Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology
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Diversity and Distribution of Ficus (Moraceae) in The Karst Ecosystem of Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park
Get PDFBantimurung Bulusaraung National Park is an area that has the largest karst ecosystem in Indonesia. Karst is prone to damage and difficult to reuse, so it requires conservation efforts. One of the plant species that can maintain this sustainability is Ficus which acts as key species in karst ecosystems. However, at this time the species is experiencing disturbances, one of which is due to the experience of invasive plants that can threaten the existence of Ficus because the weeds can colonize habitats and are dominant which can change species diversity. This study aimed to analyze the diversity and distribution of Ficus, compare species composition, and analyze environmental factors that affect Ficus spp. in Pattunuang Resort and Bantimurung Resort. Vegetation analysis method with nesting plots placed by purposive sampling and supported with environmental and soil data measurements to determine the factors that indicate the habitat preference of Ficus. We found 18 plant species of Ficus spp. in total. At Resort Pattunuang we found 14 Ficus species with the highest abundance being Ficus sundaica (27.55%), while we recorded 15 Ficus species at Resort Bantimurung with the highest abundance being Ficus ampelas (29.23%). Ficus species were uniformly distributed with a relatively high ratio of species composition in both resorts. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that the presence of Ficus in Pattunuang Resort is influenced by wind speed, soil temperature, air temperature, soil moisture, soil pH, and air humidity. In Bantimurung Resort, the existence of Ficus is influenced by wind speed, soil temperature, soil moisture, and air humidity.
Profiling of Single Garlic Extract Microencapsulation: Characterization, Antioxidant Activity, and Release Kinetic
Get PDFSingle garlic is known to have many benefits as an alternative therapy for various types of metabolic syndrome. The bioactive compounds, allicin and alliin, in garlic are unstable and easily degraded in digestion. Chitosan-alginate microencapsulation is thought to increase stability and protect active compound so its therapeutic effect is more optimal. This study aimed to characterize the microencapsulation chitosan-alginate of single garlic extract (MCA- SGE), as well as to examine the antioxidant activity and kinetic release of MCA-SGE in vitro. The research procedure includes the steps of single garlic extraction, preparation of MCA-SGE, characterization of MCA-SGE (PSA, SEM, and FTIR) as well as biological testing of MCA-SGE through antioxidant activity and kinetic release tests. PSA results showed the mean particle size of MCA-SGE was 439.0 ± 1.9 nm or 0.4 m with a polydispersity index (PDI) value of 0.579 ± 0.046 and a zeta potential value of 15.4 ± 0.3 mV. The SEM results showed that the morphology of MCA-SGE was spherical with a smooth surface and a micrometre size of 0.4 - 0.7 µm. The FTIR results describe a shift in absorption and addition of SGE functional groups after encapsulation. The results of the antioxidant activity test showed the antioxidant activity of MCA-SGE was 65%, while SGE was 55%. The results of the kinetic release showed that more allicin and alliin were released by SGE than MCA-SGE during the 4-hour kinetic release simulation. MCA-SGE has the potential to be used as a drug delivery system with controlled release
The Status, Trends, and Limitations of Philippine Mollusk Production and Trade Based on Available Databases and Publications
Get PDFMollusk trade is vital in many coastal areas and island communities throughout the Philippines because it provides livelihoods, food, and incomes to millions of Filipinos via fisheries (e.g., shellfish fishing and gleaning), shell craft, arts, shell trading and collections, and aquaculture. However, the assessments of the national trends and status of mollusc production and trade in the Philippines are largely non-existent in peer-reviewed literature. The main purpose of this paper is to present and evaluate the status and trends of traded Mollusks in the Philippines based on available online databases and a systematic review of published literature. To date, available databases on Philippine mollusk trade showed an initial increase in traded volume (the 1970s to 2006) but decreased afterward. In contrast, the traded mollusk value continued to generally increase over time (albeit the observed decrease between 2011 and 2016), indicating value increase as mollusk volume decreased. However, there is a great need to (1) resolve many of the obvious inconsistencies in data entries across all the available mollusk trade databases (BFAR, PSA, and CITES) and (2) provide field assessment of the Philippine mollusk trade and the conservation status of all traded mollusk taxa in the country.
Effectiveness of Liquid Organic Fertilizer Byproduct of Black Soldier Fly Maggot to the Growth of Mustard Plant (Brassica juncea L.)
Get PDFThe need for consumption of mustard plant (Brassica juncea L.) has increased every year. One of the efforts to increase its production and quality by applications of inorganic and organic fertilizer. This study aimed to evaluate the productivity of mustard plants treated with liquid organic fertilizer, a by-product of black soldier fly (BSF), and inorganic fertilizer (NPK). Mustard plants were grown at Karanggayam Research Station, Caturtunggal, Depok, Sleman, Yogyakarta were treated with water as a control, NPK fertilizer, DoctoRS organic fertilizer at 0.05%, organic fertilizer A, and B at 0.1, 0.15, 0.20, and 0.25%. The effects of treatments to the phenotypic and the chlorophyll of the mustards were done after 2 weeks of treatments. The results showed that there were significant different on the stem height, number of leaves, leaf width, leaf length, and wet weight. These were in line with the total chlorophyll. Liquid organic fertilizer content analysis showed that DoctoRS liquid organic fertilizer and liquid organic fertilizer A were the most in accordance with the national standards for organic fertilizers on the parameters of pH, Mg, Ca, and TPC.
