Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology
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Flower Structures of Averrhoa dolichocarpa Rugayah & Sunarti
Get PDFHermaphrodites are believed to be the ancestral characters of flowering plants. However, plants have developed spatially and functionally in arrangements to reduce the chances of self-fertilization. One well-known spatial arrangement is heterostyly. This arrangement is found in almost all Oxalidaceae species, including Averrhoa spp. The question that arises with the discovery of two new species of Averrhoa is how the spatial flower arrangement of the new species is. This study observed flowers of A. dolichocarpa to prove heterostyly of the species. We also compared morphological and anatomical characteristics among flower morphs of A. dolichocarpa. Three flower morphs, S-morph, M-morph, and L-morph, were observed, proving that A. dolichocarpa is tristyly. Morphologically and anatomically, there was no significant difference between the three flower morphs. Differences in morphometry were found in three flower morphs. In addition to the notable differences in style length in heterostyly, differences in ovary height between flower morphs were observed. The flower morphology and anatomy of A. dolichocarpa are similar to that of A. carambola and A. bilimbi and follow the general pattern of Oxalidaceae.
Molecular Mechanism of Inhibition of Cell Proliferation: An In Silico Study of the Active Compounds in Curcuma longa as an Anticancer
Get PDFCancer is one of the death causes in the world. Many plants act as anticancer, one of them is Curcuma longa. The purpose of this study was to analyze the molecular mechanism of compounds in Curcuma longa as an anticancer using in silico. These research methods included exploration of the active compounds of Curcuma longa plants, prediction of their activity, human intestinal absorption test, test of Lipinski's rule of five, molecular docking, and interactions of receptor with compounds as well as signaling pathways. The results showed that Curcuma longa had 20 compounds that have the potential as an anticancer. As many as 5 of the 20 active compounds, namely α-curcumene, curcumenol, curcumin, curcumin II, and curcumin III had a value of Pa > 0.3 and HIA above 80%. The results of molecular docking of α-curcumene, curcumenol, curcumin, curcumin II, and curcumin III compounds with protein receptors of VEGFR-2, EGFR, and FGFR-1 showed ∆Gbind values of -5.0 to -7.5 kcal/mol. The compound in Curcuma longa that had the most effective activity as an anticancer was curcumin with a ∆Gbind value of -7.5 kcal/mol at the FGFR-1 receptor. Curcumin molecular mechanism as antiproliferative was revealed computationally through inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway
Microbial Degradation of Lignocellulose in Empty Fruit Bunch at Various Incubation Time
Get PDFIsolation of cellulose in empty fruit bunch (EFB) is hindered by lignin content. EFB was pretreated with Pleurotus ostreatus which has the ability to degrade lignin, in various incubation times (0th, 15th,30th, 45th, and 60th). The result showed lignin and cellulose decreased from 29.3% to 20.3% and from 40.2% to 26.2%, respectively. The optimum degradation time was on 30th day in which lignin and cellulose contents decreased from 29.3% to 20.3% and from 41% to 39.7% respectively. The cellulose to lignin (C/L) ratio increased from 1.40 to 1.99. These data revealed that P. ostreatus have a high potential for EFB delignification
New Record of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) Association with Kebar Grass (Biophytum petersianum Klotzsch.) in the Grassland Area of Kebar, Tambrauw Regency, West Papua, Indonesia
Get PDFArbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are an important form of symbiosis between fungi and plants in an ecosystem. One of the medicinal plants used by the people in West Papua is kebar grass (Biophytum petersianum Klotzsch.). This study aims to determine the AMF association in the rhizosphere of B. petersianum in grasslands. Survey method was used in this study. The presence of AMF was observed by examining root colonization and spore diversity. The results showed that the percentage of AMF colonization in roots was between 46.7–90.0% with an average of 71.66%. Meanwhile, the number of spores found in the plant rhizosphere averaged 119.8 spores per 10 grams of soil sample. There were 18 species of AMF dominated by the genus Glomus (7 species), Acaulospora (3 species), while the genus Claroideoglomus, Entrophospora, Gigaspora, and Scutellospora were dominated each with 2 species. This finding is the first record on the presence of AMF on B. petersianum in West Papua
Essential Oils Composition of Kaffir Lime (Citrus hystrix DC.) Collection of Bogor Botanic Gardens from Central Java and East Sumba
Get PDFThe Bogor Botanical Gardens' Citrus hystrix collections from East Sumba and Central Java differ in morphology and fruit aroma compared to the common C. hystrix. Hence, this study aimed to determine the essential oils' compositions of C. hystrix originated from Central Java and East Sumba to further clarify these differences. Extraction of essential oils were done using hydro-distillation, and the chemical compositions were investigated using GC-MS. The main compound of the leaf oil from East Sumba and Central Java was Linalool and Citronellal, respectively. Meanwhile, the main constituents were almost identical for the fruit oils, namely L-β-Pinene, D-Limonene, and L-α-Terpineol.
The Effect of Accumulation of Leaf Litters and Allelochemicals in the Soil to the Sustainability of the Newly Introduced Crop Plants
Get PDFIndonesia is the second-largest vanilla production and the third-largest cocoa production in the world, but it sustained for a short period. The unsustainability of these crops is speculated to occur because of the change in leaf litter accumulation which affected the sustainability of soil organic carbon that plays an important role in maintaining soil health and fertility. To find out methods that could improve the sustainability of the production, a literature review was conducted. The articles, related to the sustainability of vanilla and cacao production, were collected using Google Scholar, Wiley Online Library, ResearchGate, and Google Chrome browser. Keywords were employed to find the articles includingsoil organic carbon, cocoa plantation, vanilla, leaf litter, and allelochemical. This current article review foundthat introducing crop by clearing of previously existing vegetation could severely reduce the rate of leaf litter accumulation. Consequently, in a prolonged period, the soil organic carbon and soil fertility are very low and are unable to support the healthy growth and production of the crops. To restore production, the plantation then is returned to more traditional agroforestry such as replanting shading trees and addition of mulch. However, in the higher density of canopy, the crop production is low attributed partly to the decreasing soil pH which increases the impact of allelochemical. This review concluded that the sustainability of leaf litter accumulation is crucial to maintain soil health, but mitigation is required to reduce the impact of allelochemical accumulation.
