Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology
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Anatomical and Histological Characteristics of Gonad of Tropical Eel Anguilla bicolor McClelland, 1844 in Different Length Body Size
Get PDFThe sex status of Anguilla bicolor McClelland is difficult to be distinguished between males and females. Thus, we evaluated 309 fishes from The Serayu River, with length and weight range around 9 - 81 cm and 0.59 - 1260 g respectively to access the anatomical and histological characteristics of their gonads for each sex. Parameters assessed were body sizes, eye diameter, fin length, and gonad weight. The results showed that body length, weight, eye index, and gonadosomatic index of the male were significantly smaller (p0.05) between males and females. The histological structure of gonad showed that the eel gonads can be classified as either indifferent gonads, testis, or ovary based on the length of body size. Collecting all the data together it can be concluded that A. bicolor is a gonochoric.
The Influence of Agrochemicals on Macroinvertebrate Community Structure in Various Agricultural Rivers in Jember Regency
Get PDFThe intensive use of agrochemicals in agricultural areas of Jember’s Regency presents a potential threat to the freshwater ecosystem’s community. The use of the benthic macroinvertebrates community may provide a key to monitor the extent of agrochemical impact to maintain valuable ecosystem services. Macroinvertebrates community structure and environmental factors were studied from September–December 2020 in Jember Regency by comparing three different types of agricultural rivers (organic, semi-organic, and conventional). Five community indices (taxa, individuals, Simpson dominancy index, Margalef species richness, and Shannon diversity index) were used to compare the macroinvertebrates community structure between sites. Using community composition and physicochemical properties (bare sediment, width, depth, water current, pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen (DO), and temperature), we generated CCA triplot and correlogram plot to investigate the grouping and the correlation between variables and sites. Results on macroinvertebrate composition showed the importance of using sensitive taxa-group and community indices as an indicator of environmental changes. The family of Tipulidae, Naididae, Cysticidae, and Nereididae demonstrated relation to semi-organic agricultural rivers. Temperature and water current correlate to the presence of clean water indicator species such as Philorheitridae and Chironomidae, as observed in organic agricultural rivers. Conventional and semi-organic agricultural rivers were grouped and largely contributed by the 5 families including Ampullariidae, Pachychillidae, Baetidae, Enchytraidae, and Gomphidae. Correlogram plot suggests a complex interaction between macroinvertebrate community and environmental variables. It can be concluded that the intensive use of agrochemicals may lead to a detrimental change toward the diminished quality of freshwater community and environment.
Pharmacological Maneuver of Mangrove Endophytic Fungi in the South China Sea – A review
Get PDFConventional products have a role in addressing the thriving universal demands for biologically active substances. Since the South China Sea is a prodigious province of geostrategic and mercantile importance, it meets the basic needs of people who dwell there. The South China Sea is dominant in mangrove biodiversity which, represents 11.4% of the world’s 15.5 million hectares of mangrove forest. Mangroves are harbored by multifaceted fungal communities that represent the second colossal ecological breed of marine fungi. The symbiotic association between the plants and fungi stimulates the bioactive components such as alkaloid, depsipeptides, cyclic peptides, quinone, terpenes, lactones, terpenoid, flavonoid, phenolic acid, steroids. These components have multifaceted pharmacological activities likely, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial. This review article attempts to present a piece of insightful information currently being explored on the biologically active components generated by mangrove endophytic fungi of the South China Sea
Antifungal Activities of Neobalanocarpus heimii (Cengal) Heartwood Extracts on Trametes versicolor and Coniophora puteana
Get PDFNeobalanocarpus heimii (Cengal) is from the family Dipterocarpaceae. It is a long-lasting wood that is also one of the most robust timbers in the world. This species is native to Peninsular Malaysia and southern Thailand. In this study, the Cengal heartwood was studied concerning the amount of water extractive content with antifungal properties from the Neobalanocarpus heimii. The dilution method was used to test the antifungal properties. Wood meals samples were subjected to the sequential extractive beginning with hexane followed by dichloromethane, methanol and water. The extracts were collected and underwent evaporation by using rotary evaporator to obtain pure crude extract. The antifungal activities were determined using agar dilution method. Two selected fungi Trametes versicolor (T. versicolor) and Coniophora puteana (C. puteana) were used. The antifungal index (%) which compares the diameter of the growth zone for the experimental plate and control plate was calculated. The total percentage of yield from Neobalanocarpus heimii was 0.28%. The highest antifungal index obtained for Trametes versicolor (T. versicolor) was 81.22%, while C. puteana was 43.24%. The crude extracts from Neobalanocarpus heimii were effective in inhibiting the growth of Trametes versicolor and Coniophora puteana.
