mg/kgBW. In the hot plate method, the extract increased the latency period significantly (p <0.05) as compared with the control. In the anti-inflammatory examination, the EPFR decreased edema of rat paws induced by carrageenan. The significant effect of the EPFR was shown by the dose of 100 mg/kgBW (p <0.05), but its inhibition was lower than that of a standard agent, diclofenac sodium. This study concluded that the EPFR may have peripherally and centrally analgesic activity and anti-inflammatory activity. This evidence supports the folklore claim of the efficacy of EPFR as traditional medicine for rheumatism
Topical anti-inflammatory effect of 25% ethanol extract of areca nut (Areca catechu L.) on the diameter and histopathology of osteoarthritis rat knees
No full textOsteoarthritis of the knee often requires pharmacological treatments when non-pharmacological methods are insufficient. Yet, these medications can have serious side effects and be costly. Therefore, exploring alternative therapies and herbal remedies becomes a crucial aspect in the management of osteoarthritis. Areca nut is a plant known to possess numerous pharmacological properties. Areca nut (Areca catechu L.) seed extract with 25% ethanol has lipoxygenase enzyme inhibitory activity, one of the mediators of inflammation in the body. This research aimed to evaluate the in vivo anti-inflammatory effect of the topical application of a 25% ethanol extract of areca nut seeds in male white rats with an induced osteoarthritis model. The research employed an experimental pre-post design. Each treatment group consisted of five animals. The induction used in this study was Monosodium Iodoacetate (MIA) with a concentration of 1 mg/200 grams BW. The animals were divided into five groups: positive control (Natrium Diclofenac® Cream), negative control (Vaseline flavum), Treatment I (2.5% extract concentration), Treatment II (5% extract concentration), and Treatment III (7.5% extract concentration). Statistical analysis was conducted using one-way ANOVA (p<0.05) with Duncan’s post hoc test. The ethanol extract of areca nut seeds displayed an anti-osteoarthritis effect, with the 7.5% concentration providing efficacy nearly equivalent to that of the positive control. This was followed by extract concentrations of 5% and 2.5%
Comparative trends and effectiveness of amlodipine and nifedipine as oral antihypertensives in preeclampsia management
Full text linkThe use of amlodipine in preeclampsia remains limited as it is not a treatment option officially. Whereas amlodipine's long half-life allows less frequent dosing in preeclampsia patients, potentially improving preeclampsia treatment more efficiently compared to nifedipine (standard medicine). Ensuring the effectiveness of amlodipine for preeclampsia is essential for optimizing delivery outcomes, in addition to efficiency aspects. However, the effectiveness study of amlodipine in preeclampsia patients is still not definitively known. This study aims to determine the prescription trends and effectiveness of amlodipine as an antihypertensive in preeclampsia. The study used a cross-sectional approach conducted at a one of the secondary healthcare facilities in Tasikmalaya, utilizing medical records from January 2019 to December 2023. The data were analyzed using Chi-Square test to determine the trends using and effectiveness of amlodipine compared to nifedipine in controlling blood pressure in preeclampsia. The study shows that the trends using of amlodipine in preeclampsia is decreasing over the past 5 years (2019 to 2023). This phenomenon may be influenced by limited evidence, established clinical practice guidelines, and priority of drug use. There was no significant difference in effectiveness of amlodipine compared to nifedipine in single therapy (p= 0.698) or dual therapy (p=0.1). Furthermore, the study found that amlodipine and nifedipine exhibited comparable effectiveness in controlling blood pressure in preeclampsia. Therefore, amlodipine may be considered as an alternative antihypertensive option for controlling blood pressure in preeclampsia