Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology
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An Update on the Habitat Suitability Model of Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub. and Its Conservation Status in Bali, Indonesia
Get PDFDacrycarpus imbricatus provides essential ecosystem functions and various potential uses. Therefore, studying this distribution and conservation status in Bali Islands is crucial. The Habitat Suitability Model (HSM) and Geospatial Conservation Assessment Tool (GeoCAT) were used to predict this distribution and conservation status. The results showed changes in the predicted habitat suitability in 2050. Climate change conditions will impact the preferential habitat of the current location. The analysis classifies D. imbricatus as an endangered (EN) species in Bali. The model does not consider anthropogenic factors which change the land use/land cover. Therefore, more severe conservation efforts in Bali are needed for this species.
Attacus atlas (L.) sericin extract as an effective UV Protectant of Bacillus thuringiensis serotype kurstaki for controlling Spodoptera litura (Fab.)
Get PDFBacillus thuringiensis serotype kurstaki is an entomopathogenic bacteria commonly used to control the cutworm Spodoptera litura (Fab.). However, B. thuringiensis has disadvantage of being easily degraded due to exposed sunlight. The objective of this research was to determine the effectiveness of adding A. atlas (L.) cocoon extract as UV protectant B. thuringiensis to the mortality of S. litura. This research formulated 2.5% of the original substance of A. atlas cocoon extract and B. thuringiensis serotype kurstaki strain HD-7 applied from commercial product DiPel-WP®. The formulation was exposed to sunlight for 0, 1, 2, and 3 weeks. The suspension treated for 20 individuals of first instar larvae S. litura shifted into the artificial diet using 3-5 replicates. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) method began from a sample that was vacuumed, sample coated, and observed on SEM with the electron in a certain level probe. This research showed that the mortality of S. litura decreased with the growth of S. litura. The mortality of S. litura achieved 20%-100% mortality after treatments. The A. atlas cocoon extract was effective as UV protectant B. thuringiensis for three weeks of exposure to sunlight. The SEM analysis represented that formulation of B. thuringiensis and A. atlas cocoon extract sunlight exposure for one week has harsher surface than exposed during three weeks.
Food Preference of Bullet Tuna (Auxis rochei Risso, 1810) in Prigi Coast of Trenggalek Regency, East Java
Get PDFAs a commercial fish, bullet tuna is constantly caught in purse seine fisheries to provide economic benefits for coastal communities. Biological information such as food preference has to be known due to their sustainability in the future. This research aims to figure out the food composition and preference of bullet tuna (Auxis rochei Risso, 1810) in Prigi Coast, Trenggalek Regency East Java. A total of 294 fish landed by purse seine fishermen have been collected from March up to May 2018. Each individual was measured in its total length and weight, then was dissected for sex determination, measured the length of intestine, and analyse the stomach content. The data analysis encompasses frequency distribution of total length, relative gut length, frequency of occurrence, index of preponderance, trophic level, niche breadth, and food overlapping. The research result indicates that the main foods of Auxis rochei are fish and crustacean, while the complementary and additional foods were copepod, mollusc, annelid, and debris. Bullet tuna was a carnivorous fish with the trophic level of 3.7 and shows the existence of competition for food resources. Overlapping of feeding occurred in the 19-20 cm long group against the 23-24 cm long group in male fish and the 19-20 cm size group against the 21-22 cm length group in female fish. Bullet tuna use the same feed resources among the size groups of fish, where females use feed over a wider area than males.
