Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology
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Cytotoxic Evaluation of Eurycoma longifolia Jack Root Extract on Chromosome Aberrations in Human Lymphocytes In vitro
Get PDFThis study aimed to investigate chromosomal aberrations of Eurycoma longifolia Jack (EL) root extract in human lymphocytes in vitro. Human whole blood was cultured in medium solution that treated with distilled water, 20% DMSO, extract of EL roots at the concentration of 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 µg/mL (extracted with distilled water and ethanol), and nontreated (blank: only culture medium and whole blood). All experiments were cultured for 72 hours in the 37°C incubator. The effects of EL roots extract on cytotoxicity were compared with the control groups including the blank, distilled water, and 20% DMSO. This study found that EL root extract significantly decreased metaphase cell number and increased chromosome aberrations dose dependent manner (p<0.01). The 7 types of chromosome aberration that were observed consisted of dicentric chromosome, single chromatid breaks, isochromatid break, isochromatid gap, single chromatid gap, fragmentation, and deletion. The dicentric chromosome was the most common chromosomal aberrations type that was treated with EL root extract both distilled water and ethanol. Moreover, the ethanolic extract of EL root was more effective to stimulate chromosome aberrations compared to the water extract of EL root (the deletion and fragmentation were not found in the water extract of EL root). This study demonstrated that the phytochemicals of EL root extract had cytotoxicity effect (decreased metaphase cells and increase cells death) and genotoxic effect (increased chromosomal aberrations. The use of EL root crude extract with distilled water is therefore safer for cells. However, when EL is used at high levels, it may lead to the inhibition of cell division process and cause side effects (toxicity). EL extracts consist of various phytochemicals with different properties and dosages, thus more studies should be conducted on the effect of those substances on cytotoxicity, especially their effects on genotoxicity humans.
The Effect of Liquid Organic Fertilizer “Bio Ferti” Application on the Growth Rate of Spirulina platensis by Using Haldane Model
Get PDFThis experimental research was performed to observe the influence of an agricultural liquid organic fertilizer called Bio Ferti on the growth and biomass of Spirulina platensis, aiming at replacing inorganic fertilizer with the liquid organic one. The cultivation of the microalgae was conducted over seven days at Nogotirto Algae Park. The liquid organic fertilizer, namely Bio Ferti, was obtained from the Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, and prepared to have doses of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mL. For comparison, an inorganic fertilizer with the same doses was also prepared. The variables to be observed were cell density, dry cell weight, and growth kinetics. The culture medium conditions observed were temperature, pH, and salinity (the optimum salinity was 20 ppt). The growth kinetic analysis was performed mathematically using numerical simulations using the Contois and the Haldane models. This research’s results showed that Bio Ferti affected the growth rate of Spirulina platensis. With a dose of 2 mL, it became the optimum medium which produced the highest density and dry weight of 1.78x106 cells/mL and 160 mg/mL, respectively. Meanwhile, the inorganic fertilizer with a dose of 10 mL produced the highest density and dry weight of 2,13x105 and 80 mg/mL, respectively. The temperature ranged from 28 to 31°C, while the pH ranged from 8.01 to 9.02 for each medium. The suitable model to describe the growth kinetics of Spirulina platensis was the Haldane model
Molecular Identification and Phylogenetic Tree Reconstruction of Marine Fish Species from the Fishing Port of Kutaradja, Banda Aceh
Get PDFThe enormous potential of marine resources possessed by Banda Aceh Province is expected to be utilised optimally. Accuracy in marine fish resource identification is a critical requirement to support their utilisation and preservation in Banda Aceh Province. In this study, a molecular identification approach was carried out in addition to conducting a morphological identification, commonly used by several scientists. The results were 47 COI sequences generated representing 33 genera, 19 families, and five orders. From the resulting COI partial sequences, there is one potential haplotype from the Scombridae family (Auxis thazard), two potential haplotypes from the Carangidae family (Elagatis bipinnulata and Decapterus macarellus), and two potential haplotypes from the Serranidae family (Variola albimarginata and Cephalopholis sonnerati). This study is essential for fisheries biological studies and other fisheries studies to support the sustainable utilisation of marine fisheries potential in Banda Aceh
