Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology
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First Report on Wild Occurrences of Phoenix Mushroom (Pleurotus pulmonarius Fr. Quél.) in Indonesia
Get PDFThe genus Pleurotus is known as a commercially important mushroom and one of the most well-known cultivated mushrooms worldwide. Of many species of Pleurotus, the phoenix mushroom (P. pulmonarius) is cultivated in many countries, including Indonesia. In Indonesia, the farmers and larger companies usually use commercial strains of phoenix mushroom which they purchased from other countries. To date, there was no prior information regarding wild occurrences of P. pulmonarius in Indonesia. During our regular mushroom hunting in Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia, some edible wild fruiting bodies of light brown Pleurotus were collected. The current study aimed to determine the taxonomical position of our specimens based on morphological and molecular evidence. The combination of morphological and molecular analysis confirmed our specimens as P. pulnonarius. Morphologically, our specimens were distinguished by the small to medium sized fruiting bodies, pileus light brown, pinkish brown, to pale brown, flabelliform in the beginning to expanding broadly ovoid in maturity, lamellae shortly to deeply decurrent, stipe fleshy, eccentric to lateral, concolorous with lamellae, Basidiospores cylindrical to ellipsoid, basidia clavate to club shaped, basidioles are abundant, oleiferous hyphae common. The BLAST result revealed that our specimens posed a high similarity to P. pulnonarius from several countries as the top hits. The ITS phylogenetic tree placed Pleurotus FIPIA-DEP51 in the same clade of P. pulnonarius with 100% BS value. This study reports for the first time the wild occurences of P. pulmonarius in Indonesia. Future study should be done to characterize the cultures of reported mushroom which can potentially be the local strain for cultivation of P. pulmonarius industry in Indonesia.
Basidiomycota Macrofungal Communities Across Four Altitudinal Ranges in Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park, Indonesia
Get PDFThe influence of elevation gradient has been investigated across different taxa. However, such studies are scarce for macrofungal communities. This study examined the community structure of Basidiomycota macrofungi across four elevations in Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park, Indonesia. Macrofungi were collected from randomly placed five 10 x 10 m plots at each altitude and identified at the genus level. The results showed that there were 32 genera belonging to 20 families. The NMDS ordination and ANOSIM confirmed that macrofungal composition and abundance do not differ between the studied altitudinal ranges.
Composition and Diversity of Dragonflies (Odonata) in Several Habitat Types in Lumajang Regency, East Java Province, Indonesia
Get PDFLumajang is one of the regency in East Java Province that has various types of freshwater ecosystems and have great potential as habitats for various insects, especially dragonflies. Dragonflies are insects that mostly live aquatically, so their existence is highly dependent on the condition of aquatic ecosystems. This study aims to compare the composition and diversity of dragonfly species in various habitat types in Lumajang. The study was conducted in lentic and lotic ecosystems in Lumajang. The method used was the Visual Encounter Survey (VES) technique adapted from the sweeping net. The data analysis used to determine differences in dragonfly species composition was the Bray-Curtis similarity analysis, while diversity analysis was conducted using the Shannon-Wiener index. This study recorded 29 species from seven families, including seven endemic dragonfly species found only on several islands in Indonesia. In the analysis of the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, the results show that in all research locations have a value of H'= 1.07‒2.11, where the Rice Field habitat is the location with the highest value among other locations, with a value of H' = 2.11. The similarity analysis of dragonfly species composition using Bray Curtis similarity showed that it was divided into three groups. The composition of dragonflies found in several habitats in Lumajang is different, which can be influenced by many factors such as site elevation, habitat type (lentic or lotic), and habitat condition, as well as several other factors such as microclimate and vegetation (related to food availability).
