Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology
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Autecology of Nepenthes spp. in Peat Swamp and Heath Forest Pematang Gadung, West Kalimantan
Get PDFNepenthes occur in various habitat types in West Kalimantan. But some species are categorized as vulnerable on the IUCN red list. Autecological studies of Nepenthes spp. are required for species management and conservation. The study aimed to analyze species diversity, distribution pattern, association, and environmental factors that correlated with Nepenthes spp. at peat swamp and heath forest in Pematang Gadung. Data was collected in September 2021 by purposive sampling on 60 plots measuring 3 x 3 m2 in each habitat type. Species diversity was analyzed based on the presence and abundance of species in the plots. The distribution pattern was determined using a standardized Morisita index (Ip). Meanwhile, the association type was determined based on the Jaccard index (JI). Environmental data were analyzed by Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) using Past Version 4.03. This study found six wild species in a peat swamp and four species in a heath forest. The population of Nepenthes spp. has clumped distribution pattern with Ip>0. Nepenthes spp. are associated with plants such as Barringtonia racemosa, Syzygium sp., Nephrolepis biserrata, and Campnosperma auriculatum. The result of CCA revealed that environmental factors in both habitat types affected the presence of each Nepenthes species. The air temperature, humidity, soil moisture, and light intensity show different influences on different species.
Comparison of Soil Arthropod Diversity and Community Structure in Various Types of Land Cover in Malang Region, East Java, Indonesia
Get PDFLand cover heterogeneity can affect the structure of biodiversity in the supplied niche, so it is necessary to know the taxa community. This study aimed to understand the effect of land cover variation on the diversity and community structure of soil arthropods. The types of habitats used include urban areas, agroforestry, gardens, and natural forests which are determined in the Malang Region, East Java, Indonesia. Hand sorting and hay bait traps were applied in this study to obtain a variety of arthropod soils and the Berlese-Tullgren funnel was used to extract them. As a result, there are 25 families from 15 orders collected based on their ecological roles. The abundance of Philoscidae in sites S1 and S2 (urban green space), Talitridae in site S6 (agroforestry), and Isotomidae in sites S3, S4, and S5 (highland mixed forest) was highest and dominant. Site S7 has the highest diversity (H' = 2.56; 1-D = 0.90; J' = 0.76) even though its family richness is lower. The site S3 counter-site had relatively high taxa richness (TR = 13), but low diversity (H' = 1.02; 1-D = 0.39; J' = 0.16). Based on clustering analysis and NMDS ordination, 3 classifications of habitat types were obtained, namely I (S6 & S7), II (S3, S4 & S5), and III (S1 & S2). Mixed forest habitats contain a more complex diversity of soil arthropods, which can serve as a model for improving the fertility of disturbed ecosystems.
Birds Species on Vertical Stratification of Mangrove Vegetation Nusa Lembongan, Bali Indonesia
Get PDFThis study aims to determine the use of vertical stratification of mangrove vegetation by bird species in the mangrove ecosystem of Nusa Lembongan. The study was conducted at seven mangrove ecosystem sites, in April-July 2021. Observation of the number of birds in each vegetation strata was carried out using the point count method. The association of the use of vegetation strata by bird species was carried out by Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) statistical test. The results showed that total of 32 species are found in the mangrove ecosystem of Nusa Lembongan which belong to 26 families. There is a strong association between bird species and the vertical strata of vegetation. The species of birds associated with pure mangrove vegetation are; strata I, namely Amaurornis phoenicurus (Pennant,1769), Ardea purpurea Linnaeus, 1766, Sterna bergii M.H.K.Lichtenstein, 1823, Passer domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758), and Pycnonotus aurigaster (Vieillot, 1818); strata II are Todiramphus chloris (Boddaert, 1783), Todirhamphus sanctus (Vigors and Horsfield, 1827), Alcedo coerulescens Vieillot, 1818 and Butorides striata (Linnaeus, 1758); strata III are Hypothymis azurea (Boddaert, 1783), Lanius schach Linnaeus, 1758, Merops philippinus Linnaeus, 1767, Nectarinia jugularis Linnaeus, 1766 and Gerygone sulphurea Wallace, 1864; strata IV are Collocalia linchi Horsfield & F.Moore,1854, Oriolus chinensis Linnaeus, 1766, Hirundo tahitica Gmelin,1789 and Pycnonotus goiaver (Scopoli, 1786). The bird species associated with mixed mangrove and dryland vegetation are strata I, namely species Turnix suscitator (J.F.Gmelin, 1789), Acridotheres javanicus Cabanis, 1851, Anthreptes malacensis (Scopoli, 1786), Passer domesticus (Linnaeus,1758), Pycnonotus aurigaster (Vieillot, 1818), Spilopelia chinensis (Scopoli, 1786) and Geopelia striata (Linnaeus, 1766); strata II, namely Alcedo coerulescens Vieillot, 1818, Zosterops chloris Bonaparte, 1850, Todirhamphus sanctus (Vigors and Horsfield,1827) and Todiramphus chloris (Boddaert, 1783); strata III, namely Anthreptes malacensis (Scopoli,1786), Cacomantis merulinus (Scopoli,1786), Hypothymis azurea (Boddaert,1783), Copsychus saularis (Linnaeus,1758), Nectarinia jugularis Linnaeus, 1766, Gerygone sulphurea Wallace, 1864 and Merops philippinus Linnaeus,1767; strata IV, namely Collocalia linchi Horsfield & F.Moore,1854, Hirundo tahitica Gmelin,1789 and Corvus sp. Factors influencing strata preference by birds are resources, both food and space, as well as the bioecological characteristics of the birds themselves.