Effectivity of Spodoptera littoralis Nucleopolyhedrovirus (SpliMNPV) and Natural Additives Mixtures against Spodoptera litura Fab. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Cabbage Plants
Get PDFArmyworm (Spodoptera litura Fab.) is one of the agricultural pests that can cause huge losses especially for Indonesian farmers because it is damaging various crops, especially cabbage (Brassica oleifera L.). Spodoptera littoralis nucleopolyhedrovirus (SpliMNPV) is one of the biological agent which is effective for the management of the Spodoptera litura. However, because of UV radiation it easily degraded when applied in the fields. This study was aimed to determine the effectivity of several indigenous plants for UV protectant of SpliMNPV for controlling armyworm at greenhouse scale. Extracts of 2% (w/v) of turmeric rhizome, red betel leaf, moringa leaf, and clove flower, were formulated with SpliMNPV and sprayed evenly onto two-month- old cabbages. The experiment used five replicates with six periods of sunlight exposures (0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 15 days). A commercial product of deltamethrin was used as a comparison. The sprayed leaves were then used as a bioassay by using 25 individuals of one day old 1st larval instar by five replicates. The results showed that the turmeric additive was the most effective as a UV protectant and effectively prolonged the half-life of SpliMNPV to 4.12 days, while for clove, moringa leaf, and red betel was 2.48, 2.15, and 2.28 days, respectively
The Effect of Nanoparticles of Piper crocatum Leaves Ethanolic Extract on Liver Insulin Receptor Expression of Diabetic Rat’s Induced by Streptozotocin
Get PDFDiabetes mellitus is a disease related to hyperglycemia and insulin resistance that can lead to the outcome of chronic liver diseases such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Red betel leaves are known as traditional plants that have anti-hyperglycemic potential. This study aimed to investigate the effect of ethanolic extract of red betel leaves nanoparticle (RbL-Nps) on the liver and hepatic insulin receptor’s (INSR) expression in diabetic rats. Thirty rats were included in this study and further divided into five groups containing six rats each. Group I (GI) comprised of the normal rats; while group II (GII), III (GIII), IV (GIV) and V (GV) comprised of diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin (STZ) at dose of 45 mg/kg bw and nicotinamide (NA) at dose of 110 mg/kg bw, intraperitoneally. Group I and II were treated with 0,5% Na-CMC orally. Group III, IV and V were given the oral administration of RbL-Nps at the doses 30, 60, and 90 mg/kg bw diluted in 0,5% Na-CMC, respectively. All groups were treated once daily and subsequently euthanized after 28 days. Liver tissues were collected for immunohistochemistry method to see the INSR expression and haematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. Result in this study revealed that INSR expression on the GI, GIII and GIV were significantly higher compared to that on the GII (p 0.05). Histologically, liver tissues retrieved from GII showed severe vacuolic and necrotic hepatocytes with dilatated sinusoid. Mild vacuolic and necrotic hepatocytes were observed from GV. There were no pathological changes observed in the liver tissues retrieved from GI, GII, and GIV. We concluded that RbL-Nps improved the liver condition of diabetic rats at doses of 30 and 60 mg/kg bw, but not at doses of 90 mg/kg bw
The Protective Effect of Gynura procumbens Adventitious Root against Lead Acetate Toxicity in Mice
Get PDFLead induced oxidative stress contributes to increase the productivity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and to disrupt the antioxidant balance. Gynura procumbens adventitious root (GPAR) methanol extract contains abundant phenolic and flavonoids compounds as antioxidants and can be used as traditional medicinal plants. The objective of this study is to evaluate the protective effect of GPAR against lead acetate toxicity in mice to haematological parameter, histological of hepatic cells, and activities of antioxidant enzymes. The data obtained from five groups of treatment: P1 (control), P2 (Pb acetate-100 mg/L), P3 (GPAR-100 mg/L + Pb acetate-100 mg/L), P4 (GPAR-200 mg/L + Pb acetate-100 mg/L), P5 (GPAR-300 mg/L + Pb acetate-100 mg/L). The results indicated that administration of methanol extract of GPAR can prevent the decreasing of haematological parameter, maintain the percentage of normal hepatic cells, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) due to lead acetate treatment. The effective dose of GPAR extract was 300 mg/L. This study provides that methanol extract of G. procumbens adventitious root exerts protective effects against lead acetate toxicity in mice.
