Tropical Medicine Journal
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Kinetics of CD69 Expression on Natural Killer Cells During Acute Phase of Dengue Infection`
Get PDFABSTRACTIntroduction: Dengue infection is major annual public health problem in Indonesia. NK cells have a role in cellular immunity to viral infection, however only a few studies of NK cells and were conducted in vivo especially in Indonesia.Objectives: To explore the kinetics of CD 69 expression on NK cells during the acute phase of dengue infection.Methods: Observational cohort study in Dr. Sardjito Hospital was conducted. Clinical data and laboratory data was collected to measure the number of activated NK cells (CD69) using flowcytometry. The percentage of CD69 then calculated using non- parametric test (Kuskal-Wallis Test) and Student t-test. The fluorescence intensity of CD69 was also analyzed.Results: The mean of activated NK cells (CD69) percentage was higher during the early days of acute phase (day 2 to day3), and continuously declined until the seventh day but statistically they were not significant. Fluorescence intensity of CD69 showed its peak during the fifth day of fever.Conclusion: CD69 expression on activated NK cells were increased during the early days (day 2-day 3) of acute fever but decreased after that (day 4-day 7). The highest intensity of CD69 expression was on the fifth day of fever. Keywords: Dengue infection, kinetics, NK cell, CD69, cellular immune response, acute phase, adults
The Effect of Health Promotion on Helminthic Infection Among the Garbage Collectors at the Final Disposal Site of Piyungan, Bantul, Yogyakarta
Get PDFABSTRACTIntroduction: Garbage collector is a group of workers with a high risk of developing helminthic infection. This is because the profession mostly related with garbage is susceptible to higher risk of exposure to worm egg. Health promotion for the use of self-protective equipments and personal hygiene is one of the ways of developing awareness among the garbage collectors to behave and act based on their knowledge. This would eventually reduce the incidence of helminthic.Objectives: To find out the effect of health promotion for the use of Self-Protective Equipment and personal hygiene in improving knowledge, attitude, and garbage collecting practice and to get a description on the helminthic infection.Methods: A quasi experiment study was conducted with Pretest and Posttest Group Design. Samples of the study were garbage collectors, who were selected with purposive sampling technique. The samples were divided into two groups: treatment group (25 respondents) and control group (25 respondents). Data were collected using questionnaires for knowledge, attitude, practice, and fecal samples. The data were analyzed using statistical analyses, namely, paired t-test and independent t-test with a significance level of p=0,05.Results: Knowledge who received health promotion (treatment group), on the helminthic infection was better than those in the control group, who did not receive health promotion. No significant difference was found for attitude and personal hygiene practice between the treatment group and the control group. A decrease of helminthic infection was found after the health promotion in both the treatment group and the control group.Conclusion: Health promotion can enhance the garbage collectors’ knowledge on the prevention and reduce the incidence of helminthic infections. Keywords: Health promotion, garbage collectors, helminthic infectio
CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATION OF WDSSB5 MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY FOR THE DETECTION OF DENGUE VIRUS IN C6/36 CELL LINE USING IMMUNOCYTOCHEMICAL METHOD
Get PDFABSTRACTIntroducition: Dengue Fever (DF) and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) are caused by Dengue virus that consists of 4 serotypes of Dengue Virus (DENV) 1, 2, 3 and 4. Isolation of Dengue virus using C6/36 cell is considered as a gold standard for the diagnosis of Dengue virus infection. Dengue Team of Gadjah Mada University successfully produced monoclonal antibodies of DENV 3 originating from hybrid cells of DSSC7, DSSE10 and WDSSB5. The detection of Dengue virus’s antigens of Ae. aegypti in human blood smear with Streptavidine Biotin Peroxide Complex (SBPC) immunocytochemistry method using DSSC7 primary antibody is highly sensitive and specific, whereas using WDSSB5 monoclonal antibody yet to be characterized. Objective: The study aimed to identify characterization and application of WDSSB5 monoclonal antibody as primary antibody for detection of Dengue virus originating from serum of patients with Dengue infection which was inoculated in C6/36 cell line using SBPC immunocytochemistry method.Methods: The study was experimentally designed. Propagation of WDSSB5 hybridoma cell was performed in vitro and in vivo. The characterization consisted of classification of WDSSB5 monoclonal antibody, examination of WDSSB5 ascites protein level, sensitivity and specificity of