Combining Moderate and High Resolution of Satellite Images for Characterizing Suitable Habitat for Vegetation and Wildlife
Get PDFCombining different resolution of remote sensing satellites becomes a unique approach for vegetation and wildlife habitat assessment study. Remote sensing technology can reach land and water on the Earth's surface, and it can interpret signals from spectral responses. When these techniques are combined with Geographical Information Systems (GIS), land can be monitored in a variety of ways. Meanwhile, changes in land use led to changes in vegetation on the ground, with natural vegetation being removed from natural forests, leaving a degraded forest. This issue was not investigated for assessing habitat suitability for important plantations such as Eucalyptus plantation. Therefore, the study employed remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) to model suitability of habitat to live and to survive in the Eucalyptus plantation. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) derived from a mathematical equation can demonstrate intensity of greenness of green vegetation in particular area and time, and availability of soil moisture, respectively, is very suitable to model the greenness of the area. WorldView-2 satellite image was pre-proceed, proceed, and classified to produce land use indicator in Sabah Softwoods Berhad plantation majoring Eucalyptus spp. tree planted in Tawau, Sabah. Sentinel and Landsat 8 image were used for vegetation and water stress indicator were downloaded from Land Viewer application. Net Primary Productivity (NPP) at monthly scale was also calculated and ranked the productivity for the suitability mapping. Climatic condition based on monthly precipitation and seasonality derived from ASEAN Specialized Meteorological Centre (ASMC) was employed for ranking its suitability value. In this study, natural forest and oil palm plantation is tested to developed suitability map for vegetation and wildlife habitat to live with. All indicators were ranked 10 to 40 presenting benefit and usefulness of the indicator to vegetation and wildlife in the study area. Then, final classification was made from accumulation of those indicators into 0 to 200 (Not suitable to Highly suitable). The results showed 59.9% of the area classified as moderately suitable, 36.9% highly suitable, 3.2% least suitable and no area was classified as not suitable. This type of study assisted forest managers and policymakers for better managing of their forests for better life of trees and wildlife under their management. The methodology adapted in the study is ecologically sounded and economically viable to be modified and complied in Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) in Malaysia and other tropical forest regions.
Comparison of Light Intensity under the Canopy between Sal (Shorea robusta) and Akashmoni (Acacia auriculiformis) in Agroforestry Stands: Effect of Tree Size and Distance from Individual Trees
Get PDFAgroforestry is now inevitable for meeting the snowballing demand for food of the growing number of people worldwide. The light environment is the most important driving force for the growth and development of crops in agroforestry stand. The present study aims to quantify the light interception in two different agroforestry types, where one was composed of Shorea robusta (Sal) with Ananas comosus and another was Acacia auriculiformis (Akashmoni) with Ananas comosus. The relative Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) was measured by a pair of quantum sensors in four directions from some individual trees. Spatial variation of PAR was also explored in both stand types. The results revealed that RPAR did not significantly (P>0.05) vary among four directions of individual trees in S. robusta but the A. auriculiformis showed a significant difference (P0.05) in the light environment. Our findings explored that both the tree species would be suitable species for agroforestry practices in the area. For the betterment of the natural S. robusta forest responsible authorities should encourage people to avoid A. auriculiformis plantations near the natural S. robusta forest which will enhance the conservation of S. robusta cover in its natural habitat.
Advancement in Plant Tissue Culture-Based Research for Sustainable Exploitation of Well-Known Medicinal Herb Bacopa Monnieri
Get PDFThe current review focuses on the plant Bacopa monnieri, one of prominent medical herbs in Indian ayurvedic system. The plant is well known for its cognitive and memory enhancing capabilities. The plant contains many useful alkaloids and secondary metabolites. Studies have shown that it has various promising pharmacological properties which have the potential to treat many illnesses and disorders such as asthma, bronchitis, rheumatism also in for renal disease, water retention, blood cleaning etc. This leads to the over exploitation of the plant which puts a stress on the naturally available stock of the plant, therefore, it becomes a necessity to find optimum methods for mass production of the plant and its important secondary metabolites. This review attempts to compile and to discuss the advancements in methods and techniques including type of culture vessels, plant growth regulators (PGRs), effect of stress, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) interactions; for in vitro propagation of Bacopa monnieri and the enhanced production of its important bioactive (bacoside) for its sustainable exploitation.