Planktonic Foraminifera Biostratigraphy of the Pliocene Kintom and Bongka Formation, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia
No full textThe Pliocene sediments exposed in the eastern arm of southern Sulawesi consist of Kintom and Bongka Formations, thought to be the result of collisions in the Middle Miocene. The research area is located along the Matindok – OndoOndolu road, Banggai Regency, Central Sulawesi Province. The aims of the research is to determine the rock units that developed in the Kintom – Bongka Formation and determine the chronological time frame based on planktonic foraminifera biostratigraphy. This research used stratigraphic measurement on a scale of 1:100 and Plio-Pleistocene planktonic foraminifera biostratigraphy. A lithological column along 315 meters divided into three rock units. The marl unit and calcareous sandstone unit show characteristics similar to flysch deposits from the collision and are part of the Kintom Formation. Intergrade conglomerate gravelly sandstone deposited unconformably on top of the previous unit is part of the Bongka Formation. This last unit shows characteristics similar to molasse deposits. In total of 46 rock samples were analyzed for foraminifera biostratigraphy. Seven foraminifera biozones showing the age of rock deposition from the Early Pliocene to the Late Pleistocene.The order of the foraminifera biozone is Globorotalia tumida Brady LOZ (PL1a; 5.59 - 4.45 Ma), Globoturborotalita nepenthes Todd CRZ (PL1b; 4.45 - 4.39 Ma), Globotalia acostaensis Blow PRZ (PL2a; 4.39 – 4.31 Ma), Globotalia margaritae Bolli HOZ (PL2b; 4.31 - 3.85 Ma), Sphaeroidinellopsis seminulina Schwager HOZ (PL 3-4; 3.85 – 3.20 Ma), Globorotalia (M) miocenica Palmer/Globorotalia miocenica Palmer HOZ (PL5–6; 3.20 – 2.30 Ma), and Pulleniatina praecursor Banner & Blow HOZ (PL6–PT1a; 2.30 – 2.26 Ma)
The First Report of the Occurrence of the Root Mealybug Ripersiella multiporifera Jansen (2008) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Rhizoecidae) in Indonesia
Get PDFRipersiella multiporifera is a root mealybug species within the family Rhizoecidae that has distinctive bitubular pores on the dorsal and ventral. This species was first discovered by Jansen (2008) in the Netherlands during an import interception of Sansevieria sp. from Indonesia and Hoya kerrii from Thailand. This species was also found during inspections in Sicily (Italy) on the roots of Sansevieria trifasciata. In Indonesia, there are no reports of the existence of R. multiporifera, emphasising the need for research on its presence. This work was conducted the morphological method based on modified determination key and the molecular method based on MtCOI gene. The identified species was R. multiporifera, and this finding represents the first evidence of R. multiporifera's presence in Bali (Indonesia) which can be used as a reference for future research, especially in population control approaches.
Chrysin Inhibits Indonesian Serotype Foot-and-Mouth-Disease Virus Replication: Insights from DFT, Molecular Docking and Dynamics Analyses
No full textChrysin, a predominant compound in Propolis, possesses diverse bioactivities, including antiviral properties. However, its antiviral efficacy against the Indonesian Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) serotype remains unexplored. This study investigates Chrysin's inhibitory potential against FMDV Indonesian serotype by targeting the 3C Protease (3CP), a vital enzyme for viral replication. Multiple sequence alignment was used to reveal unique characteristics of the Indonesian serotype's 3CP compared to global serotypes. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations assessed Chrysin's interaction with 3CP based on electronegativity. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics analyses evaluated Chrysin's inhibitory activity against 3CP, using homology modeling for the Indonesian serotype's 3CP structure. Luteolin, a known FMDV 3CP inhibitor with a similar structure to Chrysin, served as a reference. Results showed distinct 3CP sequences in the Indonesian serotype compared to O serotypes and others. Chrysin exhibited potential electron-donor activity with lower HOMO and LUMO values than Luteolin, but they had similar energy gaps, i.e., 4.016 and 4.044 eV, respectively. Molecular docking indicated similar binding affinities, with Chrysin (-6.365 kcal/mol) and Luteolin (-6.864 kcal/mol) bound to active site residues. Molecular dynamics analysis demonstrated stable 3CP-Chrysin and 3CP-Luteolin complexes, with minor differences in Radius of gyration (Rg) and Root-Mean-Square Fluctuation (RMSF) below 1 Å. From the ligand stability point of view, Chrysin had comparable stability with Luteolin. However, Chrysin formed fewer hydrogen bonds and displayed greater free-binding energy than Luteolin during simulation periods. These findings suggest that Chrysin holds promise as an inhibitor of the Indonesian serotype's FMDV 3C Protease.
Unravelling The Diversity of Cherry Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum Var. Cerasiforme) Seed Microbes and Their Effect on Seed Health
Get PDFHealthy seeds are the foundation of healthy plants. Planting healthy seeds contributes to securing crop productivity and seed germplasm conservation. In this study, we have identified microbes associated with seeds of three cherry tomato genotypes and demonstrated their negative effect on general seed health. Through a combined morpho-cultural and molecular characterisation (using multi-loci analysis of the ITS, β-tubulin, tef1α, and gapdh gene regions for fungi and 16s rDNA for bacteria), we have identified three fungi (Nigrospora sphaerica, N. lacticolonia, and Curvularia aeria), and two bacteria (Citrobacter freundii, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia) from healthy-looking tomato seeds. These fungi and bacteria, through seed-soaked-inoculation, caused seed discoloration, lesions, and low germination. To our knowledge, these are the first reports of Nigrospora sphaerica, N. lacticolonia, Curvularia aeria, Citrobacter freundii, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia on tomato seeds and demonstrated their negative impact on seed health. Seed treatment and interventions are needed to negate the possible effect of these microbes. Future studies on possible seed transmission are warranted.