Medicinal Plants Diversity Used by Balinese in Buleleng Regency, Bali
Get PDFThe Lontar Usada Bali is a collection of the science of traditional medicine recorded in the lontar leaves. It contains information about the diversity of medicinal plants and treatment procedures used by Balinese for generations. However, most of the information stored in the lontars is only known by the Balians (Traditional Healers). The aim of the study was to investigate and document the diversity of medicinal plants known by Balians in Buleleng Regency, Bali Province, Indonesia. Direct interview with Balians, combined with purposive sampling (for the usada plants), was used in this study and conducted in August-September 2022. The data obtained comprised plant species, habitat, habitus, local names, plant parts used, and how they were used. The data were analysed qualitatively and quantitatively using diagrams, graphs, and tables and measured by the use-value index. Sixty-five species and 37 families of plants were recorded as a medicinal plant. The most widely used plant families by Balians were Zingiberaceae, Poaceae, Rutaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, and Malvaceae. In most cases, leaves were used, followed by tubers, fruits, and other parts. Maceration and powder or mushy were the primary modes of making herbal medicine, and external application was the most common method of drug administration. Most medicinal plants were obtained from the home garden, taken from nature, or bought in the market. Several diseases often treated by Balians were convulsions, itching, cramps, headache, black magic, stroke, herpes and tumor/cancer. This research is important to complete the ethnobotanical data on the diversity of medicinal plants in Bali. This data is important information for the development of new drugs and must be maintained for sustainability.
Analyses of Vegetation Used by Long-tailed Macaque (Macaca fascicularis Raffles 1821) in Tinjil Island
Get PDFTinjil Island is a semi-natural breeding facility for long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) managed by Primate Research Center, IPB University, located at the southern of Java Island and surrounded by the Indian Ocean. Long-tailed macaques are considered frugivorous even though they are well-known for their flexible diet. This study aims to analyse the vegetation supporting the population of long-tailed macaques. Data were collected from six tracks using square sampling plots with the size of 20 m x 20 m for trees as the main plot, inside the main plot were square subplots consisting of 10 m x 10 m for poles, 5 m x 5 m for saplings, and 2 m x 2 m for seedlings. The Important Value Index (IVI) was calculated for each level of vegetation. Hanjuang (Dracaena elliptica) dominated the seedlings with 29.35%, followed by Kampis (Hernandia peltata) with 18.73%, and Kalapari (Pongamia pinnata) with 13.73%. Hanjuang (Dracaena elliptica) also dominated the saplings with 26.83%, followed by Pancal (Syzygium antisepticum) with 19.19%, and Laban (Vitex pubescens) with 12.30%. The poles were dominated by Ki Cau (Dolichandrone spathacea) as high as 59.28%, while Waru (Thespesia populnea) and Ki Ciat (Ficus septica) dominated at 40.47% and 36.15%, respectively. Kampis (Hernandia peltata) dominated the trees with 39.28%, followed by Ki Ara (Ficus glomerata) with 35.56%, and Ki Langir (Dysoxylum amooroides) with 28.70%. Species found on Tinjil Island are mostly Moraceae (9.84%) and Fabaceae (9.84%), followed by Malvaceae (8.20%), Euphorbiaceae (4.92%), Myrtaceae (4.92%), and Anacardiaceae (4.92%). The vegetation in Tinjil Island supports the livelihood of long-tailed macaques on the island because they have an abundance of food and staple food such as figs to help them fulfil the energy needed to survive and reproduce.
Differences in Swim Bladder Histology of Anguilla bicolor bicolor at Various Stages of Sexual Maturity
Get PDFThe current study observed the histological differences of the swim bladder of the tropical eel, Anguilla bicolor bicolor, as an adaptation resulting from hydrostatic change. A total of 15 eels were collected from Pasir Puncu, Keburuhan, Purworejo and Segara Anakan, Cilacap, Indonesia in June 2017, September 2020, and April 2021. The eels were grouped into 4 stages based on the silvering stage and sex, namely: yellow undifferentiated, yellow female, silver male, and silver female. The average length and body weight of yellow undifferentiated eels were 255.07 ± 45.91 mm and 13.66 ± 8.5 g, respectively; for yellow female, the values were 374.35 ± 41.51 mm and 56.5 ± 12.02 g; for silver male, the values were 432.43 ± 15.15 mm and 140.29 ± 13.85 g; and for silver female were 702 ± 0.00 mm and 545 ± 11.31 g. The present study successfully recorded the histological structure of the swim bladder of A. bicolor bicolor in silver male and silver female stages. Silver males and females displayed a greater significant development of the swim bladder than yellow stages in the gas gland, mucosa, and submucosa layers. These results suggest that an increase in the gas gland thickness allows a greater contribution from gas to gas secretion, the mucosa exerts a mechanical effect on the newly formed gas bubbles, and the submucosa thickness reduces gas conductivity from the swim bladder wall.