Genetic Identification of Two Mudskipper Species (Oxudercidae: Periophthalmus) from Kulon Progo, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Get PDFMudskippers are commonly cryptic species, making identification based solely on morphological characteristics challenging. This study used the DNA barcoding method to identify mudskipper species based on the COI mitochondrial gene. The analysis revealed two distinct species, P. kalolo (20 samples) and P. argentilineatus (3 samples) with high GC contents ranging from 42.94-45.2%. The genetic divergence analysis of P. kalolo showed that they divided into two clades, while P. argentilineatus is divided into three clades with two of the clades (C and D) still conspecific groups, and those two clades with clade E exhibit a genetic distance greater than 3.5%, suggesting the presence of cryptic species. These findings provide valuable insights into the intraspecies genetic diversity of mudskippers in Indonesia, which could have essential implications for conservation efforts and highlight the potential of DNA barcoding as a powerful tool for the identification of cryptic species. Further research combining molecular and morphological identification could lead to a more comprehensive understanding of species identification and help address the challenges posed by cryptic species
Isolation and Characterization of Rhizospheric Bacteria Associated with Canna Plant for Production of Maltooligosaccharide Amylase
Get PDFThe objectives of the study were to isolate amylolytic bacteria from the rhizosphere and plant tissue of Canna edulis Ker., as well as litter; to know oligosaccharide compounds produced from starch hydrolyzed by the bacterial enzymes, and to identify the amylolytic bacteria based on phenetic and 16S rRNA gene sequences. From the rhizosphere, Canna plant tissue, and litters obtained thirty-two amylolytic bacterial isolates. Eight isolates (TH6, TH7, T5, T10, D2, D3, A3, S1) produced high clear zone diameters ranging from 18-30 mm; especially an isolate T10, which was consistent in producing a total clear zone diameter of 20 mm. The hydrolysate of starch hydrolysed by the T10 amylase resulted in three oligosaccharide compounds maltotriose, maltotetraose, and maltopentose. The amylase activity of isolate T10 was optimal at a temperature of 40°C and pH at 0.801 U/mL. The isolate T10 was identified as a species member of Bacillus toyonensis based on phenotyphic characterization and 16S rDNA gene sequencing analysis with a similarity value of 99.93
Molecular Identification of Several Morphologically Distinct Flowerhorn Fish (Family) Using Mitochondrial COI Gene Marker
Get PDFFlowerhorn fish has been known as a breed of fish produced by artificial hybridization between several cichlid fish. Other ornamental cichlid fish generally known to be crossed to make flowerhorn variant includes Amphilophus citrinelus, Amphilophus labiatus, Vieja melanurus, and Amphilophus trimaculatus. Our study identified a variety of flowerhorn samples with distinct morphotypes, dubbed as Cencu (LH1CC), Kamfa (LH2KF), Thai Silk (LH3TS), Kirin (LH4KR), Parrot (LH5PR), and Vieja (LH6VJ) using mtDNA COI-based DNA barcoding. Molecular analysis and phylogenetics showed that all sample had 0% genetic divergence and conspecific with A. trimaculatus sequence. Hence, we concluded that despite having varied morphotypes, all flowerhorn samples were identified as A. trimaculatus and were a variation of flowerhorn from A. trimaculatus lineage. The findings should be used as a precaution as the fish is identified as an invasive species.
Biostratigraphy and Climate Change in the Late Miocene Age Based on Foraminifera in the Oyo Formation, Oyo River Section, Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta
Get PDFThe date of the paleoclimate event was ascertained using a biostratigraphic analysis. The thickness of the Oyo Formation was measured using measurements with a Jacob stick method, yielding a thickness of 80.8 meters and 23 rock samples. In the Southern Mountains Zone, new result of the age of the upper part of the Oyo Formation by biostratigraphy investigation of the hill Late Miocene (9.79 Ma to 5.78 Ma). Biostratigraphic investigation in the Oyo River revealed 28 species and 9 genera, with two datums. The study area was classified into three biozonations based on the datum found Globorotalia acostaensis/M13a/N16 zone, the lower Globorotalia plesiotumida/M13b/N17 zone, and the upper Globigerinoides conglobatus/M14/N17 zone. The results of a paleoclimate analysis on the Oyo River Section show a general cooling tendency in the study area. Seven paleoclimate zones can be determined from these trends consisting of four warm and three cold zones. Zone I (warm), zone II (cold), zone III (warm), and zone IV (cold) have the coldest peak in the study region in 8.3 Ma, zone V (warm), and zone VI (cold), followed by zone VII (warm). Based on the correlation with other studies (South China Sea, Pacific Ocean, Oyo River, Ngalang River, and Ngioro Section), paleoclimate events in the study area occur globally.