Majalah Obat Tradisional
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Antibacterial Activity of Pasak Bumi Stem (Eurycoma longifolia J.) Extract against Salmonella typhi
Full text linkTyphoid fever is caused by consuming food or water contaminated with Salmonella typhi. The disease develops from bacterial infection through the consumption of contaminated sustenance and drink. The bacterium can cause bacteremia, which is bacteria living in the blood, penetrating the mucosal epithelium of the small intestine and entering the lymphatic flow. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the potential inhibitory effect of ethanol extracts derived from stems of Eurycoma longifolia (pasak bumi) on the growth of Salmonella typhi bacteria. Compounds such as alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, and tannins in pasak bumi stems possessed antibacterial properties. Extracts were made using 96% ethanol at varying concentrations (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%) with distilled water and chloramphenicol as negative and positive control. The result showed that pasak bumi stem extracts inhibited Salmonella typhi, with increasing efficacy at higher concentrations and statistical analysis reported significant differences between all treatment groups (p<0.001). Average zone diameter was 0 mm and 23.10 mm for negative and positive control, as well as 2.75 mm, 4.10 mm, 5.24 mm, 6.98 mm, and 8.55 mm for 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% extracts, respectively. This study provided verification of antibacterial effects of pasak bumi stem ethanol extracts against Salmonella typhi
Molecular Networking Analysis and Antibacterial Potential of Ethyl Acetate Extracts of Sinomicrobium sp. PAP.21 using OSMAC Method
Full text linkChallenges in drug discovery include biosynthetic gene clusters which remain silent under standard laboratory culture conditions. On the other hand, the rediscovery of the known compounds is inevitable. Accordingly, One Strain-MAny Compounds (OSMAC) approach and molecular networking analysis are currently applicable to discovering new bioactive compounds. Sinomicrobium sp. PAP.21 isolated from marine sediment collected in Cenderawasih Bay, West Papua, was added to the culture. Then, the bacterium was cultured in five different liquid media (RL1, A1BFe+C, NB, LB, and seawater) and incubated for 4, 5, and 7 days. The bacterial cultures were extracted using ethyl acetate (EtOAc) separately for each medium and incubation period, followed by LC-HRMS measurement. A total of 45 ethyl acetate extracts were assayed for in vitro antibacterial activity against Micrococcus luteus and Escherichia coli. Molecular networking analysis through GNPS indicated that three putative compounds possess antibacterial properties. EtOAc extracts from the A1BFe+C medium demonstrated antibacterial activity against M. luteus. However, none of them were active against E. coli. Collectively, Sinomicrobium sp. PAP.21 produced bioactive compounds exhibiting antibacterial potential, particularly against Gram-positive bacteria
Antioxidant Assay of Kefir Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) with Variations in Concentration and Fermentation Time
Full text linkKefir is a processed beverage produced through pasteurized milk fermentation using a starter from kefir grains. These grains contain groups of lactic acid bacteria and yeast. Peanuts can be used as a raw material for kefir products and Arachis hypogaea L. has antioxidant activity due to a high nutritional content namely vegetable oil, protein, minerals, and essential fatty acids. This study aimed to determine the highest antioxidant activity with variations in concentration and time fermentation of peanut kefir (Arachis hypogaea L.). This research on the antioxidant activity test method used the DPPH method with UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The results of testing the antioxidant activity of peanut kefir with variations in the concentration of kefir grains of 0%, 1%, 2%, and 3% had IC50 values of 64.929 ppm, 57.675 ppm, 54.742 ppm, and 51.870 ppm, respectively. The one-way ANOVA test showed a significant difference between the IC50 value and the concentration of kefir grains. The highest antioxidant in 3% concentration determined the fermentation time with 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 60 hours variations. The results of testing the antioxidant activity of kefir peanut with variations in the fermentation time it was had IC50 values of 64.319 ppm respectively, 62.609 ppm, 59.376 ppm, 56.321 ppm, 51.870 ppm, and 51.384 ppm. The one-way ANOVA test results showed no significance in the 0 with 12 hours completion time and 48 with 60 hours. The research results on peanut kefir show that kefir grains of 3% and the duration of fermentation for 48 hours have strong antioxidant activity