immunocytochemical SBPC method using WDSSB5 primary antibody and specificity of monoclonal antibody against Dengue antigen with Dot Blot method. Dengue virus obtained from patients was inoculated in C6/36 cell. Detection of Dengue virus antigen was performed by SBPC immunocytochemistry method with WDSSB5 monoclonal antibody as primary antibody. Positive control was made using C6/36 cell infected with DENV 1, 2, 3, 4 and inoculated in C6/36 cell, whereas negative control uses cell C6/36 not infected with Dengue virus.Results: There was WDSSB5 monoclonal antibody detected in this research which was belonged to IgG class and IgG1 subclass. The least content of WDSSB5 monoclonal antibody that can detect Dengue antigen in C6/36 cell was 2.2 µg/µL. The WDSSB5 monoclonal antibody was sensitive to detect DENV 1, 2, 3, 4 antigens in C6/36 cell using SBPC immunocytochemistry method.Conclusion: There was WDSSB5 monoclonal antibody specific againts Dengue virus identified in this study. WDSSB5 monoclonal antibody belonged to class IgG and subclass IgG1. WDSSB5 Monoclonal antibody can be applied to detect Dengue virus originating from serum of patients positively carrying Dengue virus inoculated in C6/36 cell using SPBC immunocytochemistry method. Keywords: Dengue Virus, immunocytochemical, monoclonal antibody, C6/36 cel
Laboratory Diagnosis of Dengue Virus Infection
Get PDFABSTRACTDengue virus (DENV) infection was reported by more than 100 countries in the world. DENV was estimated infects 2.5 billion people living at tropical and subtropical countries annually. Laboratory diagnosis of DENV infection is important for the best clinical management of the patients. There are many tools and methods have been developed and dedicated to serve accurate diagnostic of DENV infection. In hitherto, laboratory diagnosis of DENV infection may be done by several methods, i.e. serology, viral culture, and viral genome-based detection. However, there is no convincing diagnosis procedures that easy to be performed and user friendly. This review will address the principle and characteristic of the laboratory diagnostic procedures that is available at this moment
The Kinetics of CD8+ T Lymphocytes in Dengue Patients in Yogyakarta
Get PDFABSTRACTIntroduction: Dengue fever can be graded into dengue fever (DF), dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS). The CD8+ T lymphocytes mediate antiviral activity by producing cytokines and directly destroyed the dengue virus infected cells. This study focuses in observing the kinetics of CD8+ T lymphocytes absolute and relative count in dengue patients.Objectives: To observe the kinetics of CD8+ T lymphocytes absolute and relative count in dengue patients.Methods: The research design used is a descriptive study. This research measures and observes the kinetics CD8+ T lymphocytes absolute and relative count from day 2 to day 7. The CD8+ T lymphocytes count was determined using flowcytometry. Data was analyzed using ANOVA and independent t test with p<0.05 considered as significant.Results: The CD8+ T lymphocytes absolute count is low during the beginning of disease course and it gradually increases from day 2 to day 7. The CD8+ T lymphocytes relative count decreases from day 2 to day 3, and start to increase back from day 3 to day 7. There is no difference between the level of CD8+ T lymphocytes absolute count and relative count between DF and DHF patients.Conclusion: There is an increase in CD8+ T lymphocytes absolute count and relative count in dengue patients. There is no difference between DF and DHF patients in CD8+ T lymphocytes absolute and relative count. Keywords: dengue fever; dengue hemorrhagic fever; CD8+ T lymphocytes; absolute count; relative count
Filariasis malayi in Pondok Village, West Umbu Ratunggay, Central Sumba Regency
Get PDFABSTRACTIntroduction: Lymphatic filariasis is a communicable disease that still cause public health problem include in Sumba Island, East Nusa Tenggara Province. The cause of disease is three species of filaria and had been distributed almost in all area of Indonesia. There are differences in the distribution of species in the Indonesian regionObjectives: To investigate the profile of filariasis, the species and Microfilaria rate in Pondok Village.Methods: The sample was all of population in Pondok Village who meet the criterion and examination was performed by observation and fingerprick blood survey.Results: Fingerprick blood survey was performed on 500 respondents and was found 23 respondents suffered microfilaremia. Based on their clinical symptoms it was found 45 respondents had acute limfangitis symptoms, headache and frequent relapse fever (10 was positive mikrofilaremia) and 4 respondents suffered chronic symptoms. Based on the microfilaria morfology identification it was known that all of the filariasis caused by Brugia timori species.Conclusion: Pondok Village was lymphatic filariasis endemic area, caused by Brugia timori with microfilaria rate at 4,6%.Keywords : Filariasis, Microfilaria rate, Brugia timori, Sumba Island.