Genetic Variation of Baram River Frog, Pulchrana baramica (Boettger, 1900), In Java, Sumatra, and Kalimantan based on 16S Mitochondrial Gene
Get PDFBaram River Frog (Pulchrana baramica) is a ranid species distributed in the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra and represents the sole species from the genus Pulchrana on Java Island. Cryptic species are commonly encountered within the amphibian group which can cause confusion in the identification process. Due to the broad distribution range of P. baramica and the frequent occurrence of cryptic species within the amphibian group, it is important to evaluate the taxonomic status of P. baramica. Therefore, we investigated the taxonomic position of P. baramica from three populations (Kalimantan, Sumatra, and Java) and identified the interpopulation genetic variation based on molecular data of the 16S mitochondrial gene. We reconstructed phylogenetic relationships using Neighbour Joining, Maximum Likelihood, and Bayesian Inference. The research results revealed that Pulchrana baramica is a monophyletic group and nested within a group together with P. glandulosa and P. laterimaculata. The monophyletic group of P. baramica consisted of four distinct lineages that molecularly showed interspecific genetic variation. Clade 1 represents the population of Sumatra and Borneo (Kalimantan), clade 2 comprises the population from Borneo (Sarawak), clade 3 consists of population from Java, and clade 4 represents the population from Sumatra. Further research is required with the addition of morphological and acoustic data as supportive evidence to obtain more extensive comprehension of species identification
Isolation and Characterization of Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria from Upland Rice Cultivation Areas in Bangka Regency
Get PDFThe availability of phosphorus (P) in ultisol acid soils presents a significant challenge due to its attachment to aluminum (Al) or iron (Fe) compounds. A potential solution to address this issue is the utilization of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB). Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the potential of PSB originating from upland rice cultivation on ultisol soils. The bacterial isolates were obtained from soil samples taken from the rhizosphere area and root tissue of upland rice plants cultivated in Payabenua and Saing Villages, Bangka Regency. The pathogenicity testing encompassed hypersensitivity and hemolysis tests, while the P solubilization included the evaluation of the phosphate solubilizing index (PSI) and P dissolution. Subsequently, the selected isolates were subjected to phosphatase enzyme and organic acid content assessment. The results showed a total of 120 isolates, predominantly distributed in the Payabenua area and primarily consisting of endophytic bacteria. Among the six selected isolates, genus Burkholderia dominated four isolates, while the remaining isolates belonged to genus Serratia. Furthermore, in Burkholderia vietnamiensis, the solubility value of P in AlPO4 and Ca3(PO4)2 liquid media exhibited a range of 0.0013 to 0.0344% and 0.0008 to 0.1842%, respectively.
Diversity of Santigi (Pemphis acidula J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.), A Mangrove Association in Tomini Bay, Sulawesi, Indonesia
Get PDFPemphis acidula is a wild plant in rocky or sandy coastal areas and mangrove ecosystems. Different geographic characteristics may affect plant adaptability and have an impact on the emergence of various genotypes. This study was performed to reveal the phenetic relationship and genetic variation of P. acidula in 3 different areas in Tomini Bay, Gorontalo Province, Indonesia. We took 3 samples from each location and analysed them using 14 morphological characters and molecular approaches based on ISSR markers and ITS gene. The results showed that P. acidula on Olele had bigger sizes in some morphological features compared to the plants in other study areas. The phenetic analysis showed that P. acidula at Biluhu and Dulanga were more closely related, although P. acidula at the 3 locations had 100% similarity. Genetic variation analysis showed the highest genetic similarity based on ISSR markers was found in Dulanga and Biluhu samples (76.8%). Phylogenetic based on ITS gene revealed that Olele samples were in the same clade with P. acidula accession from GenBank (genetic distance 0-0.19%), while Biluhu samples were a sister group (genetic distance 24.97-25.03%) even though their percentage identity corresponds to P. acidula (81.34%). Plant adaptation to different habitat conditions may affect the genetic diversity of P. acidula.