In Silico and Validation Approaches for Optimum Conditions of Rattus norvegicus Target Gene qPCR Primers
Get PDFThe qPCR method requires an oligonucleotide pair to prime the amplification process. With the variety of qPCR reagent and primer options available, in silico and laboratory experimental validation approach was needed to validate the most suitable primer for prior use. This article aims to provide in silico analysis of actin alpha-2 smooth muscle (Acta2), fibroblast activation protein (Fap), hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase-1 (Hprt1), platelet-derived growth factor subunit B (Pdgfb), phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit-1 (Pik3r1), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (Vcam1) qPCR primer with qPCR and electrophoresis validation. The procedure used in this approach was in silico analysis of primer from published articles and newly designed primer. The analysis was done with Primer-BLAST for gene specificity, Primer-Dimer, OligoCalc for hairpin formation, BLAST Nucleotide for identical sequence screening, and Clustal Omega for product length validation. Experimental validation was done using qPCR for optimal annealing temperature, priming ability, and amplificon specificity, and electrophoresis for product length validation. This assessment resulted in in silico and laboratory experimental validation of Acta2, Fap, Hprt1, Pdgfb, Pik3r1, and Vcam1 primer pairs producing suitable amplicon for qPCR using Rattus norvegicus cDNA with SYBR annealing temperature range of 60-65°C with three mM MgCl2. The primer pair can be used for further qPCR analysis under similar conditions and the procedure stated can be used as starting point for qPCR Primer preparation
Butterfly Diversity from Isolated Lowland Area: An Assessment in Langsa Urban Forest, Langsa, Aceh, Indonesia
Get PDFLangsa Urban Forest (LUF) is a 10-ha of the isolated urban forest in Langsa, Aceh, which is maintained to preserve urban biodiversity such as the butterfly. No recent study has been done in this area on butterfly biodiversity including the diversity and plant's potential for host and food plant sources. A one-month survey in July 2021 using the standard walk method on four transects was conducted. There are 36 species recorded during this study including 5 families, with Nymphalidae as the most abundant family and Leptosia nina as the most abundant species. Shannon-Wiener diversity index was used for this recent research with the value of H’ 1.78–2.78 and the Evenness index with scale 0.66–0.94. Most of the species have broad geographical ranges, with 3 of them restricted to the Indomalayan realm. There are 117 plants were recorded which 33 species supposed as host and food plants divided into 26 as host plants, 11 as food plants, and 4 for both. No specific plants threatened the collected butterflies, but it's important since providing diversity data.
Detection of AtRKD4 Gene and Induction of Somatic Embryo in Transformant of Phalaenopsis amabilis Carrying 35S::GR::AtRKD4
Get PDFPhalaenopsis amabilis (L.) Blume is a native Indonesian orchid that plays an important role in the breeding of orchid’s hybrid worldwide. The high consumer demand causes a decline in the population of orchids for commercial trade. Plant propagation through induction of somatic embryogenesis will be very beneficial, because plants can be obtained in large numbers and uniform. AtRKD4 gene is an important gene in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana which functions very early in development stage to initiate embryo formation. The AtRKD4 gene has been inserted into the P. amabilis orchid and several transformants have been obtained. This study aims to determine the stability integration of the AtRKD4 gene in the transformant P. amabilis genome and induce somatic embryo formation on transformant orchids. Plantation of leaf explants from P. amabilis transformants on hormone-free New Phalaenopsis basic medium induced somatic embryo formation by 20%. Anatomical analysis showed that there is no difference stage between anatomy of somatic embryo development pattern in P. amabilis transformant and somatic embryo development pattern of monocot plants in general, PCR analysis using AtRKD4 specific primers showed that the embryos still contained 198 bp fragments of the AtRKD4 gene. In conclusion, the AtRKD4 gene is stably integrated in the P. amabilis orchid genome and can continuously induce the formation of somatic embryo from somatic cells of orchid transformants
Diversity of Fusarium Endophytes Isolated from Wild Bananas in Pandenglang, Indonesia