Association of hydrazine and SGPT level two hours after drug administration at the end of intensive phase treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis patients
Get PDFABSTRACTIntroduction: Isoniazid in the regiment treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis patients causes side effects. Hepatotoxicity is one of the isoniazid’s side effects that need medical attention. Isoniazid-induced hepatotoxicity has no correlation with high level of isoniazid in plasma. However, several animal studies show it has an association with hydrazine, a metabolite of isoniazid. The role of hydrazine in isoniazid-induced hepatotoxicity among tuberculosis patients is unclear.Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the correlation of hydrazine and serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) levels at two hours after drug administration in the end of intensive phase treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis patients.Methods: This was an observational study with cross-sectional design. Fifty eight newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis patients were enrolled in this study. Venous blood sampling was collected at two hours after drug administration in the end of intensive phase treatment. SGPT level was measured by an automatic chemical analyzer. Hydrazine level was measured by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Statistical significance was analyzed using correlation test.Results and Discussion: The incidence of hepatotoxicity was 3.4% and about 8.6% patients had elevated SGPT at two hours after drug administration in the end of intensive phase treatment. There was no correlation between hydrazine level and SGPT levels in this study. These results indicated that hepatotoxicity or minimal liver damage in some patients might occur in the administration of standard dose isoniazid. It might be caused by isoniazid’s metabolites itself, or various other factors.Conclusions: There was no correlation between hydrazine level and SGPT levels at 2 hours after drug administration in the end of intensive phase treatment in this study
Repellent Activity of Catnip Extract (Nepeta cataria L,) Against Aedes aegypti Mosquito as Dengue Vector
Get PDFABSTRACTIntroduction: Dengue infection has been a major concern for decades. Prevention from getting bitten by Aedes aegypti mosquito is considered better than cure as there is no specific antiviral treatment for dengue. Recently, catnip (Nepeta cataria L.) extract has been formulated and marketed as an alternative for protection against mosquitoes and act as a natural form of mosquito repellent.Objectives: To understand the repelling properties of both DEET and N. cataria L. extract and to compare the repelling properties between DEET and N. cataria L. against Ae. aegypti mosquito.Methods: The repelling properties was tested based on the number of mosquitoes that sits on the hand of the respondent after being applied to the gold standard of mosquito repellent, DEET, and compared to N. cataria L. extract in different concentrations in total of 15 minutes.Results: Three different concentrations of catnip extract (10%, 30% and 50%) shows different efficacy in repelling Ae. aegypti mosquitoes at the range of 62.8%-80%, although the repellent activity is still lower than DEET that have 100% repellent activity.Conclusion: Catnip (N. cataria L) showed mosquitoes repellent properties at concentration 10-50% with repellent activity at the range 62.8%-80%. Keywords: Dengue, Aedes aegypti, repellent, DEET (N,N- Diethyl-m-toluamide), catnip (Nepeta cataria L.) extract. INTISARI Pendahuluan: Infeksi Dengue merupakan masalah utama selama berpuluh tahun. Pencegahan dengan menghindari gigitan nyamuk Aedes aegypti dianggap lebih baik daripada mengobati karena tidak ada terapi antiviral yang spesifik untuk dengue. Akhir-akhir ini, ekstrak catnip (Nepeta cataria L.) telah diformulasi dan dipasarkan sebagai alternatif untuk perlindungan terhadap nyamuk dan berlaku sebagai bentuk alami dari repelen.Tujuan: Untuk memahami agen penolakan dari N,N- Diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) dan ekstrak N. cataria L. extract dan membandingkan agen penolakan antara DEET dan N. cataria L. terhadap nyamuk Ae. aegypti.Metode: Agen penolakan diuji berdasarkan jumlah nyamuk yang mendarat di tangan responden setelah diolesi repelen nyamuk baku DEET, dan dibandingkan dengan ekstrak N. cataria L. pada berbagai konsentrasi selama total waktu 15 menit.Hasil: Tiga konsentrasi ekstrak catnip (10%, 30% and 50%) menunjukkan daya penolakan nyamuk Ae. aegypti yang berbeda pada rentang 62.8%-80%, meskipun aktivitas penolakan nyamuknya masih lebih rendah dari DEET yang mempunyai aktivitas penolakan 100%.Simpulan: Ekstrak Catnip (N. cataria L) menunjukkan daya penolakan nyamuk pada konsentrasi 10-50% dengan aktivitas repelant antara 62.8%-80%.Kata kunci: Dengue, Aedes aegypti, repellent, DEET (N,N- Diethyl-m-toluamide), ekstrak catnip (Nepeta cataria L.)