In Vitro Culture of Phalaenopsis amabilis (L.) Blume Orchid for Seedling Production with Banana Extract Supplementation and Light Treatment for Ex Situ Conservation
Get PDFIn vitro culture is one of the effective cultivation methods for seedling production of orchids that can be used as a powerful tool in the conversation of orchids. The aims of the present study were to (i) investigate the effects of the addition of banana extract (0 g/l, 100 g/l, and 150 g/l) on media (NP media), in two different light regimes (light and dark conditions) on the growth of plantlets of an epiphytic orchid Phalaenopsis amabilis in in vitro culture. Methods used included (i) subculturing orchid seedlings in treatments media, (ii) measuring leaves and roots chlorophyll content and growth parameters, (iii) anatomical preparation of leaves and roots of the seedlings. The results showed that the best condition for getting greater seedlings of P. amabilis plantlets is in media with an addition of 100 g/L banana extract in light condition. The highest amount of chlorophyll in the P. amabilis leaves was found in medium with the addition of 100 g/L banana extract medium in light conditions. The thickness of mesophyll and the largest root diameter of P. amabilis seedlings were also found in media with the addition of 100 g/L banana extract medium in light condition. In conclusion, the addition of 100gr/L banana extract into basic culture medium will be beneficial for seedlings production of P. amabilis with great appearance, for ex situ orchid conservation programs
The Potential of Trichosanthes tricuspidata Lour. from Bangli, Baturiti, Bali for Free Radicals Scavenging
Get PDFIn addition to the studies on potential medicinal uses of Trichosanthes, a screening on phytochemical compounds and antioxidants activity of Trichosanthes tricuspidata from Bangli, Baturiti, Bali, Indonesia, was conducted on its leaves, fruits, peels, and seeds. Qualitative phytochemical tests were conducted to find out the chemical constituents of T. tricuspidata, while its antioxidant activity was tested by applying DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical) method. As a result, flavonoid, alkaloid, terpenoid, tannin, and saponin were present in all methanolic extracts of T. tricuspidata. Furthermore, the best antioxidant activity was exhibited by peel extract. After all, T. tricuspidata contains a prospective compound agent for medicinal use.
Effect of Cryoprotectans and Cryopreservation on Physiological and Some Biochemical Changes of Hopea odorata Roxb. Seed
Get PDFHopea odorata Roxb. is a forest plant from Dipterocarpaceae family that has important economic and ecological functions in the ecosystem. Generative propagation of H. odorata is limited because of its recalcitrant seed that cannot be stored for long periods at room temperature or even at low temperature. Cryopreservation is a seed storage technique that has the potential to prolong the shelf life of recalcitrant seeds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cryoprotectant and cryopreservation treatment on seed viability and biochemical change (electrolyte leakage, total malondialdehyde, total phenol) of H. odorata seeds. Fresh seeds of H. odorata were treated with two types of cryoprotectans namely PVS1 as non penetrating cryoprotectant and PVS2 as penetrating cryoprotectant, each type of cryoprotectant with four different concentrations (25, 50, 75 or 100%(w/v)) and four different immersion times (30, 60, 90 or 120 mins). Seeds were then stored in two different temperatures, at room temperature (28±2⁰C) or in liquid nitrogen (-196±2⁰C) for 24 hours to evaluate the cryoprotectant toxicity. The results showed that H. odorata seeds stored at room temperature and immersed either in 100%, 75% or 50% of PVS1 possess a higher viability as well as germination percentage, germination rate, vigour index and maximum growth potensial. In addition, they have lower value of electrolyte leakage, total malondialdehyde and total phenol compared to those seeds treated with PVS2. Meanwhile, both type of cryoprotectants and cryopreservation treatment in this study have not been able yet to increase seed viability of H. odorata. Cryopreservation treatments caused an increase in the total of malondialdehyde and electrolyte leakageas and these leads the inability of H. odorata seeds to germinate. PVS1 cryoprotectant seems to cause less toxic effects on H. odorata seeds but it can not prevent the negative impact of cryopreservation treatment.