Java Sparrow Lonchura oryzivora at Bali Barat National Park: Do They Still Persist?
Get PDFThe main purpose of the establishment Bali Barat National Park was to conserve the endemic endangered Bali Starling. However, based on data on 2004, one endangered species, Java Sparrow Lonchura oryzivora also resided in there. Current official report of sighting is ultimately required since it acts as reference in the management of a conservation area. We reported four sightings of Java Sparrow flocks occurred in June, 2021 at the Prapat Agung Peninsula, 28 individuals in total consisted of 13 adults and 15 juveniles, in a transition area of monsoon forest and savannah. The biggest flock sighted was eleven individuals. This study therefore confirmed that the Java Sparrow was still persisted at the Bali Barat National Park in 2021, in Prapat Agung Peninsula in particular.
The Effectiveness of Stingless Bees on Pollination of Bitter Melon Plants Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae)
Get PDFThis study aimed to measure the effectiveness of stingless bee Tetragonula cf. biroi pollination on the fruit formation of bitter melon Momordica charantia plants. We used hoods on the observed bitter melon plants. In the first hood, stingless bees are inserted to help pollinate 100 bitter melon plants, while in the other hoods, stingless bees are not inserted so that there is no assistance in pollinating the other 100 bitter melon plants. The method used is the focal sampling method for 25 days of observation. Based on the results of the study, stingless bee pollination assistance increased the percentage of the number of flowers that became fruit by 390%, the weight of seeds/fruit by 64%, number of seeds/fruit by 260%, fruit weight by 163%, fruit diameter by 91%, and fruit length by 86%. In addition to the size of the fruit, the shape of the bitter melon pollinated by bees is standard (long and straight). In contrast, the bitter melon that does not get pollination assistance grows with a bent shape resembling the letter "C." Bitter melon is an agricultural commodity that needs pollinating agents such as stingless bees because of its monoecy.
Population structure and habitat preference of cave crickets (Rhaphidophora sp. (Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae)) in Sanghyang Kenit cave, Citatah karst area, West Java
Get PDFCave crickets are considered as a keystone species that can be used as a cave ecosystem bioindicator. Developing caves as tourism has considerable potential to disturb cave cricket populations. This study aimed to investigate cave cricket population structure and their habitat preference in Sanghyang Kenit cave one year after it developed into a show cave. Data were collected through standardized visual searching in three cave zones: entrance, twilight, and dark. Besides cave crickets, other macroarthropods discovered in each zone were also recorded. Abiotic parameters of habitat comprised air and soil temperatures, RH, soil moisture, soil pH, and light intensity were measured. Data were analyzed to show cave crickets abundance, density, sex ratio, and age structure. Statistical analysis comprising Kruskal Wallis, non-metric multidimensional scaling, and correlation tests were performed. The cave cricket population in Sanghyang Kenit belonged to a single species, Rhaphidophora sp. The population was around 78-108 individuals and distributed in all cave zones. The abundance and density in twilight and dark zones were significantly higher than in the entrance. The number of males outperformed females with a 2.16 ratio. Besides, the population was dominated by the sub-adult class. Environmental parameters of twilight and dark zones tended to be similar to one another compared to the entrance. Cave crickets preferred habitats with dark, humid, and acidic soil pH. Heteropoda sp. and Catagaeus sp. were considered potential predators. This study implies the importance of protecting cave crickets in Sanghyang Kenit.