Formulation and Antioxidant Activity of Gotu Kola Jelly Candy with Plant-based Polymers as a Gelling Agent
Full text linkCentella asiatica or gotu kola has a long history as a brain supplement. Gotu kola supplements are sold as liquid and dried extract which is less attractive for a younger generation. Jelly candy is an alternative dosage form with better acceptability across ages. However, the use of animal-derived polymers such as pork gelatine in the candy restricts those who practice vegetarian and halal lifestyles from consuming the products. This study aims to explore plant-based polymers glucomannan and kappa-carrageenan as gelling agents in the preparation of gotu kola jelly candy. Preparation of the jelly candy formula was designed based on Simplex Lattice Design. Evaluation of physical characteristics of jelly candy includes organoleptic, weight uniformity, moisture content, pH, and elasticity. The antioxidant activity of gotu kola before and after the manufacturing process was evaluated. The results showed that a combination of kappa-carrageenan 1.33% and glucomannan 0.67% is the optimum formula. Adding more proportion of kappa-carrageenan reduced jelly elasticity and moisture content. While adding glucomannan improved its elasticity responses but increased moisture content. Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of gotu kola in jelly candy suggested that gotu kola experienced a significant reduction in antioxidant activity following the production process. The IC50 of the crude extract initially was129.23 ppm while post jelly candy manufacturing, the IC50 increased to 197.49 ppm. This study suggested that improvement in extraction and production processes is necessary to maintain gotu kola antioxidant activity
Sleep Disorder and its Treatment: From Nature to Laboratory
Full text linkSleep is the natural cellular repair mechanism to improve and restore central neural mechanism, memory, hormonal imbalance, and finally, cell rejuvenation. Sleep disorder is characterized by insomnia, circadian rhythm disorder (CRD), sleep apnea, narcolepsy, parasomnia, and restless leg syndrome (RLS) or periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD). Both oversleeping and less sleeping are associated with sleep disorders (SD). Anxiety, schizophrenia, weight loss/gain, hypothyroidism, and oxidative stress are the most common outcomes of SD. There is also a genetic explanation behind circadian rhythmicity, circadian disorder, narcolepsy-cataplexy syndrome, fatal familial insomnia, and somnambulism. Excessive work pressure, stress, and consumption of caffeine and alcohol collectively push a person toward sleep deprivation. Anxiety, schizophrenia, weight loss/gain, hypothyroidism, and oxidative stress are the most common outcomes of SD. Adenosine, melatonin, dopamine, serotonin, gamma amino butyric acid (GABA), orexin, and histamine regulate SDs by various pathways. Among natural sources, Centella asiatica, Bacopa monnieri, Acorus calamus, Withania somnifera, Nardostachys jatamansi, Poria cocos is, Valeriana officinalis, Matricaria chamomilla, Lavandula angustifolia, Nelumbo nucifera, Melissa officinalis, Convolvulus pluricaulis, Camellia sinensis, Ziziphus jujube, Datura stramonium, Zhizhipus jujube, Passiflora incarnata, and Moringa oleifera showed remarkable effects on different forms of SDs through GABAA, serotonin, and melatonin receptors. Pramipexole, ropinirole, rotigotine, clonazepam, lorazepam, estazolam, zolpidem, lemborexant, daridorexant, and suvorexant showed its activity in the treatment of SDs as a dopamine agonist, inhibitor of GABAA receptor, dual orexin receptor antagonist, respectively. This article focused on the types of SDs, the effects of SDs on mental health, receptors involved in the sleep cycle, and the impact of natural molecules and synthetic molecules in the management of SDs
Characterization and Antioxidant Potential of Acacia nilotica Synthesized Callus and Seed Nanoparticles