Growth and Physiological Attributes of Rice by the Inoculation of Osmotolerant Rhizobacteria (Enterobacter flavescens) under Drought Condition
Get PDFRice (Oryza sativa L.) has mechanism for morphological, physiological, and biochemical self-defense in response to drought conditions. The ability of osmotolerant rhizobacteria to develop association with plants suggests that it could be used as an inoculum to support plant growth under drought stress. The purpose of this study is to determine the response of ‘IR64’ and ‘Situ Bagendit’ to the inoculation with osmotolerant rhizobacteria under drought conditions. The experiment had 3 treatment factors: 2 rice cultivars ('IR64' and 'Situ Bagendit'), 3 drought treatments (25%, 50% and 100% field capacity), and 2 types of rhizobacteria treatments (without inoculation and with inoculation using osmotolerant rhizobacteria (Enterobacter flavescens). Plant growth was measured in terms of plant height, number of leaves, number of tillers and panicles, and percentage of filled grain. Physiological and biochemical parameters, namely chlorophyll, carotenoids, proline, superoxide dismutase (SOD) peroxidase (POX) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were measured. The inoculation of osmotolerant rhizobacteria enhanced ‘IR64’ and ‘Situ Bagendit’ growth (plant height, number of leaves, tillers and panicles) and increased the percentage of grains in ‘IR64’ cultivar. Proline content, SOD, and APX activities were all increased by osmotolerant rhizobacteria inoculation, however, carotenoid content was decreased. Plant growth, physiological and biochemical responses of both cultivar to drought were enhanced by inoculation with osmotolerant rhizobacteria.
Biodiversity of Freshwater Fish in Kelekar Floodplain Ogan Ilir Regency in Indonesia
Get PDFThe purpose of this study is to investigate fish biodiversity in the Kelekar floodplain. The study is explorative, with the determination of observation stations and with purposive sampling methods. Fishes were captured approximately 1.509 individuals consisting of 17 families and 24 species. The Shannon-Weiner diversity index was 2.394; 2.691; and 2.183 for station 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The Evenness index was 0.764; 0.871; and 0.806 for station 1, 2, and 3, respectively, meanwhile the highest value of Simpson’s dominance index was 0.045. The biodiversity index of the three stations was in the medium category
How to link: Plasmid Curing and Lead Tolerance Ability of Pediococcus pentosaceus
Get PDFPediococcus pentosaceus has a high level of resistance to heavy metals, making it one of the biological alternatives for dealing with heavy metal contamination in the environment. The current study sought to identify the genetic factors responsible for this ability by curing the plasmid of these bacteria using various curing agents (Acridine orange and Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate). The findings demonstrate that both curing agents had perfect curing ability. The bacteria were able to tolerate a wide range of Lead concentrations (50-2000 ppm). This capacity was reduced when the plasmid was removed, but it did not disappear, implying additional resistance genes on the chromosomes. The antibiotic susceptibility observations supported the significance of plasmid genes in lead resistance ability, the findings revealed differences in the pattern of antibiotic resistance between wild and cure plasmid bacteria, the wild one had different antibiotic MIC values for Nitrofurantoin and Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole (<=16 and <=10 µg/ml) respectively), on the other hand for the same antibiotics, the MIC results for plasmid-cured bacteria were 64 and 80 g/ml. Based on the findings, we can conclude that plasmid genes play a significant role in Pediococcus pentosaceus to resist lead, and there is a strong correlation between antibiotic resistance and lead resistance
Biostratigraphy and Paleobathimetry Microfossil Foraminifera in the Sentolo Formation on the Jambon Line, Bantul Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta Province
Get PDFForaminifera microfossils can be used to determine the age of rocks and the depositional environment of an area. The research location is part of Sentolo Formation. Our stratigraphic data located on the Jambon section, Bantul Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta Province. The appearance of the research area is in the form of well-exposed and ideal cliffs and the lithology of the formation has the potential for rock content rich in foraminifera microfossils. This is the reason for the microfossil analysis of planktic and benthic foraminifera in the study area. The purpose of this study is to determine the age and depositional environment. The research method was carried out by measuring the stratigraphic sections, sampling, and doing paleontological analysis based on planktic and benthic foraminifera. The results showed that the biostratigraphy can be divided into Globigerina venezuelana Zone (N18) & the Globorotalia plesiotumida Zone (N19), as well as the paleobathimetry, belongs to upper - lower bathyal