Get PDFA group of Fusarium spp., in the Fusarium oxysporum species complex is known as pathogens on bananas, i.e., Fusarium wilt or Panama Disease. However, many Fusarium spp. are also known to be endophytes inside healthy banana plants and have been less explored and investigated. Fusarium endophytes have been demonstrated to be effective against the Fusarium pathogen that causes wilting in some crops such as tomatoes and watermelon. Thus, we explored endophytes Fusarium from local bananas in Pandenglang Banten for further use as biocontrol of Fusarium wilt. Four wild banana accessions were identified, from which 9 Fusarium isolates recovered from its pseudostems asymptomatic plants. All isolates were characterized based on their morphological characters and sequence of the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) gene. These isolates belong to four complexes of Fusarium i.e. Fusarium equiseti species complex, Fusarium oxysporum species complex, Fusarium sambucinum species complex, and Fusarium solani species complex (currently described as Neocosmospora). Further study on molecular characterization of these isolates using specific genes and their potential antagonists of pathogens still needs to be discovered for other use as a biocontrol against Fusarium wilt
DNA Authentication of Indonesian Leaffish Pristolepis grooti from Kelekar River and Ogan River in South Sumatra Based on Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit I (COI) Gene
Get PDFIndonesian leaffish Pristolepis grooti, an endemic species, are distributed in the region of Sumatra, Riau, Bangka Belitung and Kalimantan. However, there has been a decline in the population recently. This research purposed to investigate the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene, the genetic distance, the genetic tree of the leaffish and characterize the chemical physics of water of its habitat in the Kelekar River Muara Enim Regency and the Ogan River, Ogan Ilir Regency. The method used in species authentication was DNA isolation, amplification using PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) and sequencing of COI gene. The size of the COI mtDNA gene fragment was 704 bp (PM 1, PM 4, PP 2 and PP 4) and 723 bp (PM 2, PM 3, PP 1 and PP 3). A cryptic diversity of the species P. grooti is found based on the genetic distance value of 4.5-6%, both in the Kelakar and Ogan Rivers. The phylogenetic tree of the leaffish of this study formed 2 separate sub-clusters with a bootstrap value of 50%. The properties of water qualities in the two rivers included temperatures 28.3-31.8°C, pH 5.6-8.3, dissolved oxygen 4.82-10.89 mg L-1, alkalinity 10-28 mg L-1 CaCO3, water transparency 16-45 cm, ammonia 0.47-0.70 mg L-1, water current 0.17-0.30 m s-1 and TDS 7-44 mg L-1.
Forest Structure and Tree Species Diversity of the Abasumba Globally Significant Biodiversity Area, Ghana
Get PDFWe studied the forest structure and tree species diversity with diameter-at-breast-height (dbh) ≥ 10 cm in the Abasumba Globally Significant Biodiversity Area Ghana. Sixteen 25 m * 25 m plots were demarcated and trees with dbh ≥ 10 cm were inventoried following International Plant Nomenclature Index. The characteristic three–storey structure of tropical forests was shown, 68.7% of trees were in the lower 4.5–18 m and middle 18–30 m storeys. A majority 91.4% of 342 trees was in the dbh of 10–30 cm and a least 8.6% of 32 trees in 31–60 cm had dbh ˃ 60 cm. Total of 46 species, 38 genera and 17 families, with mean Alpha, Shannon and Simpson’s Diversity indices of 13.9, 1.44 and 0.07 and importance value index of 300.0 for 374 trees ha-1 was recorded. Plant families Sterculiaceae, Meliaceae, Leguminosae, Ulmaceae and Bombacaceae was the majority encountered while Triplochiton scleroxylon, Cola millenii, Trichilia monadelpha, Hymenostegia afzelii, Celtis mildbraedii, Ceiba pentandra and Ficus sur was the most occurring species in 54.0% of the plots accounting for 52.0% of the IVI for all trees. Blighia sapida, Bridelia grandis, Dialium guineense, Draceana arborea, Ficus sur, Holarrhena floribunda, Holoptelea grandis, Margaritaria discoidea, Rauvolfia vomitoria, Trilepisium madagascariense, Vitex ferruginea, Ximenia americana and Xylia evansii had one individual in the 10,000 m2 area indicated that they are rare and should be given conservation priority in the forest reserve.
Diversity of Butterflies in Ledokombo Hillocks Jember, East Java, Indonesia
Get PDFLedokombo hillocks are small hills located in Jember, East Java that have natural resources and face habitat alteration such as plantation and mining. However, a study of the diversity of butterflies has not been carried out in this area. We analysed the diversity of butterflies using the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’) and Pielou evenness index (E). We identified 514 individuals from 34 species and demonstrated a moderate diversity of butterflies (H'= 1.907) in this area. Our study results could be used for sustainable ecological management of plantations in Ledokombo Hillocks, Jember, East Java.