Full text linkThis research aimed to explore the callogenesis, characterization, and antioxidant potential of Acacia nilotica callus and seed silver nanoparticles. The callus induction was accomplished using plant growth hormones. The silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized from the seed and callus extracts and characterized using Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The antioxidant activities were evaluated by 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations. The callus formation ranged from 77% to 100%. The AgNPs exhibited a face-centered cubic structure with the size predicted to be 25 nm while the SEM images showed the AgNPs had clustered topography and variable surface morphology. Exactly 33 and 26 compounds were respectively identified in the callus and seed with 8-Hexadecenal 14-methyl- (Z)- (7.71%) and linoleic acid (15.77%) being the most abundant, respectively. A significantly (p < 0.05) higher DPPH and FRAP activities were demonstrated by the callus at the highest dose (1 mg/ml). Moreover, 22-Stigmasten-3-one and 3-(azepan-1-yl)-1,2-benzothiazole 1,1-dioxide, respectively from the callus and seed exhibited the most favorable docking interactions with xanthine oxidase, cytochrome P450 21A2, and myeloperoxidase with a possible activity disruption. Conclusively, the callogenesis technique might be regarded as a reliable alternative to produce pharmacologically active secondary metabolites and nanoparticles against oxidative stress-linked ailments. Moreover, 22-Stigmasten-3-one and 3-(azepan-1-yl)-1,2-benzothiazole 1,1-dioxide might be good starting materials for novel therapeutics synthesis against oxidative stress
Anti-psoriatic and Anti-inflammatory Potentials of Phytochemicals from Curcuma longa against Interleukin-17A and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase: An In Silico Study
Full text linkPsoriasis is a chronic autoimmune cell-mediated inflammatory skin disease that affects approximately 125 million people worldwide. Turmeric has been long known for its potent anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, in silico studies were used to evaluate the efficacy of isolated phytochemicals from turmeric in the treatment of psoriasis. One hundred and fifteen phytochemicals from this plant and two standard medications (Flurandrenolide and Triamcinolone), active ingredients used in some topical steroid creams were evaluated for their inhibitory properties against Interleukin-17A (IL-17A) and Inducible NOS (iNOS) receptor using a computer-aided drug design approach. The binding scores and inhibitory efficiencies were obtained via virtual screening. ADMET SAR-2 website was used to conduct the Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity (ADMET) analysis, the Molinspiration and SwissADME tools were used to investigate the drug-likeness characteristics and oral bioavailability of the selected compounds respectively. Other analyses of the selected compounds include bioactivity, activity spectra for substances (PASS) prediction, binding mode, and molecular interaction. The results revealed that Bisabolone (−9.3 kcal/mol), Curcumanolide B (−8.6 kcal/mol), (E)-sesquisabinene hydrate (−8.5 kcal/mol), and procurcumadiol (−8.3 kcal/mol) are potential inhibitors of iNOS receptor, while hop-17(21)-en-3-ol (7.6 kcal/mol) is a potential inhibitor of IL-17A receptor. These compounds have better ADMET properties, binding affinities, drug-likeness, PASS properties, bioactivities, oral bioavailability, good binding mechanism, and interactions with the active site of the target receptor when compared with Flurandrenolide and Triamcinolone. As a result, this preliminary investigation suggests that these phytochemicals should be studied further to design novel psoriasis therapeutics
Formulation of Microemulsion of Cayenne Pepper (Capsicum Frutescens L.) Ethanol Extract and Hair Growth Activity Test
