Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology
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Management Strategies of Mangrove Biodiversity and the Role of Sustainable Ecotourism in Achieving Development Goals
Get PDFMangrove forest is a unique and vulnerable ecosystem. This ecosystem serves both ecological and economic purposes. The Siak government has begun to develop the Sungai Apit District mangrove area, which has potential. The goal of this research was to develop a sustainable mangrove ecotourism strategy through five research goals: (1) identification of mangrove species diversity; (2) identification of ecotourism supply; (3) identification of ecotourism demand, (4) development strategy of mangrove ecotourism, and (5) development of the potential for mangrove ecotourism to increase the SDGs value. This research was conducted from January to April 2020. The supply and demand of natural tourism objects and attractions were assessed using ADO-ODTWA criteria analysis. The IFAS/EFAS and SWOT analysis was used to develop a mangrove ecotourism development strategy based on the valuation of ADO-ODTWA aspects. The contribution of mangrove ecotourism to UNESCO’s SDG indicators for sustainable development. According to research, there are 35 species of mangroves on the Sungai Apit coast. The outcomes demonstrated that the feasibility level of tourism attractions (204 points) and supporting elements (472 points) met high-level criteria. It indicated that the area had a high potential for development as a mangrove ecotourism area. Based on IFAS/EFAS, SWOT analysis and the grand strategy selection matrix, the position of mangrove ecotourism strategy was in Quadrant I (Strength-Opportunity). The strategy that could be developed included (1) developing special interest mangrove ecotourism product; (2) increasing facilities; (3) improving the quality of human resources; (4) developing a network on the website and (5) increasing coordination with the Government. By implementing ecotourism strategy, the SDGs can be achieved, including: no poverty (goal 1); decent work and economic growth (goal 8); climate action (goal 13); life below water (goal 14); life on land (goal 15); and partnerships to achieve goals (goal 17).
An Extensive Review on Production, Purification, and Bioactive Application of Different Classes of Bacteriocin
Get PDFLactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) synthesize various metabolites during their growth phase and are Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) and Qualified Presumption of Safety (QPS). Ribosomally synthesized Antimicrobial Peptides (AMP) or Bacteriocins from the genera of Lactic Acid Bacteria and other prokaryotic genera are cationic, heat-stable, amphiphilic and the membrane permeabilizing peptides built with an excess amount of lysyl and arginyl residues. Antimicrobial compounds produced by LAB depend on the physical and biological conditions of microbial culture. Different classes of bacteriocin are produced by both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The production of bacteriocin is influenced by various environmental factors. Bacteriocin has a wide variety of applications in various fields. The application spectrum of bacteriocins can be expanded in various domains such as food processing, biomedical, and personal care due to the increase in the number of newly discovered bacteriocins. Bacteriocins acquire a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity with minimal level of cytotoxicity. In addition, bacteriocins were studied for their anticancer activity against different cancer cell lines. Selective binding of bacteriocins (cationic) towards cancer cells (anionic) increases the cytotoxicity of cancer cells. Bacteriocin peptides initiate necrosis by communicating with the cell surface which selectively targets and kills the cells with tumor formation and does not cause any damage to the normal healthy cells. In this review, the bacteriocins synthesized from lactic acid bacteria along with their interaction with cancer cell lines and other applications are discussed along with a few examples of other bioactive compounds produced by LAB.