Training of Sputum Microscopy Improves the Smear Quality and Slide Positivity Rate for Pulmonary Tuberculosis Diagnosis
Get PDFABSTRACT Introduction: Microscopic examination of sputum is a key component of the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. The accuracy of this method is influenced by quality of laboratory and human resources. Indonesia is one of endemic country for pulmonary tuberculosis. Efforts to improve the quality of microscopic examination are needed, including training of human resources.Objectives: To determine impact of microscopic examination training to smear quality and slide positivity rate.Methods: This work is an analytic quasi experimental research. The research was involved 18 laboratory technician. Subjects were divided in to experimental and control group, which was consisting 9 technicians in each group. The differences of smear quality and slide positivity rate were analyzed by using independent t-test and Mann-Whitney test with 95% of Confident Interval.Results: Training increased the knowledge of laboratory technician (40.7 points) and the smear quality. Specimen quality was increased 90 points, staining 84.4, cleanness 85.6, thickness 91.1, smear size 88.9, evenness 87.8 and increase the average of smear readings score test 22 points. The mean of smear quality and slide positivity rate of the experimental group were higher than control group. Statistical test of smear quality between eksperimental group with contol group were: specimen quality p=0.03, staining quality p=0.03, cleanness p=0.02, thickness p<0.001, size p<0.001, good evenness p<0.001, and slide positivity rate p=0.02Conclusion: The mean of smear quality and slide positivity rate of the experimental group were higher than control group. There were significant differences of smear quality and slide positivity rate between experimental group with control group at 3 months after training.Keywords: training, sputum microscopy, smear quality, slide positivity rate, tuberculosi
Factors Associated with Delayed Diagnosis among Tuberculosis Patient in Kebumen District
Get PDFABSTRACTIntroduction: Tuberculosis is a major global health problem. It is estimated that almost 9 million new cases detected in 2011 and 1.4 million died because of TB. Early diagnosis and effective treatment are the key elements of the TB control program. Delayed diagnosis associated with a longer duration of infectiousness, increase the severity of the disease, more severe complication and even death.Objectives: To determine the factors associated with delayed diagnosis among tuberculosis patients in Kebumen District.Methods : A cross sectional study among newly diagnosed TB patients in April to June 2013 in Kebumen was conducted. The data was collected using a questionnaire interviewing officers of government health care facilities which have implemented DOTS programs already. Data was analyzed by a logistic regression test with confidence interval (CI) of 95%.Results: Eighty five pulmonary TB patients were studied consisting of 65 TB smear positive and 20 smear negative/roentgen positive patients. The median duration of delayed patients was 3.9 weeks; delayed health service was 2.6 weeks and delayed diagnosis was 7.6 weeks. Multivariate analysis showed that factors associated with delayed diagnosis were the type of health services which first visited (p value = 0.002 and OR = 6.87), level of knowledge about TB (p value = 0.002 and OR = 6.41), educational level (p value = 0.024 and OR = 5.68) and the number of visits to health service (p value = 0.021 and OR = 3.87).Conclusion : The median duration of delayed diagnosis was 7.6 weeks. Delayed diagnosis among TB patients in Kebumen Distict was associated with type of health services which is non-DOTS, low level of knowledge about TB, low levels of education and the number of visits to health services ≥3 times.Keywords: delayed diagnosis, TB patients, Kebumen Distric