Full text linkCayenne pepper contains capsaicin, which exhibits properties that promote hair growth. Microemulsion is an oil and water dispersion system with a particle size of 10-200 nm which can be used topically as a drug delivery system through the scalp to stimulate hair growth. The microemulsion was made with olive oil and tween 80 as surfactants and stirred using a magnetic stirrer at 1000 rpm for 3 minutes. The ethanol extract of cayenne pepper was prepared in microemulsions at three different concentrations: 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3%. Microemulsion tests included organoleptic tests, specific gravity, pH, viscosity, freezing and thawing stability tests, and hair growth activity tests on rabbits. The results showed that the microemulsion of cayenne pepper ethanol extract at concentrations of 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3% was quite stable with a clear appearance and a particle size ranging from 27.7 nm to 167.8 nm. The microemulsion of cayenne pepper ethanol extract at a concentration of 0.2% was the most effective in enhancing hair growth, achieving a hair growth length of 1.27 over a 30-day period. A two-way ANOVA statistical test showed that the hair length of rabbits using microemulsion was significantly different from the hair length of negative control animals at p<0.05
Diversity and Ethnobotanical Significance of Wild Solanum Species in Odisha, India
Full text linkAcross the globe, individuals continue to rely on plants to meet fundamental human requirements, including sustenance, attire, housing, and healthcare. Among the diverse plant families, Solanaceae houses thousands of species worldwide, with many of them being wild and plays a pivotal role in preserving biodiversity and holds substantial ethnobotanical significance. Within this family, the Solanum genus holds particular significance in traditional medicine and human nutrition, boasting three major food crops: S. melongena (eggplant), S. lycopersicum (tomato), and S. tuberosum (potato), staples in daily diets worldwide. This study delves into the diversity of the Solanum genus in Bhadrak district, Odisha, India, with a primary focus on assessing its distribution and ethnobotanical importance. A field survey involving 97 respondents (76 male; 21 female) was conducted, involving interviews with local communities, traditional healers, and agricultural practitioners. The study documents six Solanum species with both food and medicinal applications. These species have been used to address a wide array of health issues, including asthma, coughs, bronchitis, liver problems, oral ulcers, rheumatism, skin diseases, tuberculosis, and toothaches. Various plant parts, such as leaves, roots, fruits, and seeds, are commonly employed in these remedies. Moreover, the Solanum species' remarkable adaptability to diverse environments highlights their resilience and ecological significance. The present findings serve as a platform for future research on Solanum's contributions to traditional medicine and ecological systems. Interdisciplinary collaboration among researchers, indigenous communities, and policymakers, are essential for sustainable utilization of Solanum genus, paving the way for a more healthful and harmonious coexistence with our natural world
Antibacterial Activity of Euphorbia tirucalli against Lactobacillus acidophilus: An In Vitro Study
Full text linkDental caries is a common oral disease that occurs due to excessive interaction between tooth structure, bacterial biofilm, and glucose. Lactobacillus acidophilus is the main cause of dentin dental caries, which can be prevented using anticaries agents. However, current anticaries agents may cause some side effects. Therefore, there is a need for natural anticaries agents with minimal side effects. Euphorbia tirucalli contains flavonoids, tannins, and saponins that contribute to its antibacterial activity. This study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of E. tirucalli against L. acidophilus bacterial growth. This was an in-vitro study with a post-test-only control group design, divided into three groups. The positive control group received 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate, the negative control group received aquadest, and the intervention groups received extracts with concentrations of 10 mg/mL, 20 mg/mL, 30 mg/mL, 40 mg/mL, and 100 mg/mL. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was examined post-treatment using the agar dilution method. The differences in colony growth were analyzed using Cramer's V and Fisher's Exact Test, with p<0.05 considered significant. E. tirucalli extracts showed antibacterial effects against L. acidophilus with a concentration of 40 mg/mL as the MIC. Extract groups with concentrations of 40 mg/mL and 100 mg/mL showed significant differences in L. acidophilus growth compared to the negative control group (p<0.001). The study concluded that E. tirucalli extract has antibacterial activity against the growth of L. acidophilus, with MIC of 40 mg/mL