Herpetofaunal Assemblages in the Lowland Regions of Sumatera Barat
Get PDFThe habitat destruction and land-use changes caused the decline of animal composition in many tropical regions. Here, we study the diversity of herpetofauna in the lowland areas in Sumatera Barat, a midwestern province in Sumatera island, using a visual encounter survey method. The surveyed habitat included rubber plantations, streams, paddy fields, and peat swamps. We observed 338 individuals representing 44 species from 14 families of herpetofauna with almost 90% individuals were amphibians. Overall, the rubber plantations contained a higher number of species than other types of habitat. For amphibians, Ranidae and Dicroglossidae represented the first and the second highest both in the species and individual number. For reptiles, Agamidae and Colubridae or Gekkonidae accounted for the first and the second highest in the individual number while Colubridae and Scincidae consisted of the highest species number. Our data showed that the diversity index was mostly in moderate level except in paddy field. The species composition in rubber plantations were more similar to those of streams rather than paddy field or peat swamp Sago habitat.
Genetic Diversity of Elephant Foot Yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius) and Two Other Relatives from the Meratus Mountains of South Kalimantan, Indonesia
Get PDFElephant foot yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius) is a tuber crop with high economic value, so it is very prospective to be developed. This study aimed to characterize and determine the genetic diversity and relationship of A. paeoniifolius and two other relatives from the Meratus Mountains of South Kalimantan, Indonesia, using the rbcL marker. Eight samples of A. paeoniifolius and three other ones (outgroups), two of A. muelleri and one of A. borneensis, were used in the study. The genetic diversity was determined using the nucleotide diversity index (π), whereas the phylogenetic relationships were reconstructed using the Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Neighbor-Joining (NJ) methods. The results show that this germplasm has a high diversity at an inter-species level of 0.95% and a low at intra-species (0.33%). The phylogenetic analyses revealed that Amorphophallus from this region separated into different clades, three for NJ and one for ML. In this case, A. paeoniifolius var. sylvestris from Bati-Bati, Tanah Laut is closely related to A. paeoniifolius var. hortensis from Marajai, Balangan. In conclusion, although Amorphophallus from the Meratus Mountains of South Kalimantan, Indonesia, shows a high diversity at an inter-species level, the phylogenetic analyses revealed a unique relationship. This finding is expected to be a reference in supporting efforts to conserve, cultivate, and utilize sustainable Amorphophallus, globally and locally, particularly for the Dayak Meratus community of the South Kalimantan, Indonesia.
Diversity, Abundance, and Traditional Uses of Asteraceae Species in Mount Bisma, Dieng Plateau, Kejajar, Wonosobo, Central Java
Get PDFAsteraceae is the largest and most diverse family of flowering plants which contains more than 20,000 species distributed in nearly all types of habitats all over the world. In mountainous regions such as Mount Bisma, it is estimated to have plenty and diverse member of the Asteraceae family, and used in the local community for various uses. This research aimed to understand the diversity, abundance, and uses of Asteraceae members that are found wild in Mount Bisma. Taxonomy and ecological data were gathered using an exploration method and purposive sampling method, from the point, a plot measured 3x3 m2 was created to estimate the vegetation parameters in the mountain top and mountain valley area. Ethnobotanical data were gathered in Sikunang Village, a nearby village of Mount Bisma using a semi-structured interview and open-ended questions. Data were analysed descriptively and quantitatively using several indices such as Importance Value Index (IVI), Index of Cultural Significance (ICS), and index of Use Value (UV). The result showed that there were 18 species from two subfamilies that grew wild in both mountain top and valley of Mount Bisma. The highest importance value belonged to Ageratina riparia, which was scored in the mountain top and valley 71.00 and 91.53, respectively. Uses of Asteraceae in Sikunang were varies, ranging from being a side dish, medicine, firewood, souvenir, and other uses. Galinsoga parviflora and Galinsoga quadriradiata showed the highest ICS value of 41, whereas Austroeupatorium inulifolium scored the highest in UV of 1.8. The study presented high number of Asteraceae diversity and use. Thus, implies that Mount Bisma has vast unexplored biodiversity and locals around Mount Bisma have rich traditional knowledge.
Antioxidant activity of phenolic compound of Astraeus hygrometricus: A Case of Ranchi, India
Get PDFThe forest region of Ranchi district of Jharkhand, India, is very rich with different types of wild mushrooms. This study collected two hundred samples. There are nine different species were identifiedand one them was Astraeus hygrometricus that chosen for isolation, purification, and characterization of its compounds. This mushroom was chosen because of its nutritive value as for human consumption and also fewer studies done on it. It has got many compounds unrevealed. Various techniques such as solvent extraction including phase separation, TLC, FT-IR, and MS were employed in this study. Also, the total phenol content and antioxidant assay (DPPH) of the purified transparent compound of methanolic extract was carried out. The study showed that unknown transparent phenolic compound, established as astrakurkurol with molecular weight 485 was obtained.