Diversity and Community Structure of Dragonflies (Odonata) in Various Types of Habitat at Lakarsantri District, Surabaya, Indonesia
Get PDFDragonflies are insects that are very dependent on the existence of freshwater ecosystems, However, the population of dragonflies in urban freshwater ecosystems is at risk due to a number of issues. Consequently, it is essential to carry out research and efforts to preserve dragonflies in urban areas. This study aims to provide information about the diversity and structure of dragonfly communities in various habitat types in the Lakarsantri, Surabaya. Data collection in this study was carried out in the habitat types of ponds, reservoir, river, and rice field in July to September 2021. The study results show there are 22 species from 4 families with a total of 827 individuals. Analysis of the Shannon-Wiener diversity index showed that the highest value of dragonfly diversity was found in a pond, with a value of H' = 2.40, and the location with the lowest value was a river, with a value of H' = 1.77. At four research locations that have different aquatic ecosystems, the community structure of dragonfly is also different. The composition of the dragonfly community structure at the reservoir location has similarities to a pond, and at a river location, it has similarities to a paddy field. Differences in abiotic factors consisting of light intensity, humidity, and temperature at each study location have a correlation with differences in dragonfly community structure. In addition, the composition of the vegetation at each location is also one of the factors causing differences in the structure of the dragonfly community.
Alternative Strategy to Improve the Conservation of Javan Deer in Pangandaran Nature Reserve, West Java, Indonesia
Get PDFThe habitat of Javan deer in Pangandaran Nature Reserve (PNR) faced natural changes, particularly due to the succession process of vegetation community in grazing areas, and inadequate infrastructures that affected the deer to roam outside PNR. This study aimed to formulate strategies for the conservation of Javan deer in PNR, focusing on ecological aspects and conservation management. The methods were encountering Javan deer individuals; scan sampling and continuous recording to observe the behaviour of Javan deer; calculating the productivity of grazing area by defoliation experiment and vegetation analysis; reviewing documents, reports and interviews; and analysing strategy using SWOT-QSPM. Results showed there were 43 Javan deer encountered roaming in PNR and outside the conservation area, and nine individuals gathered in Cikamal grassland. The productivity of the grazing areas (5.61 ha) was 93,826 kg of feed annually and was only sufficient for 23 individuals. The grazing areas were dominated by Cynodon dactylon. Javan deer spent their time feeding. Javan deer herd in Cikamal is more intolerant to humans compared to the herd in Pangandaran Nature Tourist Park (PNTP). This study recommends: considering the management status of Javan deer in the conservation management of PNR and PNTP; improving the conservation management of Javan deer and its habitat; improving facilities and the management system of those facilities and conservation-supporting infrastructures; collaboration with researchers to perform some research and innovations for Javan deer conservation; improving the capability of PNR staff theoretically and practically; and educating and empowering the local people in terms of Javan deer conservation.
In Silico Analysis of Phalaenopsis Orchid Homeobox1 (POH1) Functional Gene for Shoot Development in Phalaenopsis Orchid
Get PDFThe most favorite ornamental crop in Indonesia is orchid which benefited as floriculture. Therefore, the quality of this crop must be improved. Biotechnology is appropriate to be used to improve the quality and quantity of orchid plants. To conduct this method, researchers must know what genes function in plant development. In Phalaenopsis orchids, the gene has been identified as homeobox genes called Phalaenopsis Orchid Homeobox1 (POH1). This research aims to conduct in silico analysis of the gene. The materials were retrieved from mRNA and amino acid databases. Then, the materials are aligned, visualized, motif location analysis, motif function discovery, phylogenetic construction, and protein 3D structural modelling. Based on mRNA and amino acid alignment, there are 4 domain regions that are conserved in POH1 and other homologous genes, such as KNOX1, KNOX2, ELK Domain, and Homeobox KN Domain, which roles as a transcription factor involved in plant development. SWISS-MODEL and ColabFold were used in protein modelling of the protein. By ColabbFold modelling, the modelling prediction uses 325 residues, higher than SWISS-MODEL in 59 residues. ColabFold validation by Ramachandra Plot depicts having the most favourite regions is 68.6%, while SWISS-MODEL is 92.3%. Another validation parameter is overall quality factor and QMEAN Score. Protein modelling by ColabFold has overall quality factor 89.252 and QMEAN Score 0.41 ± 0.05. However, SWISS-MODEL 3D prediction has overall quality factor 98.039 and QMEAN score of 0.71 ± 0.11.