The Hypolipidemic Effect of Mountain Papaya and Bitter Melon Fruit Ethanolic Extract in Diabetic Rats
Get PDFTraditional medicine has been developed rapidly throughout the world to treat hyperlipidemia. However, the use of a single compound in hyperlipidemia treatment usually have low efficacy. Therefore, a combination of ingredients is bound to have more synergistic impact in therapy. This research aimed to examine the hypolipidemic potential of mountain papaya (MPE) and bitter melon fruit ethanolic extract (BME) in alloxan-induced rats. Forty rats divided into eight groups were used in this study. Groups are divided into normal control, negative control, positive control, as well as MPE and BME groups which divided into single doses and three combination doses. Induction of 150 mg/kg alloxan intraperitoneally were performed to generate a model of diabetes and hyperlipidemia. The treatment was carried out for four weeks of the experiment. The single and combination doses of both extracts sufficiently exhibited hypolipidemic activity (p < 0.05). The levels of lipid profiles total such as cholesterol, triacylglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, and very high-density lipoprotein were decreased after MPE and BME administration (p < 0.05). The combination of MPE and BME also has hypolipidemic action equivalent to simvastatin. The single and combined doses of mountain papaya, as well as bitter melon fruit ethanolic extracts, have the potential to improve the biochemical (lipid profile) modifications of alloxan-induced
COI-Based DNA Barcoding of Selais Fish from Arut River, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia
Get PDFSelais fish belongs to the family Siluridae consisting of 12 genera with 104 properly validated species. The human need for these fish has sharply increased due to the benefits provided, especially for consumption. However, morphologically the selais fish are slightly challenging to differentiate among other silurid fish for non-specialist experts. Thus, a DNA barcoding approach using the mitochondrial COI gene as a molecular marker in this study was applied to clarify a taxonomic position and classification species of selais fish from Arut River (Central Kalimantan, Indonesia) and was also to assembly fish COI database storage from Indonesia. In this research, the method used was a PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) method with a pair of universal barcoding primers, FishF2 and FishR2. Based on partial COI fragment-based DNA barcoding, the whole samples showed no sequence differences (only 1 haplotype) within the population and this confirmed that these fish only consisted of one identical species. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis (NJ / ML / BI) revealed that selais fish in this study had a close genetic relationship with Ompok hypophthalmus compared to other Ompok groups. This relationship was supported by the genetic distance value not exceeding 3.6% and this evaluated the undetermined naming of the selais fish from Arut River which was previously still unclassifiable
Using Feathers for Molecular Sexing of Straw-headed Bulbul (Pycnonotus zeylanicus) Offsprings
Get PDFSex determination of straw-headed bulbul offspring was carried out from 27 offspring’s plucked feather samples in a captive breeding program. Using direct PCR, this study provided more evidences that feather samples are reliable as a source of DNA for non-invasive and effective molecular sexing. The study also revealed that the offspring sex ratio of straw-headed bulbul was slightly inclined towards males, but there was no significant difference from the value of 0.5.
Rediscovery of Bombus rufipes Lepeletier 1835 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Bombidae) on Mount Slamet
Get PDFBombus rufipes Lepeletier 1835 (Hymenoptera: Bombidae) is the only species of Bombidae found in Java. Recent information suggests that it occurs in Java on Mounts Salak 1200 m asl., Mt. Halimun, Mt. Pangrango Gede Complexes, Mt.Cermai, (West Java) Mt.Slamet , Mt. Merapi, Mt. Merbabu, Mt Telomoyo (Central Java) and Mt Argopuro (East Java) , at altitudes above 1,500 m asl. We sought to rediscover this species on Mount Slamet by surveying natural forests at altitudes of 1,500–2,500 m asl on the eastern slopes of Mount Slamet, from August to October 2020 and August to October 2021. Descriptive and morphometric data were obtained and analyzed. The survey revealed five colonies nesting on the ground at an average depth of ca. 70 cm; the colonies contained 18–24 individuals and 22–36 cells (brood, honey, and pollen cells). Based on morphometric measurements and the description of Frison (1930), the species was identified as Bombus rufipes Lepeletier 1835. Therefore, Bombus rufipes still occurs on Mount Slamet. These results provide basic information that should aid further research on this species.
Autecology of Castanopsis argentea (Blume) A.DC. in Telaga Warna Nature Reserve Area, Bogor Regency
Get PDFThe red list of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) reported Castanopsis argentea as an endangered species. Studies about autecology on its natural habitat become important to perform species conservation. This study aimed to analyze the population structure, distribution pattern, and environmental factors that influence the presence of C. argentea in the Telaga Warna Nature Reserve. Data was collected in September 2020 by making 21 plots with a single plot. The purposive sampling method was used based on C. argentea representatives to determine plot location. Measurement of environmental factors, including soil sampling was carried out on each plot. Population structure was analyzed based on plant density, and Morisita index determined the distribution pattern. Environmental data were analyzed using PCA with Minitab 19 programs. Our field observation showed that C. argentea seedling has the highest density (1071 ind/ha) and decreased in the mature phase. C. argentea was found to have a clumped distribution pattern with an Id value of 1.03. PCA analysis showed differences in environmental factors that were thought to influence the presence of C. argentea individuals in four growth phases. The highest population structure of C. argentea was found in the growth phase of seedlings and saplings at an altitude of 1400 m asl. The spread population distribution of C. argentea was clumped. The influences of environmental variables on the existence of C. argentea were Mg, Ca, CEC, pH, and soil moisture.
Review: Current Checklist of Local Names and Utilization Information of Indonesian Wild Mushrooms
Get PDFMushrooms have been considered an important part of human life due to their various benefits and potential. In Indonesia, many indigenous people get used to foraging and using wild mushrooms as part of their daily lives. To date, there was no update following prior local name checklist of wild mushroom and their uses in Indonesia. Thus, this review aims to provide the latest work on that information known so far in the country. A literature review was focusing on available publications containing the local names and the use of wild mushrooms in Indonesia. 107 mushrooms in total are known to have 170 local names with 36 of them having more than 1 indigenous name. Some of them: Coprinus spp., Polyporus spp., Schizophyllum commune, Scleroderma spp., Termitomyces spp., and Trametes spp. are known to have 5 local names for each region and ethnicity that uses them. 50 species of mushrooms in total are used as food and traditional medicine. The information was derived from 8 provinces and 8 tribes, of which West Kalimantan Province and Javanese ethnicity contributed to the highest number of it. The number of local names is expected to increase as more investigations are conducted in the near future.
The Gastrointestinal Parasites in Habituated Group of Sulawesi Black-crested Macaque (Macaca nigra) in Tangkoko, North Sulawesi
Get PDFThe Sulawesi black-crested macaque (Macaca nigra) is an endemic primate of North Sulawesi that is categorized as critically endangered (IUCN 2015). Endoparasite contributes to the decline of M.nigra. Therefore, this study aims to determine the prevalence of endoparasites in the Sulawesi black-crested macaque (M. nigra). We collected 80 fresh fecal samples representing all sex from the two habituated groups. We analyzed them using the direct examination technique (0.9% NaCl, iodine, methylene blue) and flotation technique with the modified McMaster test. A total of 15 endoparasite taxa were recorded and 78 of 80 samples were infected with at least one or several endoparasite taxa. Around 93.75% (75/80) samples were positive for protozoa (Balantidium sp., Entamoeba sp., Giardia sp., and Isospora sp.) and 88.75% (71/80) samples were positive for helminths (Ancylostoma sp., Strongyloides sp., Haemonchus sp., Trichuris sp., Trichostrongylus sp., Ascarid sp., Diphyllobothrium sp., Echinococcus sp., Hymenolepis sp., Schistosoma japonicum and Schistosoma mekongi). The abundance of protozoa was higher than helminth, although the number of helminth taxon (11) was higher. The average temperature and monthly rainfall did not affect the number of endoparasites (EPG). The prevalence was higher in females than males due to different social styles; female crested macaques are more tolerant than males. The group with a larger number of individuals had a higher prevalence of endoparasites. These results confirm the presence and high diversity of gastrointestinal endoparasites in M. nigra, which can help to understand transmission dynamics and zoonotic potential, as well as to consider conservation policies.
Immunonutrition and Hepatoprotectant Aspects of Moringa Oleifera Leaf Nanoemulsion Syrup as an Antituberculosis Adjuvant for Children with Tuberculosis
Get PDFTuberculosis in children is a global health problem that decreases the quality of life of children. Based on data from the Indonesian Ministry of Health in 2016, nearly 69.000 children had tuberculosis and the case keeps increasing every year. Moringa oleifera leaf nanoemulsion syrup has immunonutrition and hepatoprotectant effects in children with tuberculosis. Moringa oleifera leaf nanoemulsion syrup contains proteins, micronutrients, and minerals which have a biological role as an immunity agent and prevent toxic effects of tuberculosis drugs. Until now, the use of Moringa oleifera leaf nanoemulsion syrup has been carried out for the immunomodulatory and hepatoprotective aspects. Immunomodulatory and hepatoprotective aspects will be discussed further in this literature review. The sources of articles in this literature review are pubmed.com, ncbi.com, plosone.com, sciencedirect.com, and googleschoolar.com from 2010-2020, except when there is no new research against the article. The authors searched for the keywords: "immunonutrition", "tuberculosis in children", "hepatoprotectant", and "Moringa oleifera". As an immunomodulator, Moringa oleifera leaf nanoemulsion syrup stimulate activation of polimorphonuclear (PMN) cells. As a hepatoprotectant, Moringa oleifera leaf nanoemulsion syrup work by reducing the side effects of conventional tuberculosis drugs such as rifampicin by suppressing the action of cytochrome p450 (CYP1A2 and CYP2B), thus decreases the production of toxic hydrazine which causes liver toxicity in tuberculosis patient. Seeing the various interests in the immunomodulatory and hepatoprotective aspects, Moringa oleifera leaf nanoemulsion syrup can be used as an adjuvant therapy in overcoming tuberculosis in children by stimulating the activation of immunity cell such as PMN, increasing nutrient absorption, and suppressing the action of cytochrome p450 (CYP1A2 and CYP2B)